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PubMed2006

Impact of international collaboration on the prognosis of childhood acute promyelocytic leukemia in Iraq.

The promotion of an operational network between hospitals and medical schools in Iraq and in Western countries is a primary humanitarian objective of international collaboration. As a consequence of a collaborative project between the Al Mansour Hospital for Pediatrics in Baghdad and the Pediatric Unit of Hematology of "La Sapienza" University, in Rome, in October 2003 a specific all-trans-retinoic acid-based protocol was designed in order to offer a modern therapeutic program for the management of Iraqi children with acute promyelocytic leukemia, adapted to the severe local difficulties. The preliminary encouraging results represent a substantial improvement over the earlier experience in childhood acute promyelocytic leukemia in Iraq.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Tobacco use among students aged 13-15 years--Kurdistan Region, Iraq, 2005.

Tobacco use is one of the major preventable causes of premature death and disease in the world. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), part of the Global Tobacco Surveillance System initiated by the World Health Organization (WHO), CDC, and the Canadian Public Health Association, was developed to monitor tobacco use, attitudes about tobacco, and exposure to secondhand smoke among youths and has been conducted in 140 countries. This report presents findings from the GYTS conducted in the Kurdistan region of Iraq (i.e., Irbil, as-Sulaymaniyah, and Dahuk governorates) in 2005, which revealed that one in 10 students currently smoked cigarettes or used other tobacco products. Boys (21%) were statistically significantly more likely than girls (2.1%) to smoke cigarettes, but no significant difference was observed between boys and girls in their use of other tobacco products. Public health authorities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq can use the baseline information from the GYTS to design and implement tobacco-control programs to reduce youth smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Incidence and types of malignancies in renal transplant recipients in Iraq.

We retrospectively reviewed the records of 273 renal transplant recipients who received allograft transplants between 1994 and 2004 and recorded the incidence and types of de novo malignancies that developed in these patients. The study was carried out at the Al-karama and Al-rasheed kidney transplant centers in Baghdad, Iraq. A total of 16 patients developed malignancies. The tumors included Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in eight patients, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in four, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in two and both renal cell carcinoma of the allograft and brain tumor in one patient. Thus, KS was the most common malignancy encountered in our series, with a prevalence of 2.9%, followed by SCC observed in 1.5% and BCC found in 0.7% of the patients. The average latency period between transplantation and development of malignancy was 6.5 months for KS, 3.0 months for SCC and 8.5 months for BCC. To our knowledge, this is the first long-term follow-up study for malignant complications identified in kidney recipients in Iraq.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Similarity of the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis from Iraq and Leishmania tropica based on the molecular parameters of kinetoplast DNA].

Restriction analysis demonstrated that the cleavage pattern of kinetoplast DNA of visceral leishmaniasis causative agent from Iraq was similar to that of the anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis causative agent Leishmania tropica, and differed from that of the kinetoplast DNA of Leishmania infantum and L. donovani, typical visceral leishmaniasis causative agents. Similarity was established both for maxi- and minicycle molecules of the kinetoplast DNA. Evolutionary relation between L. tropica and the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis from Iraq is suggested.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Inherited bleeding syndromes in Iraq.

This paper presents data on the occurence and pattern of inherited bleeding syndromes (IBS) in Iraq, a hitherto unexplored problem. During the first fourteen months of a prospective on-going study at a major university center, 116 patients from 62 families were diagnosed as having IBS. All patients were referred because of moderate to severe bleeding diatheses. They included 62 haemophiliacs 32 patients with von Willebrand's disease (VWD), 9 with Christmas disease (CD), 6 with afibrinogenemia, 1 with prothrombin deficiency, and 6 were thought to have platelet dysfunction. 32 other bleeders (16 hemophiliacs, 14 VWD, and 2 CD) were also recognized among the pedigrees studied but were not available for full investigations. The clinical and laboratory features of the patients observed in Iraq do not seem to be significantly different from those of patients in Western Europe or North America. Although the absolute incidence and relative distribution of these disorders in the entire population cannot yet be determined, the rate of occurence per segment population is likely to be high, most likely due to the high rate of consanguinity and large number of births per family, phenomena still prevalent in this country.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Antibodies to Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in domestic animals in Iraq: a seroepidemiological survey.

