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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Loading and deformation of the cat posterior knee joint capsule in axial and extension rotations.

Deformation and loading of the knee posterior joint capsule were studied in the cat, in extension rotations and in axial external (ER) and internal (IR) rotations at full extension. Loads were measured in the ligament along the upper edge of the capsule, using mechanically sensitive neurons that were calibrated as load cells. Strains were measured across the surface of the capsule, by tracking a set of markers attached to its surface. External rotations produced small loads in the cable: with applied moments of up to 0.25 Nm, cable tensions were less than 0.8 mPa. The cable was not loaded by internal rotations. Axial rotations produced predominantly shear strains in the capsule. Extension produced small loads in the ligament and the predominant capsule strain was tensile along the axis of the femur. These results show that the posterior capsule has a small role in resisting extension, a minimal role in providing axial stability in ER, and no such role in IR.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

No stabilizing effect of the elbow joint capsule. A kinematic study.

We dissected 7 cadaveric elbow specimens, leaving the collateral ligaments and the joint capsule intact. The anterior and the posterior capsule were sequentially transected, followed by kinematic testings. We found no change in joint laxity after total transection of the capsule.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fibroma of tendon sheath originating from the knee joint capsule.

We present a rare case of fibroma of the tendon sheath originating from the posterior joint capsule of the knee in a 50-year-old man. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging revealed a lesion posterior to the medial femoral condyle. The lesion showed hypointensity on all T1-weighted, T2-weighted, short tau inversion recovery (STIR), and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images. Plain computed tomographic (CT) scans showed a lesion with isodensity to muscle. The lesion showed no enhancement on postcontrast CT scans.

Fibroma↗
PubMed1997

Effect of nonablative laser energy on the joint capsule: an in vivo rabbit study using a holmium:YAG laser.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The nonablative application of holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser energy to the joint capsule of patients with glenohumeral instability has been found to shrink capsular tissue and to help stabilize the joint. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of nonablative laser energy on the short-term histological properties of joint capsular tissue in an in vivo rabbit model. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen mature New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study. One randomly selected stifle was treated with laser energy, and the contralateral stifle was sham-operated. Animals were euthanized immediately after surgery (day 0), at 7 days postsurgery and 30 days postsurgery. Specimens were processed for histology and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Laser-treated samples at day 0 showed diffuse hyalinization of collagen with nuclear karyorrhexis of fibroblasts. Laser-treated tissue at 7 days postsurgery revealed fibroblast proliferation around and into acellular hyalinized regions of collagen. At 30 days postlaser treatment, areas of fused collagen were greatly reduced as large reactive fibroblasts migrated and secreted matrix. CONCLUSION: This study illustrates the short-term in vivo tissue response to nonablative laser treatment, where acellular hyalinized regions of collagen are infiltrated by fibroblasts that have used the treated collagen as the framework for migration and secretion of new collagen matrix in order for tissue repair to proceed.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Human joint capsule in osteoarthrosis (morpholocical changes) (author's transl)].

Morphological investigations of the joint capsules in osteoarthrotic-changed joints have given rise to doubts about the present theory of the causal aetiology of the osteoarthrosis. In every inspected and demonstrated illustration beside the partly normal capsules segments could be found every transition between mild regressive alterations and most massive proliferative changes of the conective tissue and the lining cell layer. It was extraordinary, that the strongly dilated vessels were filled with red blood cells. In another part of the same case was found a massive stricture caused by concentrically deposited substances, which were impregnated with collagenous fibers. Regeneration of the vessels frequently happened adjacent totally obstructed ones. Round-cell infiltrations, granulocytes or other indications of an inflammatory synovitis are found only in a few cases. The intracartilaginous enzymatic reactions, which have been much talked of and which were explained as characteristic of the osteoarthrosis cannot be the cause of the degradation of the cartilage, particularly, because of the normal cell count which is to be found in the synovial fluid. We can answer this problem, if we can prove that the substrates of the chondral metabolism themselves exert a direct or indirect influence on the interstitial connective tissue with induction of the powerful proliferation of the same tissue. The changes in the transit zone would be secondary and their effect on the lining cell layer would increase the progression of the arthrotic events.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Localization of substance P and neurofilament immunoreactive fibers in the lumbar facet joint capsule and supraspinous ligament of the rabbit.

