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PubMed2006

Intestinal parasitic infections among school children of the Dhahira Region of Oman.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among primary school children in Dhahira region of Oman. METHODS: The study took place in the Dhahira region of Oman from September 2004 to March 2005. We randomly recruited 436 students of 9-10 years of age. Their anthropometric measurements were noted. We collected the stool sample of each student and examined for different intestinal parasites. Stereoscopic microscopy and the World Health Organization's approved KATO-KATZ technique were used. RESULTS: Of the 436 students examined, 65 children (15%) were undernourished (body mass index (BMI) <14 kg/m(2)). The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 38.7% (95% CI 33.2-42.2). The prevalence of protozoan infection was 36% while helminth infection was 9.4%. The prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar was 24%, Giardia species 10.5% and Escherichia coli 1.4%. The hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus), Ascariasis lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Hymenolepiasis nana, Taenia species, Enterobius vermicularis and Strongyloides infections in our study had very low prevalence. Only 29 (6.4%) students had parasitic infection by more than one parasite. The wet zone was significantly associated to the intestinal parasitic infections [Adjusted odds ratio (OR)=3.2 (95% CI 1.9-5.2)]. CONCLUSION: Dhahira region could be classified as low prevalence and low intensity area for soil transmitted helminths infections. However, the magnitude of the protozoan infection was high. The school health program should focus on parasitic infection treatment and addressing the underlying causes of this problem.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

[Prevalence Of Intestinal Parasites In Roka Solidiers]

A survey of intestinal parasites was performed during the period from April 1970 to December 1971 in ROKA (Republic of Korea Army) soldiers. Samples were collected from 591 Army troops(enlisted men), 1,755 recruits at completion of 6 weeks basic training, 304 recruits during basic training and 245 stool specimens of students of ROKA Nursing School at Taegu area. Each of the specimens was examined one time or twice under the microscope, one for protozoan cysts stained with iodine solution and the other for helminth eggs. Findings were summerized as follows: 1. A positive rate of intestinal parasites was 88.0 % by Formalin-Ether concentration method and 89.2 % by Kato's method. 2. Of the 541 soldiers examined by Formalin-Ether concentration method, the infection rate of A. lumbricoides was 28.1 %, T. trichiurus 79.3 %, hookworm 14.2 %, T. orientalis 30.7 %, C. sinensis 7.8 % and M. yokogawai 0.6 %. 3. Of the 1,532 soldiers examined by Kato's method A. lumbricoides showed positive rate of 45.8 %, T. trichiurus 78.3 %, T. orientalis 1 4.5 %, hookworm 7.5 %, C. sinensis 6.6 % and Taenia sp. 0.6 %. 4. The incidence of E. vermicularis out of 822 samples was 19.8 % from the anal swabs. 5. E. histolytica was recovered in 4.2 % among 541 samples, E. coli 6.1 % and also infected G. lamblia, E. nana, I. butschlii and Chilomastix mesnili. 6. Most of the infected cases revealed single or double infections.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Intestinal parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS and HIV seronegative individuals in a teaching hospital, Ethiopia.

The magnitude of intestinal parasitic infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) /AIDS patients requires careful consideration in the developing world. However, there have been very few studies addressing this issue in Ethiopia. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in HIV/AIDS patients at Jimma Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia, between January and February 2002. Stool specimens from HIV/AIDS patients and control groups were screened for intestinal parasitic infections using direct and formalin-ether sedimentation concentration methods. Out of 78 HIV/AIDS patients, 52.6% (41/78), and out of 26 HIV-negative individuals, 42.3% (11/26), were infected with one or more types of intestinal protozoa and/or helminthes. The parasites detected among HIV/AIDS patients included Ascaris lumbricoides (30.8%), Blastocystis spp. (14.1%), Entamoeba histolytica (10.3%), Trichuris trichiura (6.4%), Strongyloides stercoralis (5.1%), Giardia lamblia (3.8%), Schistosoma mansoni (2.5%), hookworm species (2.5%), and Taenia spp. (1.3%). Multiple infections were more common among HIV/AIDS patients. Blastocystis spp. were found to be significantly higher in HIV/AIDS patients than in controls (P < 0.05). The magnitude of intestinal parasitic infection was high both in HIV/AIDS patients and in controls. Routine examinations of stool samples for parasites would significantly benefit the HIV-infected and uninfected individuals by contributing to reduce morbidity.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1994

Intestinal parasites in refugees and asylum seekers entering the Stockholm area, 1987-88: evaluation of routine stool screening.

