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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Bacteriological method for detecting small intestinal hypomotility.

OBJECTIVE: Small intestinal hypomotility is an important cause of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, yet assessment of small intestinal motility in this setting is problematic. This study was performed to investigate the validity of a bacteriological method for detecting small intestinal hypomotility. METHODS: Twenty-five subjects without previous gastric surgery were studied with (i) concurrent bacteriological analyses of fasting saliva and gastric and proximal small intestinal aspirates, (ii) measurement of gastric pH, and (iii) scintigraphic assessment of small intestinal transit rates of a liquid test meal. The reproducibility of bacteriological analyses of saliva and small intestinal secretions was determined in 12 subjects. RESULTS: Serial bacteriological analyses of saliva and proximal small intestinal secretions yielded reproducible results over time periods of up to 1 month. Eleven subjects were deemed to harbor Enterobacteriaceae of nonsalivary origin in proximal small intestinal secretions. Orocaecal transit, but not gastric emptying, of a liquid test meal was significantly delayed in this group (p = 0.002 and p = 0.84, respectively), suggesting the presence of small intestinal hypomotility. Impaired gastric acidity unlikely confounded assessment of the origin of small intestinal Enterobacteriaceae in any instance. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of Enterobacteriaceae of nonsalivary origin in proximal small intestinal secretions may be taken to reflect the presence of small intestinal hypomotility. The presence of impaired gastric acidity does not confound this approach. Because small intestinal intubation and culture of aspirate are required anyway to accurately diagnose small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, the simple addition of concurrent bacteriological analysis of saliva may allow small intestinal hypomotility to be detected at the same time as the presence or absence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth itself is established, thus streamlining the investigation of subjects for this disorder and its possible causes.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1982

Localized healing of small intestinal anastomoses.

Small bowel anastomoses were made in a group of adult Sprague-Dawley rats. In another group of animals, interrupted suture of the terminal ileum was performed without transection. The animals were labeled repeatedly by injections of 3H-proline during the second and third week after surgery. Animals were sacrificed at three weeks after anastomosis or suturing. Ten and two mm segments were precisely excised on either side of the anastomoses or suturing. Total collagen and total radioactivity were measured per length of segment. In the small intestine, a similar increase in collagen (four-fold) and its radioactivity (four-fold) occurs only within a centimeter of the anastomotic site, mostly within 0.4 to 0.6 mm. Some of this increase in secondary to the effects of the suture, but most of the increase is due to the anastomosis. The collagen data indicate that the healing of a small intestinal wounds is a local phenomenon.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Surface staining of small intestinal biopsies.

Small intestinal biopsies are most often by routine examined under a stereo-microscope, prior to embedding for histological examination. This is done in order to get a view of the appearance of the mucosal pattern, especially villus configuration. The distinctness of the surface pattern however, is improved considerably if the biopsies are stained with Alcian Green and/or PAS before they are examined. In the present paper a detailed description is given of staining of small intestinal biopsies as whole mounts. The difference between the unstained and the stained biopsies is illustrated by a few examples.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1977

An electron microscopic study of intraepithelial lymphocytes in human fetal small intestine.

Human small intestine was obtained from fetuses at 8 to 20 weeks of gestation. The tissues were examined by electron microscopy. Lymphocytes were present as isolated cells in the mucosal mesenchyme as early as the 8th week of intrauterine life and were found, in increasing numbers, in the epithelium of specimens obtained from 11- to 20-week-old fetuses. All intraepithelial lymphocytes were located in the lateral spaces between contiguous columnar cells. Some displayed cytoplasmic pseudopods and were thought to migrate within the extracellular spaces of the epithelial layer. Surface invaginations and cytoplasmic vesicles in fetal lymphocytes suggested that these cells were capable of pinocytotic activity. The possibile origin and function of lymphocytes in fetal small intestine are discussed.

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed1987

Small intestinal obstruction.

Small intestinal obstruction remains a frequently encountered problem in abdominal surgery. Although modern day surgical management continues to focus appropriately on avoiding operative delay whenever surgery is indicated, not every patient is always best served by immediate operation. Certain entities, such as SBO secondary to incarcerated abdominal wall hernia, and patients with clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of strangulation do require prompt operative intervention. Other conditions, however, such as postoperative adhesions and neoplastic-associated SBO, particularly in patients with numerous previous abdominal procedures, concomitant medical problems, or incomplete or partial obstruction, often justifiably benefit by a trial of nonoperative management. The risk of strangulation with adhesive and neoplastic SBO is relatively low as compared with incarcerated hernia and small bowel volvulus. Close and careful clinical evaluation, in conjunction with laboratory and radiologic studies, will usually dictate the proper course of management in any given case. If any uncertainty exists, prompt operative intervention is indicated. Because over 50 per cent of all cases of SBO are the direct result of postoperative adhesions, it is probably just as important as the actual management of SBO for all practicing abdominal surgeon to familiarize themselves with the widely accepted "ischemic theory" of adhesion formation. A number of intraoperative measures, many of which go against established surgical principles, are now encouraged during routine elective abdominal surgery to reduce the incidence of detrimental adhesions that might subsequently produce SBO. At the same time, surgeons should continue their aggressive attitude towards elective repair of any and all abdominal hernias, which continue to account for close to 15 per cent of all cases of small intestinal obstruction and still remain the most common cause of strangulation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

