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Safe sex or safe love: competing discourses?

The way in which sex may be constructed as safe through its relationship with 'love' is the concern of this study. Interviews with 112 heterosexual women and men from discos and bars in Melbourne, Australia, catering to single adults revealed the pervasive construction of sex within the discourses of 'love' and 'romance'. The relationship of these discourses to unsafe practices is discussed and the article presents an analysis of the normative function of the sex-as-love/sex-as-desire opposition in terms of safe sex and HIV/AIDS prevention. We conclude that health messages which emphasize that 'sex is unsafe' may be counterproductive. We illustrate how women and some men construct casual sex as a strategy for obtaining the possibility of 'love'. For these women and men, 'safe sex' as 'unprotected sex' is viewed as a strategy for maximizing the possibility that the casual encounter will result in a longer term relationship. On the other hand, 'unsafe sex' as 'unprotected sex' is viewed as a strategy that is more likely to interrupt the construction of romance in the causal encounter thus risking the possibility of love as the desired outcome.

Adult↗

Romantic love: a mammalian brain system for mate choice.

Mammals and birds regularly express mate preferences and make mate choices. Data on mate choice among mammals suggest that this behavioural 'attraction system' is associated with dopaminergic reward pathways in the brain. It has been proposed that intense romantic love, a human cross-cultural universal, is a developed form of this attraction system. To begin to determine the neural mechanisms associated with romantic attraction in humans, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study 17 people who were intensely 'in love'. Activation specific to the beloved occurred in the brainstem right ventral tegmental area and right postero-dorsal body of the caudate nucleus. These and other results suggest that dopaminergic reward and motivation pathways contribute to aspects of romantic love. We also used fMRI to study 15 men and women who had just been rejected in love. Preliminary analysis showed activity specific to the beloved in related regions of the reward system associated with monetary gambling for uncertain large gains and losses, and in regions of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex associated with theory of mind, obsessive/compulsive behaviours and controlling anger. These data contribute to our view that romantic love is one of the three primary brain systems that evolved in avian and mammalian species to direct reproduction. The sex drive evolved to motivate individuals to seek a range of mating partners; attraction evolved to motivate individuals to prefer and pursue specific partners; and attachment evolved to motivate individuals to remain together long enough to complete species-specific parenting duties. These three behavioural repertoires appear to be based on brain systems that are largely distinct yet interrelated, and they interact in specific ways to orchestrate reproduction, using both hormones and monoamines. Romantic attraction in humans and its antecedent in other mammalian species play a primary role: this neural mechanism motivates individuals to focus their courtship energy on specific others, thereby conserving valuable time and metabolic energy, and facilitating mate choice.

Animals↗

Love and anger in romantic relationships: a discrete systems model.

In a study of 124 dating couples, we tested a discrete systems model of the functions of two emotion systems in romantic relationships: love and anger/upset. This model posits that the operation of these systems reflects adaptations shaped by natural selection to solve different adaptive problems. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the love and anger/upset emotion systems would be largely independent in the classes of information they track in romantic relationships, in the psychological mechanisms that process that information, and in the resultant behavior generated. Consistent with the discrete systems model, and in contrast to a competing "crossover" model, differences across relationships in feelings of love covaried with differences in strategic facilitation but not in strategic interference by partners. Similarly, differences in feelings of anger/upset during conflict covaried with differences in strategic interference but not strategic facilitation. In turn, feelings of love predicted commitment-promoting behavior but not partner-directed aggression, whereas levels of anger/upset predicted aggression but not commitment. As also predicted by our model, the love and anger/upset emotion systems converged to predict relationship satisfaction.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

Peer group antecedents of severe love-shyness in males.

Love-shyness is a degree of inhibition and reticence with the opposite sex that is sufficiently severe to preclude participation in courtship, marriage and family roles. Love-shyness is believed to be the result of a genetic-biologically rooted temperament and learning experiences with peers and family. Two love-shy groups (an older one and a younger one) were compared to a nonshy group on several variables pertaining to past peer group history, recreational proclivities, etc. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was also administered to all subjects. The love-shys recalled going through life as social isolates and outcasts and experienced very stressful and nonsupportive relationships with agemate peers. In contrast to the non-shys who recalled suffering very little bullying at the hands of agemate peers, the love-shys' formative years were recalled as having been fraught with victimization by bullies. The implications of these findings are discussed and recommendations are offered.

Adult↗

Thinking about romantic/erotic love.

The implications for therapy of the salient characteristics of romantic/erotic love are discussed. 1. We do not have control over our feelings of romantic/erotic love. 2. These feelings occur relatively infrequently during most people's lives. 3. Being with a partner whom one loves is valued and regarded as a good; it sometimes conflicts with other values and goods. There are no clear criteria for resolving this conflict. 4. Love is regarded as one essential basis for marriage. 5. In addition to romantic/erotic love, other qualities and capacities are important in sustaining a long-term relationship such as a marriage.