In order to evaluate the results of routine screening for intestinal parasites, the medical records of 4592 refugees and asylum seekers arriving in the Stockholm area from January 1987 to December 1988 were reviewed. 3938/4592 (86%) delivered stool specimens for examination and intestinal parasites were demonstrated in 651/3938 (17%). Protozoa, mainly Giardia intestinalis, were found in 403/3938 (10%) and helminths, mainly nematodes, in 277/3938 (7%). Intestinal parasites were most frequently recovered in subjects coming from the Indian subcontinent/Southeast Asia and Africa (infection rates 39% and 25%, respectively). Extensive variations in the prevalence of intestinal parasite infection in various ethnic groups (range 4%-39%) were largely attributable to variations in prevalence of helminthic infections (range 2%-34%). Origin from the tropics or subtropics as well as low age, male sex, rural region of domicile before/during exile and short length of stay in Sweden were related to intestinal parasitic infection. Lack of data on morbidity in untreated asymptomatic carriers, limited risks for transmission of the recovered parasites in Sweden as well as the expenses for screening indicate a need for reconsideration of the present praxis of mass screening in favour of a selective screening of high-risk groups based on country of origin and age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Prevalence of intestinal parasites among Japanese residents in developing countries].

We examined fecal specimens of Japanese residents in developing countries in order to know the prevalence of intestinal parasites in the group. One fecal specimen was collected from each 981 (in 1995) and 1275 (in 1996) Japanese living in Asia, the Middle East, Europe, Africa and Latin America. The specimens were fixed with 10% formalin in each area, and were examined in Japan by concentration method (formalin-ether sedimentation) to find protozoan cysts or helminth eggs. The infection rate of intestinal parasites was 3.0% in 1995 and 2.4% in 1996. The rate was high in Africa (1995: 5.7%, 1996: 4.7%) and Asia (1995: 3.8%, 1996: 3.0%). Regarding to the species of the parasites, Giardia lamblia (17 cases), Trichuris trichiura (14) and Ascaris lumbricoides (11) were detected frequently. Additionally, 7 cases of Heterophyes heterophyes infection were found in Asia and the Middle East. The infection rate was higher in adults than that in children, and a positive relationship between the infection rate and duration of stay was observed. Among the Japanese infected with intestinal parasites, abdominal symptoms such as diarrhea or abdominal pain were common (36.8%). It is also noteworthy that 28.1% of the Japanese infected had a history of gastric diseases such as gastric ulcer. Although the infection rate of intestinal parasites among Japanese residents in developing countries was low, compared to that of the natives in the countries, the rate is still higher than that in Japanese living in the home country. It is necessary to continue preventive measures such as health education in order to eradicate intestinal parasitic infections from this group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Incidence of intestinal parasites among primary school children in Malatya].

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of intestinal parasites among primary school children in the central region of Malatya and to educate the children about parasitic diseases. During the study, cellophane tape preparations and stool samples that had been prepared using direct mounting methods were examined. In addition the students were informed about intestinal parasites. Parasitic infection was observed in 415 (22.5%) out of 1838 students and the highest rate of 10.6% was that of Enterobius vermicularis. The rates of Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba coli, Blastocystis hominis, Taenia sp., Hymenolepis nana, Trichomonas hominis, Ascaris lumbricoides and Iodamoeba butschlii were found to be 8.5%, 1.9%, 1.4%, 0.3%, 0.1%, 0.1%, 0.05%, and 0.05%, respectively. Thus, intestinal parasites are important among primary school children in Malatya and it seems that there is a relationship between socioeconomic conditions and the rate of intestinal parasites.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[For a better estimation of the prevalence of intestinal parasitism in the Tunis region].

The prevalence of intestinal parasitism is generally based on the results of a single stool specimen which probably underestimates the real situation. In order to propose a coefficient for correction, we examined three stool specimens taken from 112 asymptomatic children. Intestinal parasites other than Enterobius vermicularis were detected in 29 subjects (26%). For those specimens that tested positive, 41% of children had infection detected in all three stool specimens; 21%--in two specimens and 38%--in only one. If we assume that the sensitivity of three stool specimen examinations is 100%, then the calculated sensitivity of one examination is equivalent to 68%. This gives an underestimation of the prevalence of 32%. This underestimation is not homogenous for all species. As regards Giardia intestinalis it is 35%, but for other species it would have to be calculated from a larger sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Prevalence of intestinal parasites in the human population of León, Nicaragua.

