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PubMed1976

Preliminary study of the occurrence and distribution of DDT residues in the Jordan watershed, 1971.

Data obtained from the Jordan watershed in 1971 revealed the presence of DDT and its metabolites at various levels along the food chain. Detectable levels of sigmaDDT in water of the Jordan River and two fish ponds ranged from 0.019 to 0.500 ppb, which is 1/10 to 1/500 the maximum level permitted in water by the U.S. Government. Mean residue in phytoplankton was 0.906 mug/g; in zooplankton the mean was 6.49 mug/g. SigmaDDT residue in fish of the Jordan watershed averaged 0.37 mg/kg in carp, 2.59 mg/kg in benith, and 3.34 mg/kg in sardines.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

A taxonomic review of the North American genus Orchopeas Jordan, 1933 (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae: Ceratophyllinae).

The 20 named taxa assigned to the North American flea genus Orchopeas Jordan, 1933 are reviewed. Four of these are treated as junior synonyms and the fifth as a nomen dubium. These are: Orchopeas sexdentatus firemani Hubbard, 1955 = Orchopeas schisintus (Jordan, 1929); Orchopeas schisintus nevadensis (Jordan, 1929) = Orchopeas schisintus agilis (Rothschild, 1905); Orchopeas howardi bolivari Barrera, 1955 = Orchopeas howardi (Baker, 1895); Orchopeas howardi texensis Eads, 1950 = Orchopeas fulleri Traub, 1950 and Orchopeas labiatus (nomen dubium). Six taxa originally assigned as subspecies of Orchopeas sexdentatus are elevated to the rank of full species and distribution and host preferences of all 15 species are discussed. Illustrations of the diagnostic features of all the species are provided.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

An outbreak of leptospirosis among Israeli troops near the Jordan River.

An outbreak of leptospirosis that involved 7 of a team of 27 Israeli troops occurred following a military exercise in northern Israel near the Jordan River. The organism implicated in the outbreak was Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo. The clinical course was uncomplicated and all patients fully recovered. There were no cases of asymptomatic infection. Military personnel should be recognized as having an occupational risk for contracting leptospirosis, especially when military activity takes place near natural water sources inhabited by cattle, taking into account the local epidemiology of this disease. Moreover, outbreaks among military personnel may serve as a sentinel for leptospiral illness in areas in which civilian exposure takes place, such as the Jordan River, which is an important site that involves immersion in the context of both pilgrimage and civilian recreational activities."Bathe and you will become clean. So he went down and immersed himself seven times in the Jordan, as Elisha had told him to do. And his flesh became clean once more like the flesh of a small child."II Kings 5:14.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

The paralytic poliomyelitis epidemic of 1978 in Jordan: epidemiological implications.

Poliomyelitis is endemic in Jordan, but until 1978 there were no epidemics. In that year, 66 children were admitted to the Jordan University Hospital with a paralytic illness, compared with 13 in 1979 and 11 in 1980. The epidemic reached a peak in the summer and fall of 1978. While 54% of the patients had not received any vaccine, 19% had received 3 doses of oral poliovaccine; 82% of the cases were in children less than 2 years of age, and all belonged to the lower socioeconomic group. There were 28 deaths with complications of the disease.Poliovirus was isolated from 10 out of 14 rectal swab samples examined (9 with poliovirus 1, 1 with poliovirus 2), and from 4 out of 13 throat specimens from the same patients. It is concluded that as a result of improving living standards in Jordan and neighbouring countries, more epidemics may occur unless immunization efforts against poliomyelitis are intensified.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1992

Consanguineous marriage in Jordan.

We conducted a population-based study of consanguineous marriages in Jordan. About two thousand households were interviewed. First cousin marriages were encountered in 32.03%, second cousin in 6.8%, distant relation in 10.5%, and no relation in 50% of all marriages, respectively. Inbreeding coefficients were compared with those of other countries. The most important variables affecting inbreeding were social tradition, religion, education, and place of residence--urban vs. rural. Secular trends appear rather stable since the early decades of the twentieth century, especially for first cousin marriages. Jordan society showed a deeply rooted traditional behavioral pattern when inbreeding is considered.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

F-81 skeleton from Wadi Mataha, Jordan, and its bearing on human variability in the Epipaleolithic of the Levant.

