[Animal experimental studies of the pathogenesis of cardiopulmonary complications after lymphography].
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The technique of radiographic examination by lymphography of normal lymphatic structures regional to the hind limbs is described in the rabbit, dog and rhesus monkey. Radiographic appearances of normal lymph nodes and possible applications to veterinary science are indicated.Normal lymph node microstructure is illustrated using in vivo intralymphatic injection of a brightly colored radiopaque silicone rubber. Angiogenesis in active germinal follicles during the period of an immune response is displayed. Further applications of the casting technique are suggested.
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An investigation of the effects of the liposome variables (size, surface area, and amount of injected lipid) on the intramuscular absorption and subsequent lymphatic uptake of drug from the injection site (left muscle) and in the opposite (right) muscle and lymph node was done in mice. Two size ranges were studied (0.3-2.0 mu and 0.15-0.7 mu). Large multilamellar vesicles were studied at lipid doses of 20.7 and 9.0 mg/kg, whereas small multilamellar vesicles were investigated at a dose of 9.5 mg/kg. Liposomes were composed of phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol/phosphatidylserine/alpha-tocopherol/14C-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (as a marker for the lipid phase), 4:5:1:0.01:0.01 (molar ratio). 3H-inulin was used to monitor the aqueous phase. At 24 hr after administration, large liposomes tended to result in the largest fraction of drug at the injection site, with the 3H/14C ratio indicating stability of the remaining vesicles. Small liposomes showed a greater uptake of inulin via the lymphatics. Decreasing the total amount of injected lipid resulted in a slower absorption of large liposomes and a greater uptake via the lymphatics.
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With the goal of accelerating the contrast-medium injection at the lymphography and improving the contrasting of the vessels and node conduction system the authors applied a variety of pharmacological preparations: Ridol (G. Richter), Nospanum (Quinoine, HPR), Arfonadum (Hoffman-La Rochet, Switzerland), Xavinum (Quinoine) etc. in 110 cases of various malignant neoplasms. All the selected drugs are, to a greater or lesser extent, of a vasodilative effect. It has been found that Ridol together with the combination of Novocaine and Nospanum produce a pronounced lymphotropic effect. Pharmacolymphography with these preparations contributes to the shortening of the time necessary for the injection of contrast-medium and also improves the image of the intermediate node sinuses and of the thoracic duct.
Forty women were investigated 6 to 24 months after radical mastectomy for the presence of functioning lymphovenous communications in the arm; 20 cases were edematous and the rest were not. Ten normal volunteer women were also investigated and served as controls. Iodinated (I125) human serum albumin was injected intralymphatically in the arm, and samples of blood were taken from both basilic veins simultaneously at 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes. The radioactivity of each sample was determined with a scintillation counter. Lymphangiography was performed in all cases 1 month after the isotopic studies and lymphangiograms were evaluated for the presence of lymphovenous shunts. In the volunteers and the edematous postmastectomy group, there was negligible lymphovenous shunting of labeled albumin. In the nonedematous postmastectomy group, there was an increased quantity of local lymphovenous transfer of iodinated albumin. Lymphovenous shunts were detected radiologically in two patients who did not have edema. On the basis of our observations, the incidence of postmastectomy lymphedema is predetermined and is a consequence of the lack of existence of lymphovenous communications that can allow adequate lymph flow drainage from the arm after radical dissection of axillary lymph nodes.