Adult↗

On love, dying together and Liebestod fantasies.

The study of the legend of Tristan and Iseult in terms of the multiple fantasies it might express adds to our understanding of the psychology of love. In a previous paper (1975), I delineated, via allusion to the Tristan legend, the romantic-erotic conditions sometimes involved in creativity. In this one, I have approached the question of love from the other direction and have tried to delineate the creative-adaptive conditions required for integrating the experiences of loving and being in love. The "High tale of love and death," the Liebestod fantasy realized, is still with us, but the happier ending may be a realistic, viable alternative.

Fantasy↗

The pathological extensions of love.

BACKGROUND: Clarification is still required of the nature of pathological love. METHOD: A series is presented of 16 personally assessed cases with pathologies of love (erotomania). RESULTS: The pathologies of love usually involve a mixture of morbid infatuation and a morbid belief in being loved. They occur both in a symptomatic form, as part of an underlying mental illness, as well as in a pure form, where their emergence is to some extent understandable in a vulnerable personality. These disorders often go unrecognised to the detriment of clinical management. CONCLUSIONS: Pathologies of love create distress and disruption to the patient, and place the objects of their unwarranted affection at risk of at best harassment and at worst violence. Although this series of cases, which is drawn predominantly from forensic practice, overemphasises the risk of overt violence, the distress occasioned by pursuit and harassment alone should not be underestimated.

Adult↗

Love-styles among university students in Mexico.

146 university students from Mexico, representing four different majors of accounting, chemistry, philosophy and arts, and technical subjects, were administered the Sample-Profile of love-styles. Comparisons of magnitude of endorsement and rankings of six love-styles showed differential patterns of love-attitudes. Strong endorsement was found for a love-style profile characterized by a calm, deliberate, and compassionate love.

Adolescent↗

Lovestruck: women, romantic love and intimate partner violence.

Intimate Partner Violence remains a significant problem globally despite health promotion aimed at raising awareness. In particular, there is a current trend for many young women to view some abusive/violent behaviours as acceptable in their relationships. Intimate Partner Violence has serious implications for its short and long term impacts on the health of women and children. Health workers may find working with women a challenging and sometimes frustrating experience. A way forward is to develop clearer understandings of the complexities of Intimate Partner Violence and to better understand women's investments in romantic relationships. In this paper a secondary analysis of data from a narrative study of women's recovery from IPV relationships is presented in order to illustrate discourses that inform underpinnings of romantic relationships. Transcriptions of audio-taped interviews were analysed using a feminist post-structural approach in order to make visible the ways in which the women negotiated their identities in the discourses of femininity. A critical review of current literature was also undertaken to develop the construct of romantic love. Women revealed that cues for Intimate Partner Violence were present early in the relationship but were not recognised at the time. Two positions within the discourse of romantic love were identified that underpinned their desires to establish and invest in the relationship despite the presence of cues for Intimate Partner Violence. These were 'Desperate for a man' and interpreting jealousy as a sign of love. Romantic love may be desirable for the sharing of warmth, safety and protection, and yet can mask behaviours that are cues for domestic violence. Understanding the complex nature of the ways that women's desires are located in the discourse of romantic love has implications for all nurses working to prevent and reduce the incidence of Intimate Partner Violence.

Adult↗

[Love in the analytic setting].

The phenomenon of love and the various forms it takes can be illustrated by looking at the specific forms manifesting themselves in the transference situation. The author sets out these various forms of "transference love", classifying them not only in terms of different diagnostic types of patient but also in terms of sex-specific features. He describes how, over time, transference love seeks a love object outside the psychoanalytic setting for the fulfillment of the desires awakened in the course of the therapeutic relationship. In addition, Kernberg illuminates the way in which the analyst and his/her counter-transference is involved in this process. The dynamics of the interplay between transference love and the counter-transference process is then discussed with reference to a specific case.

Countertransference↗

[Eros therapeutikós. Love and ethics in psychotherapy].

Love in the deepest and highest level, as conceived by Platon in his symposium, is considered in the context of occidental philosophy's "feelings of sympathy" (Max Scheler), empathy and the mystic feeling of cosmic oneness. The buddhistic concepts of loving kindness (metta) reaches its highest level in the Bodhisattva of Mahayana. Love is an essential element of the development of knowledge. Love and knowledge increase the awareness of a universal responsibility. Therapeutic love is an essential medium of any humane therapy and can be cultivated in the mental personal development of the therapist.