Intestinal parasites appear to be prevalent in Nicaragua, which motivated a more extensive prevalence study in which socioeconomic conditions such as degree of crowding, quality of water supply, type of floor and disposal of excretion, were considered. The study was performed on 1267 stool samples from about 8% of the citizens of the city of León. The overall prevalence of intestinal pathogenic parasites among the 1267 individuals was found to be 47.2%. The prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica/dispar was 18.6% followed by Giardia (15.9%) and Ascaris (13.4%). Other helminths such as hookworms and Strongyloides sp. were found at very low rates. Giardia, in contrast to worm infections, was prevalent already in children under 5 years of age. E. histolytica/dispar increased with age and remained high. Of 595 individuals with intestinal parasites 81% were living in 'poor' conditions and in 13 clusters of households, a lower prevalence of parasites was seen in households characterised as having good socioeconomic conditions. However, several variables appear to be important in determining the prevalence of the individual intestinal protozoa and helminths encountered.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[The distribution of intestinal parasites in patients presenting at the Parasitology Laboratory of the Cumhuriyet University.].

This study is concerned with the distribution of intestinal parasites detected in patients who presented at the routine Parasitology Laboratory of the Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine from May 2002-November 2004. A total of 5057 stool specimens from 2305 (45.6%) males and 2752 (54.4%) females were examined for intestinal parasites using direct examination and flotation methods. Intestinal parasites were found in 231 (4.5%) females and 301(5.9%) males. A total of 1313 cellophane tape specimens from 646 (49.2%) females and 667 (50.8%) males were examined. Parasites were detected in 34 (2.6%) female and 48 (3.6%) male patients. The distribution of intestinal parasites detected in stool specimens was as follows: 189 (3.7%) Giardia intestinalis, 124 (2.4%) E. histolytica/dispar, 128 (2.5%) Entamoeba coli, 29 (0.6%) Iodamoeba butschlii, 21(0.4%) Blastocystis hominis, 2 (0.03%) Chilomastix mesnili, 1 (0.01%) Trichomonas hominis, 1 (0.01%) Hymenolepis nana, 33 (0.6%) Taenia saginata, 3 (0.05%) Ascaris lumbricoides, and 1 (0.01%) Trichuris trichiura. Parasites detected in cellophane tape specimens included 71 (5.4%) Enterobius vermicularis and 11 (0.8%) Taenia saginata.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1987

Survey of intestinal parasites on Palawan, Philippines.

A biomedical survey for intestinal parasites was conducted in Napsan on the island of Palawan, Philippines in September 1986. A total of 353 stool specimens were obtained from 155 males and 198 females ranging in age from 1 1/2 months to 70 years. Ascaris lumbricoides, 34.8%, hookworm 34.8% and Trichuris trichiura 25.2% were the most common helminths encountered, while Entamoeba coli 27.7% and Endolinax nana 22.2% were the common protozoans. This study demonstrated a 7-13% higher overall prevalence of intestinal parasites among the population on Palawan compared to previous studies in the rural Philippines.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

A comparative study of the intestinal parasites prevalent among children living in rural and urban settings in and around Chennai.

A comparative analysis of the various intestinal parasites detected among children attending schools was carried out in a rural and urban location in and around Chennai. A total of 324 stool samples were examined by routine microscopy using normal saline and Lugol's iodine preparation as well as by saturated sodium chloride flotation technique. All suspicious samples were subjected to zinc sulphate concentration technique as well as modified Ziehl Neelson stain and Trichrome stains to identify the other uncommon intestinal parasites. Out of 125 specimens tested from the rural location, the overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 91%. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most common helminthic parasite detected (52.8%) followed by Trichuris trichura (45.6%), Ancylostoma duodenale (37.6%), Strongyloides stercoralis (3.2%) and Hymenolepis nana (1.6%). Giardia lamblia was the most common protozoan parasite detected (16%), followed by Entamoeba histolytica (4%). In contrast under urban settings, out of the 199 stool specimens tested the positivity rate was 33%. Giardia was the most common parasite detected (22.6%) followed by Entamoeba histolytica (10.6%). All other intestinal parasites such as T. trichura (2.01%), H. nana (1.01%) and A. lumbricoides (0.50%) were found to have much lower prevalence in comparison to the rural area tested. Enterobius vermicularis (0.50%) was also detected. Ancylostoma duodenale and Strongyloides stercoralis were not encountered at all in the urban setting studied.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Prevalence of microsporidia and other intestinal parasites in patients with HIV infection, Bogota, 2001].

