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[A new abbreviated Groninger Intelligence Test].
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Callosal morphology and performance on intelligence tests.
Variation in the size of the human corpus callosum was examined in relation to variation in measured IQ. The midsagittal surface area of the corpus callosum, obtained by magnetic resonance imaging, was measured in 47 patients with epilepsy. Intellectual ability was positively related to a larger posterior callosal area. We suggest that the relationship between the posterior callosal region and measured intelligence is "non-functional" in itself, but rather, may reflect other anatomical-cognitive associations. That is, differences in splenial size may reflect differences in the number of cortical neurons and interconnections between areas of the brain that are important for processing the kind of information measured on intelligence tests. Our conclusions, however, must be tempered by a number of factors; in particular, the nature of our subjects and the relatively small sample size.
Standard intelligence tests are valid instruments for measuring the intellectual potential of urban children: comments on pitfalls in the measurement of intelligence.
Hardy, Welcher, Mellitis, and Kagan altered standard WISC administrative and scoring procedures and, from the resulting higher subtest scores, concluded that IQs based on standardized tests are inappropriate measures for inner-city children. Careful examination of their study reveals many methodological inadequacies and problematic interpretations. Three of these are as follows: (a) failure to use any external criterion to evaluate the validity of their testing-of-limits procedures; (b) the possibility of examiner and investigator bias; and (c) lack of any comparison group that might demonstrate that poor children would be helped more than others by the probes recommended. Their report creates misleading doubts about existing intelligence tests and does a disservice to inner-city children who need the benefits of the judicious use of diagnostic procedures, which include standardized intelligence tests. Consequently, their assertion concerning the inappropriateness of standardized test results for inner-city children is not only premature and misleading, but it is unwarranted as well.
AMERICAN ATTITUDES TOWARD INTELLIGENCE TESTS.
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The Hoffmann reflex from the flexor pollicis longus of the thumb in left-handed subjects: spinal motor asymmetry and supraspinal facilitation to Cattell's intelligence test.
The spinal motor asymmetry was studied in left-handers. Hand preference was assessed by Geschwind scores (GS), and hand skill by peg moving task, the reflex responses were recorded from the long flexor muscle of the thumb. The H-reflex could be elicited by averaging during cortico-spinal facilitation (voluntary isometric force). The Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test was used to assess the individual differences in mental abilities. H-reflexes were found to be significantly larger on the left than the right side. The amplitude of H-reflex increased linearly with force applied to transducer by the thumb. This facilitation was more pronounced for the left than the right reflexes. Removal of the visual visual input caused facilitation in H-reflex (supraspinal disinhibition). Post-activation potentiation was also observed in H-reflex. There was a positive linear correlation between the degree of left-hand preference (-GSs) and left-hand skill. The correlation for the right-hand skill was not significant. There was a linear correlation between the degree of left-hand preference and the right minus left hand skill. There was an inverse correlation between left-hand skill and H-reflex from left. The correlation for the right side did not reach the 5% significance level. The force-reflex relation did not show any significant change to IQ for the right H-reflex. The left H-reflexes were significantly larger in subjects with high IQ than those with low IQ. The regression line and its slope for the force-reflex relation on the left was found to be higher in subjects with high IQ than those with low IQs. There was a positive linear relationship between IQ and H reflex from left. The correlation for the right side was not as pronounced as that for the left side. The left minus right H reflex was also positive linearly correlated with IQ. These results provide further evidence for the psycho-motor hypothesis (Tan. 1988b) as well as the spinal motor asymmetry to handedness. It was suggested that lateralization of cognitive and motor functions would be essential to create subjects with high psychomotor capacity.
A source impedance compensated artificial voice for mask speech intelligibility testing: Thevenin model.
This paper describes the development of a Thevenin model of the human voice for mask speech intelligibility testing. The following steps were used to develop the Thevenin model: (1) the long-term average speech spectrum of ten male speakers was measured; (2) the corresponding average vocal tract shape was estimated using linear prediction; (3) a Thevenin model of the voice was determined based on the vocal tract shape. Electroacoustic analogs are used to predict the mask speech spectra produced by the Thevenin model and a mouth simulator consisting of a loudspeaker equalized for free-air speech. Comparing the two spectra allows us to examine how the interaction between the driving point impedance of the voice and the load impedance of a mask affects objective speech intelligibility measurements. The Thevenin model is used in a voice simulator that is described in a future paper.