The Golgi apparatus of rat small intestinal absorptive cells. I. Morphology and cytochemical staining pattern in proximal and distal small intestinal regions.

Comparative studies on the Golgi apparatus of rat small intestinal absorptive cells from duodenal, jejunal and ileal segments showed that the characteristic polarity of Golgi stacks is apparent along the entire small intestine; dilated cisternae containing lipoprotein particles are preferably localized at one Golgi side (cis face); narrow, regular cisternae predominate at the other side (trans face). Osmium deposits after prolonged osmification are restricted to cis Golgi cisternae. Pronounced differences between proximal and distal small intestinal regions exist in the cytochemical staining pattern of Golgi stacks after localization of thiamine pyrophosphatase, inosine diphosphatase and acid phosphatase. In duodenal and proximal jejunal absorptive cells demonstration of thiamine pyrophosphatase and inosine diphosphatase causes heavy deposits of reaction product over all Golgi cisternae; in the distal jejunum and in the ileum only 1-3 cisternae at the trans Golgi side are reactive. Similarly, the number of acid phosphatase-positive cisternae decreases from proximal to more distal small intestinal regions. Thiamine pyrophosphate, nucleoside diphosphatase and acid phosphatase are assumed to be active in glycosylation being involved in the removal of uridine diphosphate and other nucleoside phosphates (Tartakoff, 1980; Farquhar and Palade, 1981; Roth and Berger, 1982). Accordingly, the differences in the Golgi apparatus staining pattern after localization of these enzymes between proximal and distal small intestinal segments may reflect regional differences in the glycosylation of apoproteins in lipoprotein particles and in the kinetics of glycosylated plasma membrane and lysosomal constituents.

Acid Anhydride Hydrolases↗
PubMed2005

Methane, a gas produced by enteric bacteria, slows intestinal transit and augments small intestinal contractile activity.

The presence of methane on lactulose breath test among irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) subjects is highly associated with the constipation-predominant form. Therefore, we set out to determine whether methane gas can alter small intestinal motor function. In dogs, small intestinal fistulae were created to permit measurement of intestinal transit. Using a radiolabel, we evaluated transit during infusion of room air and subsequently methane. In this model, small intestinal infusion of methane produced a slowing of transit in all dogs by an average of 59%. In a second experiment, guinea pig ileum was pinned into an organ bath for the study of contractile activity in response to brush strokes applied to the mucosa. The force of contraction was measured both orad and aborad to the stimulus. The experiment was repeated while the bath was gassed with methane. Contractile activities orad and aborad to the stimulus were significantly augmented by methane compared with room air (P < 0.05). In a third experiment, humans with IBS who had undergone a small bowel motility study were compared such that subjects who produced methane on lactulose breath test were compared with those producing hydrogen. The motility index was significantly higher in methane-producing IBS patients (1,851 +/- 861) compared with hydrogen producers (1,199 +/- 301) (P < 0.05). Therefore, methane, a gaseous by-product of intestinal bacteria, slows small intestinal transit and appears to do so by augmenting small bowel contractile activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

In vitro inhibition of human small intestinal and liver microsomal astemizole O-demethylation: different contribution of CYP2J2 in the small intestine and liver.

1. The effects of chemical agents on the metabolism of the antihistamine drug astemizole were investigated to evaluate drug-drug interactions. 2. Chemical inhibitors of astemizole O-demethylation were screened using the small intestinal and liver microsomes from rabbit as an animal model for the first-pass metabolism of humans. In the rabbit small intestine, astemizole O-demethylation was clearly inhibited by ebastine, arachidonic acid, alpha-naphthoflavone, ketoconazole, tranylcypromine, troglitazone and terfenadine. 3. In humans, these inhibitors also reduced microsomal astemizole O-demethylation in both the small intestine and liver. However, the inhibition rate of almost all these chemicals were clearly greater in the small intestine than in the liver. Thus, a different contribution of cytochrome p450 in each tissue is suggested. 4. All the chemicals inhibited astemizole O-demethylation in recombinant CYP2J2 microsomes. The results suggest that CYP2J2 is involved in astemizole O-demethylation in both the human small intestine and liver; however, the contribution in the liver is lower than in the small intestine. The effects of the CYP2J2 inhibitors during first-pass metabolism may be more important in the small intestine than in the liver. Since all the inhibition profiles of astemizole O-demethylation were different in the liver and small intestine, involvement of another p450 in astemizole O-demethylation in human liver may be speculated. 5. In the rabbit microsomal systems, the same metabolites found in humans were qualitatively detected and the inhibition profiles of the chemical agents in the microsomes resembled that of humans.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Recipient non-hematopoietic bone marrow cells in the intestinal graft after fetal small intestinal transplantation.