Opportunistic intestinal parasites are a common cause of diarrhea in HIV-infected patients. To determine the prevalence of microsporidia and other opportunistic parasites infecting HIV patients in Bogotá, Colombia, 115 patients were examined for these infections during the year 2001. The institution and the sample percent from each are as follows: Santa Clara Hospital, 33.0%; San Pedro Claver, 20.0%; Simón Bolívar Hospital, 14.8%; San José Hospital, 13.9%; Central de la Policía Hospital, 6.1%; Compensar, 5.2%; Colombian League against AIDS, 2.6%; San Ignacio Hospital, 2.6%, and the Military Hospital, 1.7%. The average patient age was 36 years, with a range from 18 to 71 years. Patients with complaint of gastrointestinal symptoms were asked to provide two consecutive stool samples. The samples were concentrated in formalin-ether and examined microscopically for intestinal coccidian parasites by direct wet slide mounts. The prevalence of intestinal opportunistic parasites was 10.4% for Cryptosporidium sp. Initially, 29% of the samples were found to be positive for microsporidian spores using a modified Ziehl Neelsen chromotrope stain, but only 3.5% of them were confirmed as positive when a calcofluor/Gram chromotrope stain was used. The general prevalence of intestinal parasites was 59.1%. The most frequently found pathogens were Blastocystis hominis, 25.2%, and Entamoeba histolytica, 13%. In other studies with HIV patients in Colombia, lower prevalences of Cryptosporidium sp. infection were observed.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1995

Prevalence of intestinal parasites and association with symptoms in Southeast Asian refugees.

We prospectively evaluated 201 Southeast Asian refugees in a primary care clinic for intestinal parasites and their association with gastrointestinal symptoms. Patients completed a standardized screening questionnaire which elicited information on demographic factors and eight gastrointestinal symptoms, and stools were collected for ova and parasite examination. Although 89% had been living in the U.S.A. for more than 1 year, intestinal parasites were found in 37 (18%) patients and pathogenic parasites in 23 (11%). Among these 37 patients with intestinal parasites, seven (19%) had multiple parasites. Seven pathogenic and four nonpathogenic species were identified. Hookworm was most prevalent (4.5%), followed by Strongyloides stercoralis (2.5%) and Clonorchis sinensis (2%). Cambodians had the highest prevalence (11%) and Vietnamese and highland Laotians the lowest (0%). Intestinal parasitosis was not associated with gender or duration of residence in the U.S.A. Individual symptoms had a low positive predictive value for the presence of pathogenic parasites. This suggests that even years after immigration a substantial number of Southeast Asian refugees may benefit from screening and treatment for intestinal parasites.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Role of incidental and/or cured intestinal parasitic infections on profile of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets and activation status in HIV-1 infected and uninfected adult Ethiopians.

Intestinal parasitic infections have been suggested to cause persistent immune activation leading to an unbalanced immune state. Such a state has been proposed to be a major factor in the pathogenesis of AIDS in an African context. The present study investigated the effect of incidental parasitic infection and treatment on the profile of T cell differentiation and activation markers on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from HIV-1 infected and uninfected adult Ethiopians. Cryopreserved PBMCs from 64 subjects (41 HIV-negative and 23 HIV-positive) with follow-up visits at 6-monthly intervals were used to compare the effect of incidental intestinal parasites and their treatment upon T cell subset profiles and activation status. The samples were stained with antibodies to various T cell differentiation and activation markers allowing naive, memory, effector, memory/effector, activated and resting CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets to be quantified by triple-colour FACScan. Incidental intestinal parasitic infections resulted in a significant increase in memory CD4+ T cell numbers both in HIV-negative and HIV-positive subjects (P < 0.05). There was also a significant increase in the percentage of CD8+ HLA-DR+ T cells (P < 0.05) in HIV-positive subjects co-infected with parasites. In HIV-negative subjects, a significant decline in activated cells and a significant increase in resting CD8+ T cells (P < 0.05) was observed after treatment for parasites. These data suggest that intestinal parasitic infections could result in the alteration of T cell subset counts and also in the up-regulation of T cell activation markers in peripheral blood. Treatment of parasitic infections showed a tendency to reduce the activation suggesting that, together with other community based intervention strategies, such treatment could be used to down-regulate immune activation and hence protect the host from being easily attacked by HIV.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Intestinal parasitic infections in young children in São Paulo, Brazil: prevalences, temporal trends and associations with physical growth.