A seroepidemiological survey to determine the prevalence of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus and its circulation among animals in Iraq was carried out in 1980. Sera were collected from 2205 animals of different species in three different faunal areas of the country. Sera were tested by complement fixation test for quantitative determination of antibodies to CCHF virus. Among 769 sheep tested 443 (57.6%) were positive; 279 of 562 (49.64%) goat sera; 122 of 411 (29.28%) cattle sera; 148 of 252 (58.73%) horse sera; 23 of 99 (23.23%) camel sera and 5 of 35 (14.28%) sera collected from unclassified small mammals in Iraq have had antibodies to CCHF virus.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aplastic anaemia in Iraq. A prospective study.

The problem of aplastic anaemia (AA) in Iraq has not been previously investigated. This paper describes 60 patients evaluated prospectively at the University of Baghdad Teaching Hospital during the period 1975--1978. Criteria for the diagnosis included pancytopenia and hypocellular or acellular bone marrow. A surprising finding at variance with published reports about the disease from other parts of the world was a 3 : 1 preponderance of males over females. A discernible aetiology of drug or chemical exposure was detected in half of the patients. Chloramphenicol, alone or in combination with other antibiotics, was thought to be responsible for marrow injury in 12 patients. The occurrence of AA seems to be on the rise in Iraq, probably as a result of the increased use of potentially toxic therapeutic agents and chemicals, and of the growing environmental pollution.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) longiflagellum sp.n. from the tomb rat, Taphozous nudiventris, from Iraq.

Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) longiflagellum sp.n. (Protozoa: Trypanosomatidae) from a bat, Taphozous nudiventris, from Iraq is described. The trypanosome measures 24.0 to 34.2 micron (mean 26.4 micron, SD 2.5) in total length, 13.8 to 18.2 micron (mean 15.2 micron, SD 1.0) in body length, is 1.5 to 2.9 micron (mean 2.0 micron, SD 0.3) in breadth and has a free flagellum of 10.2 to 16.0 micron (mean 11.2 micron, SD 1.6). The nuclear index is 1.4 to 2.1 (mean 1.7 SD 0.1) and the kinetoplastic index is 1.5 to 2.6 (mean 1.9, SD 0.2). This is the second report of a bat trypanosome belonging to the subgenus Herpetosoma and the first report of trypanosomes from bats from Iraq.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) longiflagellum Sp.N. from the tomb bat, Taphozous nudiventris, from Iraq.

Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) longiflagellum sp.n. (Protozoa: Trypanosomatidae) from a bat, Taphozous nudiventris, from Iraq is described. The trypanosome measures 24.0 to 34.2 micron (mean 26.4 micron, SK 2.5) in total length, 13.8 to 18.2 micron (mean 15.2 micron, SD 1.0) in body length, is 1.5 to 2.9 micron (mean 2.0 micron,SD 0.3) in breadth and has a free flagellum of 10.2 to 16.0 micron (mrsn 11.2 micron, SD 1.6). The nuclear index is 1.4 to 2.1 (mean 1.7 SD 0.1) and the kinetoplastic index is 1.5 to 2.6 (mean 1.9, SD 0.2). This is the second report of a bat trypanosome belonging to the subgenus Herpetosoma and the first report of trypanosomes from bats from Iraq.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Clustering of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients undergoing renal transplantation from living unrelated donors in Iraq and India.