We examined whether non-hematopoietic BM cells can migrate into the intestinal graft after fetal small intestinal transplantation (FSITx). Fetal small intestine from donor C57BL/6 mice was transplanted into the rectus abdominis of recipient C57BL/6 mice with only green fluorescent protein (GFP) BM cells (syngeneic FSITx). Intestinal grafts were harvested on days 5, 10, and 30 after FSITx and stained immunohistochemically using anti-CD45 antibody (a marker for hematopoietic BM cells). Although there were no GFP-positive cells identified in the epithelium of the graft intestinal villi, there were a few cells positive for both GFP and CD45 in the lamina propria on day 5 after FSITx, and many present on days 10 and 30. In some grafts there were only cells that were GFP positive/CD45 negative (i.e., non-hematopoietic BM cells) found in the lamina propria on days 10 and 30. These data indicate that non-hematopoietic BM cells as well as hematopoietic BM cells can migrate from the recipient's bone marrow, suggesting that recipient mesenchymal stem cells may be strongly implicated in graft regeneration and development after FSITx.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Endométriosis of the small intestine. Report of 4 new cases of stenosis of the small intestine (author's transl)].

The authors report 4 new cases of stenosis of the small intestine of endometrial origin. They emphasize the rareness of these stenosing forms which in most recent series intervened in 1 case of endometriosis out of 1,000 (Martinbeau). They consider the various clinical presentations encountered, asymptomatic forms discovered by chance, forms associated with suggestive gynecological disorders, chronic stenosis of the small intestine or presentation with intestinal obstruction. They consider the diagnostic difficulty in the isolated forms (2 cases) in the absence of pelvi-genital lesions. Among the positive factors, they consider the recrudescence during theperiods of the digestive signs, the macroscopic appearance of the lesions and, above all, the mucosal integrity noted on opening the specimen after intestinal resection. Finally, they consider certain special problems, that of bi-polar intestinal involvement with double localisation, involving the ileum and the recto-sigmoid areas.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Effect of mast cell activation on microcirculation of intestinal mucosa in inflamed small intestine of the rat].

Intravital microscopy and FITC-labeled erythrocytes were used to investigate villous perfusion in the rat small intestine in a model of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammation was induced with s.c. application of Indomethacin. It has previously been demonstrated that systemic Indomethacin leads to an increase in villous blood flow in the small intestine of the rat. In order to determine whether mast cell activation may contribute to the increase in villous perfusion, Ketotifen was used to inhibit mast cell degranulation. We found that Ketotifen significantly reduced villous perfusion in the inflamed intestine, but had no effect in the control group. We conclude that mast cell activation is one of the mechanisms leading to hyperemia in the mucosa of the small intestine in this animal model. Further studies are required to determine whether mast cell stabilizers may be beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in man.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Light and scanning electron microscopic observations of the effects of sublethal doses of methotrexate on the rat small intestine.

The small intestines of adult rats were examined by light and scanning-electron microscopy after sublethal doses of methotrexate were injected at 5, 3 and 1 mg, respectively, per rat per day, for three days. Methotrexate inhibited mitosis and thereby disrupted the steady state system of the epithelium. Villi and crypts progressively diminished up to about four and one-half days after the initial injection. Thereafter, recovery began and, by day 7, relatively normal morphology was restored. In the degenerative phase, the loss of crypt-villus continuum was frequently observed, the former crypts forming cyst-like structures. The columnar cells became flat and pleomorphic but epithelial continuity was maintained. Goblet cells apparently decreased in number. Paneth cells, especially in the ileum, appreciably increased in size and number. During the recovery phase, the cystic crypts apparently re-established continuity with the villus epithelium. Size and proportion of all epithelial cell types returned to normal. Scanning electron microscopy showed villus fusion and the cellular pleomorphism and loss of microvilli during the degenerative phase. During recovery of the villi some alteration in orientation and shape remained as shown by scanning electron microscopy.

Animals↗