The prevalences of intestinal parasitic infections were investigated, between 1995 and 1996, in a household-based sample of 1044 children aged <5 years who lived in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Only 10.7% of the children were infected, the most prevalent parasites being Giardia duodenalis (5.5%), Ascaris lumbricoides (4.4%) and Trichuris trichiura (1.0%). A comparison between these data and results from two previous population-based surveys, completed in São Paulo in 1974 and 1985, revealed a dramatic decrease in the prevalence of intestinal helminths in this age-group, with less marked changes in the prevalence of Giardia, over the two past decades. Despite the low prevalence of malnutrition (2.4% of stunting and 0.6% of wasting) and intestinal parasites in this population, there was a significant association (P=0.05, after controlling for potential confounding variables) between helminth (but not Giardia) infection and height. The helminth-infected children had a mean height-for-age z-score of-0.412 [95% confidence interval (CI)=-0.637--0.186], compared with one of 0.015 (CI=-0.049-0.079) for the non-infected children. No significant relationship between intestinal parasitic infection and children's weight was detected. In conclusion, a small but significant negative relationship between intestinal helminthic infections and children's growth was detected in an urban environment with low prevalences of both intestinal parasitic infection and malnutrition.

Age Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Intestinal parasitism in a Parakanã indigenous community in southwestern Pará State, Brazil].

To determine the occurrence and epidemiological aspects of intestinal parasites among the Parakanã indigenous people in the Paranatinga settlement (in the eastern Amazon Region), parasitological tests were performed in April 1992 and February 1995. One fresh stool specimen was obtained and immediately processed using the Hoffman and direct methods. Some 126 samples were obtained in April 1992 (from a total population of 215 individuals). Some 80. 2% (101) of those tested were infected with at least one species of intestinal parasite. Hookworms were found in 33.3%, Ascaris lumbricoides 42.8%, Trichuris trichiura 0.8%, and Strongyloides stercoralis 5.6%. Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia protozoans were found in 65.0% and 46.8% of those tested, respectively. A second parasitological survey was performed on 174 individuals (from a population of 253) in February 1995. 88.5% were infected. Note that prevalence in February 1995 was higher than in April 1992 (p=0.04). It was lower for hookworms, E. histolytica, and G. lamblia, with no S. stercoralis (p<0.05). Despite provision of health care in the Paranatinga community, prevalence of intestinal parasites is still extremely high, suggesting that primary and secondary health care should be increased immediately to increase the efficacy of prevention of intestinal parasites.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The need for three stool specimens in routine laboratory examinations for intestinal parasites.

This study was designed to test whether three sequential stool specimens are necessary for reliable detection of intestinal parasites in routine laboratory examinations. There were 175 patients in whom a single species of intestinal parasite or ova was identified on at least one occasion when three stool specimens were examined over a period of 14 days from the first recorded specimen. Examination of a first stool specimen detected parasites and/or ova in 102/175 patients (58.3%); examination of a second specimen identified an additional 36 positive patients (20.6%) and examination of a third specimen yielded a final 37 previously undetected patients (21.1%). These findings indicate that at least three stool specimens should be examined to confirm the presence of intestinal parasites. Even with such practice, it is not possible to guarantee that there is no infestation, but examination of fewer specimens would run a definite risk of false negative results.

Feces↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Intestinal parasites in children aged 4-12 months attending day-care centers of Federal University-Uberlândia-MG].

The objective of this study was to search for the presence of intestinal parasites in 56 suckling babies, ranging from 4 to 12 months in age hosted during the year of 1989 at the nursery kept by the "Universidade Federal de Uberlândia", at Uberlândia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. From each child a foecal sample was collected and preserved in 10% formalin until processed, what was done by the Hoffman, Pons and Janer's method, in which the sediment is stained by lugol solution. For each sample 6 slides were prepared and examined, what added up to a total of 336 slides. The percentual of positivity was 23.21%, including 17.85% Ancylostomidae eggs, 5.36% Giardia lamblia and 1.78% Endolimax nana. Only one child presented the associated infections of Ancylostomidae and Giardia lamblia. In what host age is concerned, one child was shown to be infected by Ancylostomidae after it reached 6 months; generally speaking there was evidence of an increase of parasitic infections of hosts beyond the age of 9 months. The above results point out to the necessity of searching for the presence of parasitic intestinal infections covering suckling babies in public nurseries, by means of foecal semestral examinations,even when such babies do not manifest clinical signs of parasitism, in order that adequate treatment and preventive sanitary measures may be adopted to avoid or suppress ambiental contamination with the causative organisms.

English Abstract↗