Over the past few years, we have observed a substantial increase in the number of patients followed at our hospital who have undergone renal transplantation from living unrelated donors (LURD). These transplants were all performed in one of two centers: Bagdad, Iraq or Bombay, India. We have observed a parallel increase in the number of cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) post-renal transplant. We conducted a ten-year retrospective analysis (1986-1995) of patients who developed PCP post-renal transplant to determine the risk factors associated with the development of this infection, with particular reference to the type of transplant and the center in which the transplant was performed. Over this period, 270 renal transplant patients were followed at this hospital and 10 episodes of PCP were documented (3.7%). Six of these cases occurred within the last 2 years, as compared to only 4 cases in the preceding 8 years. All of the cases observed in the last 2 years occurred in patients who had undergone renal transplantation from LURD in Iraq or in India. During the same period, we observed no cases of PCP in patients who had undergone transplantation in Israel (cadaver or related living donor transplants). We could find no difference between patients undergoing transplant from LURD and those undergoing other transplants in terms of immuno-suppressive therapy, frequency of organ rejection episodes or coexistent CMV infection. All patients were of Arab descent and live in the West Bank. Although we cannot identify any obvious explanation for this association, we believe that these cases represent a true cluster phenomenon. We therefore feel it is warranted for all recipients of renal transplants from living unrelated donors seen in our hospital to receive prophylactic therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Wild poliovirus transmission in bordering areas of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey, 1997-June 1998.

The European and Eastern Mediterranean regions of the World Health Organization (WHO) have made substantial progress toward the goal of eradicating poliomyelitis by 2000. As of June 1998, only two foci of known wild poliovirus transmission remained in the border areas of these two WHO regions: southeastern Turkey/northern Iraq and Tadjikistan/Afghanistan. This report summarizes progress toward interruption of wild poliovirus transmission in the bordering areas of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Republic of Iraq, the Syrian Arab Republic, and Turkey.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

Hb Iraq-Halabja beta10 (A7) Ala-->Val (GCC-->GTC): a new beta-chain silent variant in a family with multiple Hb disorders.

A patient originating from Iraq was referred to our laboratory upon suspicion of a hemoglobinopathy. Routine hematological tests revealed a microcytic and slightly anemic phenotype with an elevated HbA2 suggestive of beta-thalassemia. Samples were obtained for several members of the family which upon examination revealed highly heterogeneous phenotypes that prompted us to investigate the case further. Sequencing of the beta-globin gene and alpha cluster mapping in the propositus and his brother showed a previously undescribed beta-globin variant:Hb Iraq-Halabja, beta10(A7) Ala-->Val (GCC-->GTC), associated with beta0-thalassemia IVS-2 nt1 G-->A and either alpha-thal-2-3.7 kb deletion (brother), or alpha-globin gene triplication anti-3.7 kb type (propositus). Detailed functional studies of the variant gave a normal oxygenation curve, a normal heterotopic action of 2,3 DPG, and normal heat stability and isopropanol precipitation tests. The variant shows a clear difference in migration properties compared to normal beta-chain only when run on PAGE urea Triton. As expected, alpha/beta-globin mRNA ratios were influenced by the concomitant presence of an alpha-globin gene pathology and the beta0 thalassemia and not by the presence of the beta-globin variant which apparently is clinically silent.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Molecular characterisation and mutational analysis of antimicrobial resistance genes in Helicobacter pylori isolates in Erbil, Iraq.

BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori poses a significant challenge to the effective eradication of infection worldwide. Understanding molecular mechanisms of resistance is essential for guiding treatment strategies. This study aimed to investigate the molecular basis of antimicrobial resistance in Helicobacter pylori isolates and their associated mutation frequencies. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, gastric biopsy specimens were collected from 203 patients at Rizgary Hospital in Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, who underwent endoscopy for dyspepsia-related symptoms. Of the 137 positive patients, 91 Helicobacter pylori isolates were confirmed by colony morphology, Gram staining, and biochemical tests; 63 were successfully subcultured for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (culture success rate: 69.2%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the agar dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations. The sequences of specific genes were examined and analysed by next-generation sequencing. Multiple sequence comparisons were performed to identify resistance-related genes and mutations, using 26695 (NC_000915.1) as the reference genome. RESULTS: Only two isolates (3.17%) were susceptible to all antibiotics examined. The frequency of metronidazole resistance was highest (85.71%), followed by levofloxacin (55.55%), clarithromycin (52.38%), amoxicillin (26.98%), tetracycline (6.35%), and rifabutin (4.76%). Mutations in the rdxA and frxA genes correlated with metronidazole resistance, while GyrA protein mutations at positions 87 and 91 were linked to levofloxacin resistance. Clarithromycin resistance was mainly associated with A2142G and A2143G mutations in 23S rRNA. Amoxicillin resistance (26.98%) was associated with mutations in the pbp1A gene, whereas resistance to tetracycline and rifabutin was infrequent. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first molecular surveillance data on antimicrobial resistance in Helicobacter pylori in northern Iraq, offering valuable regional evidence to guide local eradication strategies. The relatively high amoxicillin resistance, together with the elevated resistance to metronidazole, levofloxacin, and clarithromycin, underscores the need for susceptibility-guided therapy and continuous local antimicrobial resistance surveillance.

