Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Intergenerational Transfers”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Factors influencing behavioral intention regarding prostate cancer screening among older African-American men.

PURPOSE: To assess factors associated with perceptions of prostate cancer screening among African-American men aged > or = 55 years based upon items developed using the Preventive Health model (PHM). RESEARCH APPROACH: Focus group research and thematic coding using content analysis. SETTING: A large midwestern, private, nonprofit health system. PARTICIPANTS: African-American men aged > or = 55 years. Focus group 1 included 10 men who ranged in age from 55-87 years, with a mean age of 73.4 years. The 11 participants in focus group 2 ranged in age from 55-81 years, with a mean age of 68.7 years. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH: Focus group questions were developed based on the conceptual framework of the PHM. African-American men aged > or = 55 years were randomly selected from the patient population of the healthcare system to participate in one of two focus groups. Content analysis was used to code the focus group transcripts. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Self-reported perceptions of prostate cancer screening. FINDINGS: Major themes emerging from the focus groups related to prostate cancer screening include: lack of knowledge regarding cancer, fear of cancer, confusion between prostate cancer screening and prostate cancer diagnostic tests, encouragement by others as motivation for cancer screening, intergenerational transfer of health information, lack of health insurance coverage as a barrier to prostate cancer screening and treatment, and limited availability of screening clinic hours during nonworking hours. INTERPRETATION: The information gained from this study could be used to develop interventions promoting informed and shared decision-making by patients and their providers regarding prostate cancer screening.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1988

Violence: a product of biosocial interactions.

All behavior is seen to be a result of interactions between the brain on the one hand and environmental challenges and endogenous drives on the other. Intergenerational transfer theory fails to explain cases of habitual aggression that have no identifiable social origin, and there is compelling evidence for the existence of brain-environmental interaction. The key roles that may be played by age, gender, neurological factors, and biological defects in aggressive and antisocial behavior are reviewed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Introduction to the special section: studying intergenerational continuity and the transfer of risk.

This special section, "Longitudinal Studies of Intergenerational Continuity and the Transfer of Psychosocial Risk," examines the continuity of behavior across generations and the processes whereby parental characteristics, history, and experiences may place offspring at risk for various social, psychological, and health problems. The 8 prospective longitudinal studies in this section were initiated during the childhood of the parental generation and followed these individuals over time to the formation of new families. Topics include prediction of aggression, difficult temperament, social withdrawal, smoking, low academic achievement and high school dropout, adolescent parenthood, problematic fertility and birth circumstances, spousal violence, and problematic parenting practices. Predictors of successful adaptation to high-risk backgrounds and environments are examined, with an emphasis on protective factors and multiple determinants of outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The Tra2 core of the IncP(alpha) plasmid RP4 is required for intergeneric mating between Escherichia coli and Streptomyces lividans.

Escherichia coli cells and Streptomyces mycelia are able to form close contacts in the absence of a conjugative system which might facilitate intergeneric plasmid transfer without the genes required for mating pair formation (Tra2) of the RP4 plasmid. The same Tra2 genes found to be essential for RP4 plasmid transfer, RSF1010 mobilization, and donor-specific phage propagation in E. coli were also required for intergeneric transfer between E. coli and Streptomyces lividans.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed2004

Helping to build and rebuild secure lives and futures: financial transfers from parents to adult children and grandchildren.

This paper explores intergenerational financial transfers from parents to adult children and grandchildren within a life course perspective. Research on intergenerational financial transfers has been sparse, and little is known about the financial support older Canadians provide to family members or about the meaning of that assistance. Survey data from a convenience sample of older Canadians was analysed to determine the types of financial assistance older persons provide, what motivates them to provide this assistance, and what meanings such transfers have for the older persons themselves. Findings suggest that it is often events and transitions in the lives of adult children that shape the financial assistance that is needed and given within these families. Older parents demonstrate a strong desire to help their children and grandchildren through important or difficult transitions to "build or rebuild secure lives and futures". Parents' assistance is also influenced by their own family history of assistance and their desire to pass on an early inheritance during their lifetime.

Adult Children↗
PubMed2004

Vitrification of bovine oocytes and its application to intergeneric somatic cell nucleus transfer.