An indirect immunofluorescence method was utilized to identify substance P-like immunoreactive (SPLI) and neurofilament protein immunoreactive (NFIR) fibers in the lumbar facet joint capsule and supraspinous ligament of the rabbit. The results demonstrated a large population of NFIR fibers, indicating that these tissues are richly innervated, and a smaller population of SPLI fibers. In some fibers, neurofilament protein and substance P were colocalized. The data suggest that the facet joint capsule and the supraspinous ligament contain SPLI nociceptive fibers that could be a source of low back pain.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Human lumbar facet joint capsule strains: II. Alteration of strains subsequent to anterior interbody fixation.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: In cases of low back pain associated with biomechanical lumbar instability, anterior interbody fixation can be used as a surgical treatment, but its affect on facet joint capsule strains is unknown. PURPOSE: To determine the effect of a single-level anterolateral interbody fixation, the changes in lumbar facet joint capsule strains at the level of and adjacent to the fixation were evaluated. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Human cadaveric lumbar spine specimens were tested under displacement control before and after the addition of a single anterior thoracolumbar plate (ATLP) on the L4-L5 motion body. METHODS: Ligamentous lumbar spine specimens (n=7) were potted and actuated before and after fixation of the L4-L5 motion segment with an ATLP in motions of extension, flexion, left and right bending. Joint moments were calculated from the applied load and respective moment arms. Intervertebral angulation was measured using biaxial inclinometers mounted onto adjacent vertebrae. Plane strains of the capsules were measured by optically tracking the displacements of small, infrared reflective markers glued to capsule surfaces. Statistical differences (p<.05) in moment, intervertebral angle and capsular strain were assessed using analysis of variance and comparison of linear regression lines. RESULTS: Fixation resulted in an increase in moment at the three vertebral levels for all motions. There was also an increase in intervertebral angle at L3-L4 and L5-S1, and a decrease in intervertebral angle at L4-L5 for all motions. Plane strains in the L3-L4 and L5-S1 facet capsules increased as a result of the fixation. L4-L5 facet capsules experienced decreased and increased strains ipsilateral and contralateral, respectively, to the instrumentation. CONCLUSION: Restriction of a vertebral motion segment using a single ATLP increased adjacent capsular strains, which if suprathreshold for capsule nociceptors, could play a role in low back pain.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Cartilaginous differentiation in the joint capsule.

The proliferation and differentiation of cells are greatly influenced by their environment. Many growth factors and cytokines are reported to be environmental factors that affect the proliferation and differentiation of cells. Mechanical stress is also considered to influence these physiological reactions. The joint capsule, which is a part of the joint tissue, plays a very important role in the stability of the joint and in maintaining the intracapsular phenomenon. In patients with dislocated hip arthropathy, this capsule is involved in the weightbearing function by forming a sliding surface between the capsule and the femoral head articular cartilage. The surface of the tissue macroscopically shows cartilaginous change, which indicates cartilaginous differentiation caused by mechanical stress. We examined the cartilage-specific proteoglycan component, which is composed of cartilaginou matrix at the differentiation site. We investigated proteoglycan production, molecular size, and the gene expression of cartilaginous substrate. At the inner layer of the weightbearing area of the joint capsule, proteoglycan production was significantly higher than that of other noncartilaginous tissue. We also identified the gene expression of cartilaginous proteoglycan using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method.

Aggrecans↗
PubMed1990

Elastic and collagenous fibers in the temporomandibular joint capsule of the rabbit and their functional relevance.

