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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Evidence for reinstatement of infants 12 to 14 months of age into routine measles immunization programs.

The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) serologic responses of 851 measles-susceptible infants and children to the live, further-attenuated measles virus vaccine were evaluated over a ten-year period. The response by age at 23-day intervals was determined. Infants inoculated at 12 through 14 months of age demonstrated seroconversion rates by HI assay comparable to those in infants and children inoculated at 15 months of age or older. This finding does not support the recent recommendation that routine active immunization with measles vaccine should be postponed until 15 months of age. We emphasize the possible consequence of electively leaving infants 12 throught 14 months of age vulnerable to measles because of the current endemicity of this disease in the United States. We also present evidence for the reinstatement of infants 12 through 14 months of age into routine measles immunization programs and for the need to further evaluate the causes for vaccine failure in vaccines after the loss of maternal antibody.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed1993

Childhood immunization programs: an analysis of policy issues.

Immunizations have been among the most successful of preventive interventions. However, concern exists in the United States that recent epidemics of vaccine-preventable diseases and low rates of childhood immunizations may signal the existence of major underlying problems in immunization policy. Additionally, the effectiveness of national, state, and local public health programs in administering these and other preventive services to children has been called into question. This article examines the current state of childhood immunizations in this country and offers a broad range of suggestions for policy modification.

Appointments and Schedules↗
PubMed1993

The retreat of Hemophilus influenzae type B invasive disease: analysis of an immunization program and implications for OTO-HNS.

Hemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis among children under 5 years old. Hib is also responsible for other invasive diseases including epiglottitis, cellulitis, sepsis, pneumonia, and osteomyelitis. A child's cumulative risk of systemic Hib disease during the first 5 years of life is approximately 1 in 200. A polysaccharide Hib vaccine was first marketed in 1985, and newer, more effective conjugated vaccines have been licensed since 1987. Immunization schedules have included increasingly younger children. No studies have been published that analyze the effects of a vigorous immunization program on a sample population representative of the United States at large. Records of pediatric patients ages 5 years and younger who were treated for Hib meningitis or epiglottitis (N = 373) at all U.S. Army medical facilities between 1986 and 1991 were reviewed. The combined incidence of these diseases declined by more than 86% in the study group during this period. The largest decrease occurred in infants less than 1 year old, before vaccines were licensed for use in this group. Meanwhile, the number of cases of bacterial meningitis due to other organisms in this cohort remained unchanged. Economic modeling validates the cost-effectiveness of vaccination. The impact of these preliminary trends on health care systems and otolaryngology-head and neck surgery will be significant. Almost two thirds of Hib disease has involved infants under 15 months old, for whom a conjugated vaccine has been available only since October 1990. The change in disease frequency will have substantial bearing on training programs, because management of neurologic sequelae and the emergent airway require the expertise of otolaryngologists. In the face of medical onslaught, Hib invasive disease is in retreat.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1988

The epidemiology of measles in a partially vaccinated population in an African city: implications for immunization programs.

A large outbreak of measles was reported in Pointe-Noire, Congo, between October 1984 and March 1985. An investigation was conducted to determine the epidemiology of measles in this community in which, in 1985, 54% of the children 12-23 months of age had documented evidence of vaccination against measles. The investigation included hospital and clinic record reviews and a community survey. Measles has been continuously transmitted in Pointe-Noire since at least 1979, with seasonal epidemics. In early 1984, the expected epidemic did not occur, and at least 1,000 measles hospital admissions and 100 measles deaths were prevented. Between October 1984 and March 1985, 1,942 measles cases were hospitalized, of which 306 (15.8%) died. During the epidemic, the proportion of nonpreventable cases (cases occurring before nine months of age) was 17%, reflecting the change in age distribution of measles cases in childhood since the immunization program started in Pointe-Noire in 1982. From the community survey, it was estimated that 13% of all children under age five years acquired measles in Pointe-Noire in 1985. Vaccine efficacy was calculated from community and hospital samples to be between 78% and 87%. Our findings suggest that increasing vaccination coverage levels to well above 50% is necessary to substantially reduce measles morbidity and mortality in African cities.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Planning and execution of a successful hepatitis B immunization program.

Today's college students occupy a "window" between older adults, whose need for hepatitis B vaccination is minimal, and younger people who receive the vaccine as part of their childhood immunization series. However, because of the high-risk activities that are often part of student behavior, college students are among the individuals who are at the highest risk for this disease; 75% of all reported hepatitis B cases occur in persons between the ages of 15 and 39 years. It is therefore imperative that college health professionals take seriously their responsibility to educate students about issues related to hepatitis B and make available programs that enable the students to receive immunizations. This article briefly describes a successful hepatitis B education and immunization program at an institution that has no mandatory prematriculation immunization requirements.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevention of measles in Israel: implications of a long-term partial immunization program.

Following the introduction of routine measles immunization in Israel in 1967, rapid and persistent modifications in the pattern of the disease were observed, including much more limited and more widely spaced epidemics, a change in the age distribution of measles cases, and a progressively increasing herd immunity that was estimated, following the 1982 epidemic, at 91.6 percent for the first 26 generations. This pattern supports the expectation that measles can be eliminated in Israel provided a herd immunity greater than or equal to 94 percent can be achieved before the next epidemic, which is predicted for 1988-89. A logistic approach to the elimination of measles in Israel requires (a) maintenance of an immunization rate of at least 90 percent in each newborn generation; (b) identification and immunization of still susceptible children in the 1-5 year and 6-9 year age groups, to attain vaccination coverage for at least 97 percent of this population (which should result in immunity among at least 94 percent); (c) provision of similar coverage for older, susceptible individuals in selected groups of children, adolescents, and young adults at high risk; (d) disease surveillance based on an early identification of the main sources of infection and monitoring of the active foci of disease in the neighbouring territories, which are an important potential source of the introduction of infection.

Adolescent↗