The discovery of a Middle Epipaleolithic adult skeleton (F-81) at the site of Wadi Mataha in southern Jordan provides new insights into human variability in the Epipaleolithic of the Levant. This paper analyzes the skeletal morphology of Wadi Mataha F-81 in the context of other Epipaleolithic remains from Jordan and Israel to assess the current evidence for morphological variability throughout this period. The F-81 skeleton shares morphological features with earlier Epipaleolithic skeletons from Ohalo and Nahal Ein Gev, and later Natufian populations. Despite the morphological similarities, F-81 extends the range of known variability prior to the Natufian with its unusually small stature and unique combination of morphological characteristics. High levels of cranial and postcranial robusticity suggest that the F-81 individual was physically active and terrestrially mobile. Pronounced bilateral asymmetry in the upper limb suggests significant lateralization of habitual activity. In the context of Epipaleolithic remains, the F-81 skeleton provides preliminary evidence for greater morphological variability, terrestrial mobility, and lateralized habitual behavior prior to the Natufian, and skeletal gracilization between the Middle and Late Epipaleolithic in the Levant.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Oral health status of workers exposed to acid fumes in phosphate and battery industries in Jordan.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence and nature of oral health problems among workers exposed to acid fumes in two industries in Jordan. SETTING: Jordan's Phosphate Mining Company and a main private battery factory. DESIGN: Comparison of general and oral health conditions between workers exposed to acid fumes and control group from the same workplace. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 68 subjects from the phosphate industry (37 acid workers and 31 controls) drawn as a sample of convenience and 39 subjects from a battery factory (24 acid workers and 15 controls). Structured questionnaires on medical and dental histories were completed by interview. Clinical examinations were carried out to assess dental erosion, oral hygiene, and gingival health using the appropriate indices. Data were statistically analysed using Wilcoxon rank-sum test to assess the significance of differences between results attained by acid workers and control groups for the investigated parameters. RESULTS: Differences in the erosion scores between acid workers in both industries and their controls were highly significant (P<0.05). In both industries, acid workers showed significantly higher oral hygiene scores, obtained by adding the debris and calculus scores, and gingival index scores than their controls (P<0.05). The single most common complaint was tooth hypersensitivity (80%) followed by dry mouth (77%) on average. CONCLUSION: Exposure to acid fumes in the work place was significantly associated with dental erosion and deteriorated oral health status. Such exposure was also detrimental to general health. Findings pointed to the need of establishing appropriate educational, preventive and treatment measures coupled with efficient surveillance and environmental monitoring for detection of acid fumes in the workplace atmosphere.

Acids↗

PubMed2001

Smoking and health: opinions and awareness among general dentists in Jordan.

AIM: To examine dentists' awareness on major health risks associated with smoking and their opinions on factors that influence tobacco use. DESIGN: A pre-tested postal questionnaire survey. PARTICIPANTS: A randomly selected sample of 849 licensed general dentists who were practicing dentistry in Jordan. RESULTS: A response rate of 72.2% (613/849) was obtained. The majority of respondents (91.8%) related lung cancer to smoking, however, associations with other cancers (cancer of oesophagus, pancreas and urinary bladder) were the least reported (33.6%). Only 39% agreed that smoking is the most important cause of premature death, non-smokers were significantly more likely to believe in this than current smokers. Most dentists associated tobacco use with staining of teeth (97.2%), whereas fewer dentists reported that smokers have increased risks of oral cancer (83.7%) and potentially malignant oral lesions (76.7%). Friends and stress were the most frequently implicated factors in the habit of smoking. CONCLUSION: This study revealed a significant lack of awareness among Jordanian dentists with respect to serious health consequences of smoking. An educational programme targeted towards general dentists in Jordan is needed, focusing attention on tobacco related morbidity and mortality.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

A study of von Willebrand's disease in Jordan.