Ethics, Medical↗

Primitive object love in Melanie Klein's thinking; early theoretical influences.

Melanie Klein's thinking on early object love is pivotal to her vision of development. Yet within her texts it is often enmeshed in complex formulations that obscure its full significance. A greater clarity in viewing Klein's concept of early object love is achieved through tracing some of its historical origins. The author notes that it was inspired by aspects of Ferenczi's theory, hence its similarities with the concept of 'primary love' formulated by another of Ferenczi's analysands, Michael Balint. Ferenczi's thinking on the subject formed part of a broader network of theoretical developments in the history of psychoanalytic ideas. These are shown to have origins in Freud's fluctuations between a 'passive' and a 'genital' characterisation of infantile sexuality. A dialectical tension between these two possibilities, as maintained in the Freudian texts, was partly embodied in the differing outlooks of Klein's two psychoanalysts, Abraham and Ferenczi. The author suggests that it is a mixture of their approaches that partly shaped Klein's thinking on the earliest experiences of love. After outlining these developments the author analyses the nature of early object love as it emerges from Klein's powerful, if intermittent descriptions in the texts. The analysis also tackles a textual ambiguity in Klein's formulations, showing that she explored two kinds of primitive ideal experience without explicitly differentiating them. Such differentiation is important inasmuch as it highlights negative and positive aspects of Kleinian theory at root.

Child↗

Narrative descriptions of parental love and caring predict health status in midlife: a 35-year follow-up of the Harvard Mastery of Stress Study.

Perceived social support has been established as an important determinant of mortality risk. The perception of parental love and caring reflects the core of social support in the first 20 years of life. In the early 1950s, narrative descriptions of parents were obtained from a sample of healthy undergraduate men at Harvard University who participated in the Harvard Mastery of Stress Study. In a 35-year prospective follow-up investigation, detailed medical and psychological histories and medical records were obtained. Subjects who had illnesses such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, duodenal ulcer, and alcoholism in midlife had used significantly fewer positive words to describe their parents (eg, loving, friendly, warm, open, understanding, sympathetic, just) while in college. This effect was independent of the subject's age, family history of illness, smoking behavior, marital history, and the death or divorce of the subject's parents. Furthermore, 95% of subjects who used few positive words and also rated their parents low in parental caring had diseases diagnosed in midlife, whereas only 29% of subjects who used many positive words and also rated their parents high in parental caring had diseases diagnosed in midlife. Because parents are usually the most meaningful source of love and caring for much of early life, the perception of parental love and caring may play a special role in promoting long-term health. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that love and caring play an important role in healing.

Adult↗

Some roots of persistent homosexual fantasy and the quest for father's love: conflicted parental identifications in a male patient: fragment of an analysis.

This is a clinical paper, which includes material from sessions, presenting the process of the analysis of a young adult male whose narcissistic character patterns, related to and evolved from failed attempts to integrate conflicting parental identifications. These unintegrated mother and father identifications contributed to life-long latent homosexual fantasies. Rodney's analysis indicates that for a boy/man, even a mother who has the qualities of a good enough parent, is not good enough to enable him to reach a nonconflicted manhood. A mother cannot provide for the boy the male model he needs and is searching for, the male who would affirm him in his maleness. Rodney wanted a father on whose shoulders he could stand to become a man. Rodney's persistent homosexual fantasy life, his quest for father's love, and his search for a masculine object to identify with stem from a combination of several factors. Rodney's regression to the negative oedipal phase was probably stimulated when father left the family. Rodney was eleven at the time. He felt overwhelmed experiencing himself as the oedipal victor. Unconsciously, Rodney feared his exacerbated incestuous wishes. He projected them upon his mother and subsequently incorporated them in his fantasies. His regression to more infantile dependency feelings was defensive. Rodney's father was an unsuitable object for identification. He was disinterested in Rodney and emotionally unavailable. Rodney, however, sought his father, whose lack of loving acknowledgement resulted in a lack of affirmation of Rodney's masculinity. Mother provided for Rodney the loving acknowledgement he lacked in his relationship with father. She was emotionally sustaining, an energetic, vibrant personality, who was seen by Rodney as a "superior human being." Rodney consciously idealized his mother toward whom he unconsciously also had ambivalent feelings. Rodney's identification with mother was not counterbalanced by the presence of a strong, loving father figure whom he could have used as a suitable model. This led to the development in Rodney of a strong sense of effeminization. Rodney in his homosexual fantasies assumed the so-called "feminine victimized" role. The regression to the negative oedipal phase contributed to an exacerbation of erotic, father-directed feelings, intensified by the identification with mother. Rodney was fixated in his quest for father's love. In addition, Rodney's unconscious guilt related to father and mother directed incestuous impulses, and his intense aggressivesadistic feelings contributed to the masochistic cast of his masturbation fantasies. Rodney's narcissistic aims and the quality of his narcissism changed during the analysis. His grandiosity almost disappeared. Rodney's goals became realistic and he acquired the skills necessary to achieve them. Inhibitions related to the "fear of success" were worked through. This enabled Rodney to compete successfully. His healthy narcissism derives from the success of his many achievements. Though Rodney remained a basically narcissistic personality, he did derive great pleasure from being a giving person. This was one of the many ways in which he identified with his mother. At the present, Rodney's identifications are selective and do not evoke intrapsychic conflict.