This study deals with the form and function of the temporomandibular joint capsule and compares the histological structure of the capsule and kinetics of condylar and disc movement in rabbit and man. The morphology of the capsule of the jaw joint of the rabbit was studied by means of histological sections of isolated capsules, celloidin sections of decalcified heads, and cryostat sections containing the joint, fixed in jaw open and closed positions. General staining methods and selective methods for elastin and collagen were used. The volume density of the elastic fibers was determined morphometrically. The capsule consists of a portion connecting disc and skull and a portion connecting disc and mandible. The former portion has a fibrous outer layer of dense connective tissue. It contains numerous bundles of specifically oriented collagen but hardly any elastic fibers. Few irregularly arranged elastic fibers are present in the lateral and medial areas of the capsule. In contrast, the portion connecting disc and condylar process contains not only oriented collagen but also large amounts of elastic fibers. Anteriorly, there is a thin elastic band that is stretched greatly at jaw opening. Posteriorly, the capsule takes the appearance of a large fibro-elastic pad that covers the posterior extension of the condyle. This part is somewhat stretched when the jaw is closed. The findings correlate well with the results of jaw movement studies, showing a remarkable capability for condylar protrusion and retrusion. In contrast to the situation in humans, this movement occurs mainly between condyle and disc. It is made possible by the rather tight connections between skull and disc and flexible ones between disc and condyle.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Aplasia of zygomatic arch and dislocation of temporomandibular joint capsule in Treacher-Collins syndrome: three-dimensional reconstruction of computed tomographic scans.

Seven patients with Treacher-Collins syndrome were studied. All of patients were children or teenagers. Helical CT scanner (Toshiba) was used to reconstruct zygomatic arch and temporomandibular joint capsule on lateral aspect of temporal bone in five patients of microtia and atresia of both ears and two patients of narrow ear canals of both ears without microtia.Three-dimensional reconstructions of computed tomography on lateral aspect of temporal bone demonstrated various congenital abnormality including aplasia of zygomatic arch in seven patients and dislocation of temporomandibular joint capsule in seven patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Lumbar facet joint capsule: appearance at MR imaging and CT.

The joint spaces and synovium of the lumbar facet joints extend beyond the articular surfaces of the joint in the majority of adults. The authors correlated magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, computed tomographic (CT), and axial cryomicrotome sections of 66 facet joints in nine cadavers. Extensions of the synovium and joint space along the superior and inferior articular processes, under the ligamentum flavum, and into the ligamentum flavum could be recognized with use of MR and, less successfully, CT. The injection of a paramagnetic contrast medium into the facet joint facilitated visualization of the capsule on MR images. On the ventral aspect of the lumbar facet joint, MR images showed regions of high signal intensity where the joint space extended into the ligamentum flavum or between the ligamentum flavum and lamina. On the dorsal aspect of the joint, MR demonstrated prominence of the fibrous joint capsule where the joint space extended under it along the inferior articular process or along the superior articular process. The variable appearance of the ventral and dorsal aspects of the lumbar facet joint on CT and MR images is due to extension of the synovium and joint space.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Onchocercosis of an intervertebral joint capsule causing cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy in a horse.

A novel case where onchocercosis was identified as a cause of cervical myelopathy in the horse is described. A 15-year-old Connemara mare was euthanized due to progressive locomotion disturbance. Postmortem examination revealed soft-tissue swelling in the intervertebral joint capsule of C6-7 with narrowing of the vertebral canal. On light microscopy, axonopathy was pronounced in the corresponding segment of the spinal cord. Fibrous tissue and eosinophilic granulomas were found in the joint capsule, together with parasites identified histologically as Onchocerca sp.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Arthrographic differential diagnosis between ruptures of the anterior talofibular ligament, the joint capsule and the anterior tibiofibular ligament.

From literature study, surgical findings and cadaver experiments, it is unlikely that, in an inversion type ankle sprain, rupture of the anterior tibiofibular ligament frequently accompanies rupture of the capsule and the lateral ligaments. Contrary to the experience of other authors, we found the presence or absence of a) a contrast-free zone, b) the tibiofibular recess, or c) both together, on ankle arthrography in no way indicative of a rupture of the anterior tibiofibular ligament. Contrast leakage out of the joint into the soft tissues without leakage below and lateral to the lateral malleolus indicates rupture of the joint capsule. Leakage below and lateral to the lateral malleolus indicates rupture of the anterior talofibular ligament. The anatomic relationships between the syndesmosis, the joint capsule, the tibiofibular recess and the anterior talofibular recess and the anterior talofibular ligament were studied on cadavers and during surgery. Contrast spread in the soft tissues is probably determined by the arrangement of and damage to the soft tissues and by the size of the haematoma and follows the path of least resistance.

Ankle Injuries↗