We determined the efficacy of a microdrop vitrification procedure for cryopreservation of bovine oocytes, using vitrified oocytes as cytoplasts for intraspecies and intergeneric somatic cell nucleus transfer (NT). In vitro matured bovine MII oocytes were vitrified in microdrops with a vitrification solution containing 35% ethylene glycol, 5% polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and 0.4 M trehalose. After warming, approximately 80% of the vitrified oocytes were morphologically normal, and their enucleation rate was similar to that of fresh oocytes. The NT embryos constructed with bovine cumulus cells and the vitrified oocytes developed similar to blastocysts constructed with fresh oocytes, although the cell number of NT blastocysts originating from vitrified oocytes was lower than that of the fresh control. In a second experiment, we examined the development of NT embryos constructed with vitrified bovine oocytes and bovine fibroblasts (intraspecies NT embryos) or swamp buffalo fibroblasts (intergeneric NT embryos). There were no differences between the intraspecies and intergeneric NT embryos in fusion, cleavage and development to blastocysts, except for lower cell numbers in the intergeneric NT blastocysts. In conclusion, the efficacy of this microdrop vitrification procedure and the production of swamp buffalo NT blastocysts using vitrified bovine oocytes was demonstrated.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Influence of soil variables on in situ plasmid transfer from Escherichia coli to Rhizobium fredii.

A model system was established to determine whether intergeneric plasmid transfer occurs in soil and how various soil variables affect the rate of plasmid transfer. The donor bacterium, Escherichia coli HB101 carrying plasmid pBLK1-2 (pRK2073::Tn5), and the recipient bacterium, Rhizobium fredii USDA 201, were inoculated into a sterile Adelphia fine-sandy-loam soil. Transconjugants were enumerated by direct plating on antibiotic-amended HM [N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid; 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid] salts medium. Randomly chosen transconjugants were verified by serological typing and Southern hybridization with a Tn5 gene probe. The maximum transfer frequency was observed after 5 days of incubation (1.8 x 10(-4) per recipient). The influences of clay (0 to 50% addition), organic matter (0 to 15% addition), soil pH (4.3 to 7.25), soil moisture (2 to 40%), and soil incubation temperature (5 to 40 degrees C) on plasmid transfer were examined. Maximum transfer frequencies were noted at a clay addition of 15%, an organic matter addition of 5%, a soil pH of 7.25, a soil moisture content of 8%, and a soil incubation temperature of 28 degrees C. These results indicate that intergeneric plasmid transfer may occur in soil and that soil variables may significantly affect the rate of transfer.

Blotting, Southern↗
PubMed1988

The retreat of the state and its transfer of responsibility: the intergenerational war.

In this article, the socially constructed nature of the conflict between the generations, or the "intergenerational war," is explored, with a description of the two major fronts of this battle: a health care financing axis and a caregiving axis. Basic to the health care financing axis is the assumption that certain individuals and populations represent an increasing and unreasonable social burden; the caregiving axis gives ideological support to familial and filial responsibility. The politics of mystification perpetuates the idea that these two axes are unrelated and that generational transfers are independent rather than interdependent. Both permit abdication of the state from social responsibility for human needs and massive budgetary reallocations to defense and tax cuts for the wealthy. An alternative approach derives from the principle of universal life-course entitlement to basic human needs.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Intergeneric and intrageneric conjugal transfer of plasmid-encoded antibiotic resistance determinants in Leuconostoc spp.

Transfer of the broad-host-range resistance plasmids pIP501 and pAM beta 1 from Streptococcus faecalis to Leuconostoc dextranicum and Leuconostoc cremoris occurred between cells that were immobilized on nitrocellulose filters in the presence of DNase. Transfer of pIP501 to Leuconostoc spp. also occurred when Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus lactis were used as donors. In addition, transfer of pIP501 and pAM beta 1 was observed from L. cremoris and L. dextranicum transconjugants to S. sanguis and S. faecalis. Expression of the pAM beta 1 erythromycin and pIP501 erythromycin and chloramphenicol resistance determinants was essentially equivalent in donors and transconjugants. Frequencies of transfer generally ranged from 10(-4) to 10(-7) transconjugants per input donor cell. Intrageneric transfer of pIP501 and pAM beta 1 occurred between L. cremoris and L. dextranicum strains in the same approximate range. These data further extend the host range of pIP501 and pAM beta 1 and demonstrate another example of gene transfer in the genus Leuconostoc.

Chloramphenicol↗
PubMed2001

Design and construction of a Haemophilus influenzae conjugal expression system.