The effects of repeatedly retesting the same group on the same intelligence test; high grade mental defectives.
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The acoustic signature for intelligibility test words.
As part of a research program that aims to develop an explicit acoustic basis for a single-word intelligibility test, an initial attempt to characterize the formant trajectories and segment durations of seven test words produced by 30 normal speakers is described. These characterizations are referred to as "acoustic signatures." The data indicate that: (1) formant trajectories show two sex effects, namely, that females are more variable as a group than males and tend to have greater slopes for the transitional segment of the second-formant trajectories and that these effects are consistent across words; (2) Bark transformations of the frequency data do not seem to eliminate the interspeaker differences in formant trajectories, nor do they eliminate either of the sex effects described above; and (3) segment durations have different variabilities depending on the syllabic structure of the word; no sex effect was noted here. The discussion focuses on the appropriate form for the acoustic signatures, as well as factors that should be considered in selecting words for signature development. To demonstrate the potential application of these data, formant trajectory and segment duration data from 18 speakers with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and varying degrees of dysarthria are compared to the acoustic signature for the word wax.
Effect of mental illness on intelligence test scores.
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A research note on the Knox Cubes as an intelligence test for aged males.
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Social/emotional intelligence and midlife resilience in schoolboys with low tested intelligence.
Seventy-three inner-city boys with a mean IQ of 80 were followed prospectively from age 14 until age 65. Their adult adjustment was compared to a socioeconomically matched sample of 38 boys with a mean IQ of 115. Although childhood social disadvantage did not distinguish the groups with low and high IQs, half of the low-IQ men enjoyed incomes as high and had children as well-educated as did the high IQ men. These resilient low-IQ men were more likely to be generative, to use mature defenses, and to enjoy warm object relations than the high IQ group as a whole.
Children with in utero cocaine exposure do not differ from control subjects on intelligence testing.
OBJECTIVE: To determine if in utero cocaine exposure affects IQ scores in children at age 4 years. DESIGN: A prospective, longitudinal evaluation by blinded examiners of the IQ scores of cocaine-exposed and control children of low socioeconomic status who have been observed since birth. SETTING: A study center in an inner-city hospital. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred one children with in utero cocaine exposure and 118 control children, all of whom were 34 weeks' gestational age or older and nonasphyxiated at birth. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Intelligence quotient scores on a standardized intelligence test, the Wechsler preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence--Revised. RESULTS: Seventy-one cocaine-exposed and 78 control children were administered the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence--Revised. Maternal, natal, and 30-month characteristics of the children tested did not differ from those not tested. Groups did not differ on mean Performance (83.2 vs 87.0), Verbal (79.0 vs 80.8), or Full Scale (79.0 vs 81.9) IQ scores (all P > or = .10 [values for cocaine-exposed children given first]). None of these 3 scores was associated with cocaine exposure in multivariate linear regressions. Although cocaine-exposed and control groups did not differ in outcome, 93% of cocaine-exposed and 96% of control children had Full Scale IQ scores below 100, the mean IQ score for the test. CONCLUSIONS: In an inner-city cohort, IQ scores did not differ between cocaine-exposed and control children. However, both groups performed poorly.
Stability of intelligence test scores in learning disorders.
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Validation of the pediatric speech intelligibility test in children with central nervous system lesions.
The pediatric speech intelligibility (PSI) test was administered to 21 children with a variety of documented central nervous system (CNS) lesions. Ages ranged from 3 to 8 years. PSI test results demonstrated both high sensitivity and high specificity. Results were consistently (1) abnormal in children with lesions in areas of the brain important for auditory function (CNS auditory disorders) and (2) normal in children with lesions in areas anatomically remote from auditory nuclei and pathways (nonauditory CNS disorders).
The use of intelligence tests with children of retarded mental development.
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Manifest content and interpretive meaning of verbal intelligence test responses.
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The effect of distrust on some aspects of intelligence test behavior.
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