This work reports on the results of a 9-year study of von Willebrand's disease and its subtypes in Jordan, a country with a predominantly Arab population. There were a total of 65 patients in 32 families. Detailed study of 61 patients including von Willebrand factor multimers was done for the purpose of subtyping them. Type I and variants were seen in 36 patients (59%). Type II A and variants with decreased ristocetin response accounted for seven patients (11.5%), while 11 (18%) were of type II B. The severe type (type III) accounted for seven patients (11.5%). Von Willebrand's disease was the second most commonly seen inherited bleeding disorder after hemophilia A. It is concluded that although the observed frequency of von Willebrand's disease in this study in Jordan is lower than that in Europe and the USA, the true prevalence cannot be ascertained since many of the mild cases presumably were missed because of referral patterns. Type I and its variants was the most common type found, but the observed frequency of types II B and III was more than that reported in Europeans and Americans.

Humans↗

PubMed1995

Extra-intestinal infections with multiply drug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium in hospitalized patients in Jordan.

During the 12-year period from 1978 to 1989, Salmonella typhimurium was the most frequently isolated serotype (592/1,500; 39.5%) among all clinical Salmonella isolates at Jordan University Hospital. Extra-intestinal infections due to Salmonella typhimurium accounted for 68 (11.5%) isolates. A high percentage of Salmonella typhimurium strains (52-90%) were resistant to commonly used drugs in Jordan. Most of the antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella typhimurium (10/12) examined which were from extra-intestinal sources contained a large plasmid (55 MDa) in addition to two to four small plasmids. These strains were also able to transfer most or part of their drug resistance in vitro. It is concluded that the invasive potential of Salmonella typhimurium isolates is probably associated with the presence of a large virulence plasmid and multiple antibiotic resistance.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2003

Cystic echinococcosis in Jordan: socioeconomic evaluation and risk factors.

The costs of illness and surgical intervention for human cystic echinococcosis (CE) cases in Jordan was economically evaluated by 77 surgeons and 77 CE patients. The cost of diagnosis for each CE case was 111.30 US Dollars and 146.20 US Dollars as estimated by surgeons and patients, respectively. The cost of surgical extraction of hydatid cysts for each case was 590.20 US Dollars and 638.50 US Dollars as estimated by both groups, respectively. Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of 77 CE patients as well as several Jordanian groups with different occupations including 144 shepherds, 119 settled livestock owners, 25 slaughter house workers, 400 university students and 80 inhabitants of a CE focus in southern Jordan were analyzed through a set of questionnaires. All of these groups had poor knowledge of CE, especially the source and causes of infection. All practices and attitudes of each group favored continuous transmission of the parasite and indicate the need for the implementation of a proper control program in the country.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Determination of cadmium and lead in different cigarette brands in Jordan.

Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations in different cigarette brands sold and/or produced in Jordan were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). Average levels of Cd and Pb in different cigarette brands in Jordan were 2.64 and 2.67 microg g(-1) (DW), respectively. The results obtained in this study estimate the average quantity of Cd inhaled from smoking one packet of 20 cigarettes to be in the range of 3.65-7.30 microg. Results suggest that the quantity of Pb inhaled of smoking one packet of 20 cigarettes, is estimated to be 0.74-2.22 microg. The concentrations of Cd and Pb in cigarettes were significantly different between cigarette brands tested. Our results were compared with other worldwide studies.

Cadmium↗

PubMed1988

A diagnostic dilemma in Jordan: two child abuse case studies.

Child abuse was diagnosed in two Jordanian children. The first was a 15-month-old female infant admitted with a history of convulsions and loss of consciousness. The child had previous head and limb injuries resulting in bilateral subdural hematomas and fractures at different stages of healing of femur and pelvis. The second was a 3-year-old male admitted with history of head injury due to an alleged fall. Examination revealed fractured ribs, bruised eye and face, hemothorax, subperiosteal and subdural hematomas. Both children have sustained physical and mental handicaps. This is the first report of child abuse in Jordan. In Jordan, as in the rest of the world, a high index of suspicion is needed to diagnose child abuse early enough to save the affected child its serious sequelae.