Haemophilus influenzae is a fastidious Gram-negative coccobacilli that is a common commensal in the human upper respiratory tract. However, certain strains of this bacterium, including those considered to be nontypeable (NTHi), can cause human diseases ranging from otitis media to meningitis. Although naturally competent, NTHi take up plasmids by transformation very inefficiently, if at all. Many clinical isolates have also proven refractory to the introduction of currently available shuttle vectors via electroporation. Further, it has been difficult to determine protein expression from these vectors, unless specific antisera has been raised or a phenotype conferred. To address these problems, we have designed and constructed a set of broad host range vectors that are transferable via intergeneric conjugation with an Escherichia coli strain carrying chromosomally-encoded transfer functions. These vectors provide a site for cloning promoter::MCS regions and carry genes encoding resistance to one of two different antibiotics. This conjugal system allows the expression of marker genes in NTHi strains, enabling researchers to track the microbe's progress either in vivo using the infant rat model of infection, or in vitro through invasions of human tissue culture cell lines.

Blotting, Western↗
PubMed1976

Derivation and properties of F-prime factors in Escherichia coli carrying nitrogen fixation genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae.

A His+ Nif+ Escherichia coli K12, Hfr strain (UNF43) was constructed by an intergeneric mating between a Klebsiella pneumoniae donor strain (HF3) and a his-HFR E. coli strain (SBI824) which transfers his as an early marker. An F-prime nif plasmid, FN39, carrying genes which correspond to the E. coli chromosomal region, metG gnd his shiA, but excluding purF and aroD, was isolated from UNF43. Translocation of carbenicillin resistance genes from a P-type R-factor, R68, to FN39 increased the stability of his and nif on the derivative F-prime, FN68. Sedimentation analysis of both F-primes in sucrose gradients revealed our covalently closed circular(CCC) DNA species of molecular weights 279 +/- 9, 136 +/- 3, 90 +/- 1 and 44 +/- 1 megadaltons. It is suggested that the two smallest CCC-DNA species are component replicons of the composite F-primes of molecular weight 136 +/- 3 megadaltons, and that the molecules of 279 +/- 9 megadaltons are CCC-dimers. FN68 was transferable in intergeneric matings to Klebsiella aerogenes, K. pneumoniae and Salmonella typhimurium but not to Proteus mirabilis; only carbenicillin resistance and sex factor activity were transferred to Erwinia herbicola. nif genes on FN68 were expressed in a Nif- mutant of K. pneumoniae and also in S. typhimurium, which in conventional tests is naturally non-nitrogen-fixing; expression of the his determinant of FN68 became temperature-sensitive in S. typhimurium.

Carbenicillin↗
PubMed1983

Intra- and interspecific embryo transfer.

The procedures that are collectively referred to as embryo transfer (ET) have many uses. They were first used as research tools to study fetal-maternal physiology. Since the first successful mammalian embryo transfer in 1890, ET has been utilized for enhancement of genetic selection; diagnosis and treatment of infertility; control of infectious disease transmission; screening for genetic defects; propagation of rare and endangered species; and the study of developmental biology. Most of the embryo transfers have been intraspecific. A listing of the species includes rabbit, rat, sheep, mouse, goat, cattle, pig, hamster, ferret, mink, horse, baboon, cat, dog, water buffalo. In two species, rhesus monkey and humans, the successful embryo transfers have been limited to within-animal, homologous replacement of the embryos. There have been a few successful interspecific embryo transfers. The most common were between Bos taurus and B. indicus cattle. Other interspecific transfers involved Bos gaurus and B. taurus, cattle; Ovis musimon and O. aries, sheep; Equus asinus and E. caballus, horses. There are several examples of intergeneric embryo transfers in which embryos implanted but did not develop to term: sheep and goat, mouse and rat. The factors that determine the degree of compatibility between embryos and uteri of various species and genera are not clearly understood. The ability to hybridize successfully is probably a dependable indication of compatibility for embryo transfer. The limits of tolerance for differences between the donor and recipient in such factors as placental structure and gestation length have not been defined, but the recently developed technique of inner cell mass transfer will be very useful in such studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Phylogenetic distribution of streptococcal superantigen SSA allelic variants provides evidence for horizontal transfer of ssa within Streptococcus pyogenes.