Antibiotic resistance↗
PubMed1996

Pathological fracture: a common presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism in Iraq.

OBJECTIVE: To describe our experience with severe primary hyperparathyroidism. DESIGN: Prospective open study. SETTING: City hospital, Iraq. SUBJECTS: 15 patients with confirmed severe hyperparathyroidism operated on during the period 1985-92. INTERVENTION: Neck exploration was performed for all patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Morbidity, mortality, and outcome. RESULTS: The peak incidences were in the age groups 20-29. 10 patients presented with pathological fractures. Plasma parathyroid hormone concentrations were raised in all 15 patients. 14 patients had solitary adenomas, and the remaining one had three adenomas. One patient developed persistent hypocalcaemia that required permanent vitamin D supplementation, and 12 patients developed transient postoperative hypocalcaemia and were treated with calcium and vitamin D supplements either orally or intravenously until they were free of symptoms. Two patients died postoperatively, one of respiratory failure and one of haemorrhage from a bleeding duodenal ulcer. CONCLUSION: Primary hyperparathyroidism is an underdiagnosed disorder in Iraq, and most patients present with advanced disease. Surgical treatment is indicated and the results are good.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1996

The enemy within: diarrheal rates among British and Australian troops in Iraq.

British and Australian medical teams working in Northern Iraq in 1991 providing primary care to refugees and the war wounded were subjected to a descriptive retrospective survey, 5 weeks after arriving in Iraq. The aim was to document different rates of diarrhea in British and Australian troops. The British, who were not taking daily doxycycline and did not enforce a plate- and hand-washing routine, experienced higher rates of diarrhea (69% of British troops compared with 36% of Australian troops), which was more severe and of a longer duration (p < 0.001) and resulted in twice as many days being lost (p < 0.001) in spite of the British team being half the size of the Australian contingent, and the region having enteropathogens with a high rate of antibiotic resistance. Vigorous hand- and plate-washing routines along with doxycycline prophylaxis appear to significantly reduce incapacitation from diarrhea in this military setting and have an important implication for operational effectiveness.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1976

Perinatal methylmercury poisoning in Iraq.

The signs and symptoms of methylmercury poisoning and the concentrations of mercury in samples of blood, hair, and milk are reported and compared in two infant-mother pairs exposed in the recent Iraq outbreak. In one pair, the infant was born prior to the exposure of the mother, and was exposed only from ingestion of methylmercury in mother's milk. In the other pair, the mother was exposed during pregnancy and did not breast feed the infant, who died 30 days after birth. Both mothers had some signs and symptoms of poisoning, but the infants did not. The infants had maximum estimated blood mercury levels between 500 and 1,000 ng/ml, well above the minimum toxic levels for adults. Hair and blood concentrations of mercury correlated closely, the average hair-blood ratio being about 250. Maternal milk averaged 8.6% of the simultaneous blood level, but the relationship was nonlinear at blood mercury levels below 50 ng/ml. Postnatal exposure by suckling led to substantial infant blood mercury concentration (over 600 ng/ml), and prenatal exposure resulted in blood mercury levels in the infant at birth higher than those in the mother, even after corrections for differences in hematocrit level.

Adult↗