Battered Child Syndrome↗

PubMed1980

Drug abuse in Jordan: an exploratory study.

The method used for obtaining data on the prevalence of licit and illicit drug abuse in Jordan during the period under study (1970 - 1977), included indirect measurements or indicators and direct estimates of abuse in different localities of Jordan. The study has shown changing patterns and trends of abuse of illicit drugs (hashish and other opiates) and licit psychoactive drugs (mainly tranquilizers and barbiturates) obtained on prescription. The incidence of licit drug abuse has been rising steadily in recent years. Drug abusers belong to a wide range of socio-economic backgrounds, occupations, and age groups. The findings were viewed in a broader socio-cultural context. The implications for prevention and intervention are discussed as well as the need for developing an adequate information system.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Assessment of radon-222 concentrations in buildings, building materials, water and soil in Jordan.

Monitoring of radon gas ((222)Rn) in Jordan was started in the early 1990s. Since then our radon group at Yarmouk University and others have carried out tens of studies that include measurements of indoor radon, radon in water, radon in soil and radon emanating from building materials. All major cities of Jordan had been surveyed, from the northern city of Irbid down to the southern port city of Aqaba. Most of these studies were carried out by using time-integrated passive radon dosimeters containing CR-39 solid-state nuclear track detectors. In addition to that, an active radon monitor was used to study the seasonal variation of (222)Rn in Al-Ruseifa that lies near abandoned phosphate mines and in Amman area. During such a study passive dosimeters were also used. The average radon concentrations in dwellings in Jordanian cities ranged from about 20 to 386 Bq/m(3) with the highest readings exhibited during the winter season around the town of Al-Ruseifa.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗

PubMed2005

Medical waste management in Jordan: a study at the King Hussein Medical Center.

As in many other developing countries, the generation of regulated medical waste (RMW) in Jordan has increased significantly over the last few decades. Despite the serious impacts of RMW on humans and the environment, only minor attention has been directed to its proper handling and disposal. This study was conducted in the form of a case study at one of Jordan's leading medical centers, namely, the King Hussein Medical Center (KHMC). Its purpose was to report on the current status of medical waste management at KHMC and propose possible measures to improve it. In general, it was found that the center's administration was reasonably aware of the importance of medical waste management and practiced some of the measures to adequately handle waste generated at the center. However, it was also found that significant voids were present that need to be addressed in the future including efficient segregation, the use of coded and colored bags, better handling and transfer means, and better monitoring and tracking techniques, as well as the need for training and awareness programs for the personnel.

Developing Countries↗

PubMed2002

Smoking habits and attitudes towards smoking among university students in Jordan.

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of smoking and to describe the habits, attitudes, and practices related to smoking among students of Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan. Students (n = 650) were recruited in randomly selected, cluster samples drawn from the medical and engineering colleges of JUST. They were made familiar with a modified Arabic version of the World Health Organisation Smoking Questionnaire and the Attitudes towards Smoking Questionnaire to study their habits, attitudes, and beliefs in relation to smoking. The study revealed that the prevalence of smoking was 28.6% (50.2% among males and 6.5% among females). Friends, not family, were the main source of the first smoking, and this most often occurred after 15 years of age (82.3%). Males preferred smoking in the cafeteria, females in the bathroom. The main advantage of smoking for males was calming down, while for females it was independence. Non-smokers chose not to smoke because of health and hatred of the habit. The non-smokers had more positive attitudes against smoking and were more aware of the adverse effects of smoking. The reasons smokers gave for starting smoking were pleasure, followed by stress and curiosity. Two-thirds of smokers intended to quit smoking in the future. Some smokers disagreed with some criticisms against smoking, and reasons why they did not want to quit included social attitudes, addiction, and not knowing how to quit. Results of this study may provide baseline data to develop an anti-smoking program in the university and encourage policy makers to limit smoking in the university by strengthening the policies against smoking.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Emergency medicine in Jordan.

The kingdom of Jordan is well known in the Middle East for the high-quality health care it provides its citizens and other patients from throughout the region. The specialty of emergency medicine is developing in Jordan along unique lines, mainly as an outgrowth of family medicine.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