Phylogenetic analyses recently found the gene encoding the streptococcal superantigen SSA of Streptococcus pyogenes to occur in several well-differentiated clones comprising 10 (12.5%) of 80 clonal lineages examined. To determine if distinct clonal lineages carried the same ssa coding sequence or harbored a group of allelic variants, ssa was sequenced from 23 S. pyogenes strains representing the 10 clones identified by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Three alleles of ssa were found in natural populations of S. pyogenes. ssa-1 and ssa-3 differed by a single synonymous substitution in codon 94; both encoded SSA-1. Each of these alleles was present in phylogenetically diverse clones that had not shared a recent common ancestor. ssa-2 was present in a single clonal lineage. It was identical to ssa-3 at codon 94 but had a nonsynonymous substitution at codon 28 that changed the second amino acid of the mature protein from serine to arginine. This substitution altered the predicted isoelectric point and affected the apparent molecular mass during sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Despite sequence variation both upstream of and within the ssa locus, all ssa-positive lineages expressed either SSA-1 or SSA-2. The observed patterns of ssa allele-clone distribution provide evidence for individual incidences of horizontal transfer and recombination of ssa among distinct group A streptococcal lineages. Although the extensive homology of SSA to the staphylococcal superantigen SEB raises the possibility of intergeneric gene transfer, a search for ssa in 68 genetically diverse clones of Staphylococcus aureus did not identify the gene. Moreover, the absence of ssa among 119 representative strains of Lancefield group B, C, or G streptococci suggests that ssa is confined to S. pyogenes.

Alleles↗
PubMed1999

Genetic exchange between bacteria in the environment.

Nucleotide sequence analysis, and more recently whole genome analysis, shows that bacterial evolution has often proceeded by horizontal gene flow between different species and genera. In bacteria, gene transfer takes place by transformation, transduction, or conjugation and this review examines the roles of these gene transfer processes, between different bacteria, in a wide variety of ecological niches in the natural environment. This knowledge is necessary for our understanding of plasmid evolution and ecology, as well as for risk assessment. The rise and spread of multiple antibiotic resistance plasmids in medically important bacteria are consequences of intergeneric gene transfer coupled to the selective pressures posed by the increasing use and misuse of antibiotics in medicine and animal feedstuffs. Similarly, the evolution of degradative plasmids is a response to the increasing presence of xenobiotic pollutants in soil and water. Finally, our understanding of the role of horizontal gene transfer in the environment is essential for the evaluation of the possible consequences of the deliberate environmental release of natural or recombinant bacteria for agricultural and bioremediation purposes.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Bequests as a heir "disciple device.".

"This paper develops a model of inter vivos gifts and bequests in a setting of moral hazard and adverse selection. Altruistic parents do not perfectly know how much effort their children make to earn their living, nor do they know their true level of ability. Inter vivos gifts take place prior to the realization of the children's earnings whereas at the moment of bequests, parents do observe them. We show that an optimal transfer policy generally uses a mix of inter vivos gifts--deemed as more efficient--and bequests--deemed as more redistributive."

Economics↗
PubMed1996

Aging and political decision making on public pensions.

"In this paper decision making on public pensions in a representative democracy is modeled within the framework of the well-known two-overlapping-generations (OLG) general-equilibrium model with rational expectations. The model is used to analyze the effects of aging on the economy in general and on the evolution of public pension schemes in particular, where aging is interpreted as a combination of a decrease in the rate of population growth and an increase in the political influence of pensioners. Analytical results are derived for the long run as well as for the short run by the method of comparative statics and comparative dynamics respectively. It appears that an increase in transfers to the old is not guaranteed if due to aging their political power increases."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Children and pensions.

"Recent economic explanations of changes in fertility behaviour have focussed on the effects of labour-market-related incentives. The present paper draws attention to another set of incentives, those connected with the transfer of resources over time. The theoretical implications of intergenerational altruism as a possible motive for having children and making transfers to them are considered, and contrasted with those arising from the competing hypothesis that such actions are motivated by old-age-security considerations. From a comparison of these theoretical predictions with the findings of a number of empirical studies, it would appear that self-interested concern for one's old age, rather than any great love for future members of one's dynasty, is or has been so far the dominant force driving fertility and intergenerational transfers worldwide."

Behavior↗
PubMed1992

Changes in wealth in the United States, 1962-1983: savings, capital gains, inheritance, and lifetime transfers.

"A simulation model is developed to account for observed changes in mean household wealth both overall and by age cohort over the 1962-1983 period in the United States. There are three major findings. First, capital gains are the major factor explaining overall wealth changes and account for 77% of the simulated growth in wealth over the entire period. Second, for cohorts under age 40, inheritance and inter vivos transfers dominate observed changes in wealth....Third, while differences in portfolio composition favored the younger cohorts over this period, such differences do not explain a large portion of the great variation in real wealth changes by cohort over the two decade period."

Age Factors↗