Adult↗

Hemoglobin Loves Park [beta68 (E12) Leu-->Phe]: report of five cases including one originating from a de novo mutation.

Hemoglobin (Hb) Loves Park [beta68 (E12) Leu-->Phe] was identified in a 2-year-old Portuguese boy with anemia, microcytosis, and hypochromia. This Hb variant was detected by isoelectric focusing and quantified by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (48.4%), and the DNA mutation was identified by HBB (beta-globin gene) sequencing. Hematological and biochemical analyses performed on his parents revealed normal hematological parameters and normal hemoglobin and globin chain profiles. DNA sequence analysis of the HBB gene of both parents showed the absence of the Hb Loves Park mutation. Study of the haplotypes in the beta-globin gene cluster confirmed parenthood. Moreover, paternity was confirmed by the study of nine short tandem repeats (STRs) and four variable-number tandem repeat (VNTRs) loci. The most likely explanation for these results is that the Hb Loves Park mutation has occurred de novo in this family. The original American cases of Hb Loves Park, from a family of Italian origin, which were never published, as well as two additional cases, are also included in this report. Functional studies revealed that Hb Loves Park is stable and has a decreased oxygen affinity.

Amino Acid Substitution↗

An investigation of the dependence of ZnO film on the sensitivity of Love mode sensor in ZnO/quartz structure.

Love mode acoustic devices are very promising as biosensors in liquid environments because of their high sensitivity. An experimental study of Love mode sensors based on ZnO/90 degrees rotated ST-cut quartz structure with different sputtering conditions to deposit ZnO films is presented. In order to achieve sensor with higher sensitivity, the effects of sputtering substrate temperatures to deposit ZnO films on the sensitivity of viscosity and conductivity were investigated. Phase velocity, sensitivity and temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) of Love wave devices have been studied. The Love wave sensor has higher sensitivity as sputtering ZnO films on the unheated substrate than that of on the heated substrate. The maximum sensitivity up to -18.77 x 10(-8) m(2) s kg(-1) of ZnO film with thickness of 1.8 microm for a wavelength of 40 microm is much bigger than SiO(2)/quartz structure. In this research, we report ZnO/90 degrees rotated ST-cut quartz structure of Love wave sensors with high sensitivity of viscosity and conductivity in liquid circumstance and TCF of quartz is compensated by ZnO film.

Journal Article↗

On-line monitoring of polymer deposition for tailoring the waveguide characteristics of love-wave biosensors.

The Love-wave sensor is an acoustic sensing device which is particularly suitable for sensing in a liquid environment. The superior characteristics of the device are achieved by the use of an acoustic waveguide, consisting of a thin layer deposited on the surface of the substrate material. The exact thickness and material properties of the layer will not only determine sensitivity and sensing performance of the resulting device but can also be adjusted to generate higher-order Love modes. Thus, to obtain a sensing device with the desired specifications, precise control over the process of waveguide deposition is required. This has been realized by implementation of a vapor deposition polymerization system where the transmission curve (amplitude vs frequency) of one of the sensing devices is continuously monitored during deposition. As soon as the desired device specifications are reached, the deposition can be interrupted immediately. From the recorded transmission curves, information about the sensitivity of the device can be deduced, and the formation of higher-order Love modes can be visualized. The system has been used to produce biosensors based on various Love modes. It is shown that sensors operated on higher-order Love modes have a high mass sensitivity which, together with their excellent shielding properties, makes them advantageous for biosensing in conducting buffer solutions.

Journal Article↗

Ego identity and desperate love.

The relationships between ego-identity consolidation, a romantic attitude toward love, and a desperate style of fusional love relations were examined using several questionnaire measures: Tan, Kendis, Fine, and Porac's (1977) Ego Identity Scale, Sperling's (1985) Desperate Love Scale, and Knox and Sporakowski's (1968) Attitude Toward Love Scale. Results based on an initial undergraduate sample of 84 men and 87 women, and a follow-up sample of 116 men, supported the primary hypothesis of a negative correlation between ego-identity consolidation and desperate love, as well as the secondary hypotheses.

Journal Article↗