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PubMed1987

Suicide and social integration. A pilot study of the integration levels in Norway and Denmark.

A model for comparison of levels of social integration in each of the Nordic countries was developed from Durkheim's theories and then tested on Norwegian and Danish data to determine whether the difference in the frequency of suicide between Norway and Denmark could be "explained" by a corresponding difference in degree of social integration. The results confirmed Durkheim's theory in that the general level of social integration was found to be considerably lower in Denmark than in Norway. Danish middleaged women, whose rate of suicide is more than three times that of their Norwegian counterparts, were especially poorly integrated by comparison. Furthermore, the level of integration among young Norwegian men was found to be in marked decline and their suicide rate on the increase. The necessity of testing and refining the method is stressed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Integration and the performance of healthcare networks: do integration strategies enhance efficiency, profitability, and image?

PURPOSE: This study examines the integration effects on efficiency and financial viability of the top 100 integrated healthcare networks (IHNs) in the United States. THEORY: A contingency-strategic theory is used to identify the relationship of IHNs' performance to their structural and operational characteristics and integration strategies. METHODS: The lists of the top 100 IHNs ranked in two years, 1998 and 1999, by the SMG Marketing Group were merged to create a database for the study. Multiple indicators were used to examine the relationship between IHNs' characteristics and their performance in efficiency and financial viability. A path analytical model was developed and validated by the Mplus statistical program. Factors influencing the top 100 IHNs' images, represented by attaining ranking among the top 100 in two consecutive years, were analysed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: No positive associations were found between integration and network performance in efficiency or profits. Longitudinal data are needed to investigate the effect of integration on healthcare networks' financial performance.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of integration of NLEP into PHC system in Madurai district, Tamil Nadu, and status of integration of leprosy patients into the community.

Based on the encouraging results of the integration in Tamil Nadu, the Government of India introduced integration in the entire country. In this study on integration, Madurai district was taken as the study area. The impact of integration on essential indicators of leprosy elimination was analyzed and the results are discussed so that they will be useful to other states that are still considering integration.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2006

Improved system integration for integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) systems.

Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) systems are a promising technology for power generation. They include an air separation unit (ASU), a gasification system, and a gas turbine combined cycle power block, and feature competitive efficiency and lower emissions compared to conventional power generation technology. IGCC systems are not yet in widespread commercial use and opportunities remain to improve system feasibility via improved process integration. A process simulation model was developed for IGCC systems with alternative types of ASU and gas turbine integration. The model is applied to evaluate integration schemes involving nitrogen injection, air extraction, and combinations of both, as well as different ASU pressure levels. The optimal nitrogen injection only case in combination with an elevated pressure ASU had the highest efficiency and power output and approximately the lowest emissions per unit output of all cases considered, and thus is a recommended design option. The optimal combination of air extraction coupled with nitrogen injection had slightly worse efficiency, power output, and emissions than the optimal nitrogen injection only case. Air extraction alone typically produced lower efficiency, lower power output, and higher emissions than all other cases. The recommended nitrogen injection only case is estimated to provide annualized cost savings compared to a nonintegrated design. Process simulation modeling is shown to be a useful tool for evaluation and screening of technology options.

Gases↗
PubMed2003

Activation of site-specific DNA integration in human cells by a single chain integration host factor.

The heterodimeric integration host factor (IHF) is a site-specific DNA-binding and DNA-bending protein from Escherichia coli. It plays essential roles in a variety of DNA transactions including recombination, transcription and DNA replication. IHF's ability for concerted binding and bending of DNA is key to its biological function. Here we report the design, characterization and application of a single polypeptide chain IHF, termed scIHF2. In a novel approach for protein engineering, we inserted almost the entire alpha-subunit of IHF into the beta-subunit. DNA binding and DNA bending assays revealed that purified wild-type IHF and scIHF2 behave very similarly. Further, scIHF2 is required for site-specific integrative recombination by phage lambda integrase and for pSC101 replication in a DeltaIHF E.coli host. It also triggers site-specific integrative and excisive recombination in vitro to the same extent as the wild-type protein. We also demonstrate that scIHF2 is stably expressed in HeLa cells, that it is localized primarily in the cell nucleus and that it triggers integrative recombination in mammalian cells by wild-type integrase. Hence, scIHF2 may be used as a novel regulatory cofactor for recombination or other DNA transactions in mammalian cells that require or benefit from sequence-specific high precision DNA bending.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Site-specific integrative elements of rhizobiophage 16-3 can integrate into proline tRNA (CGG) genes in different bacterial genera.

The integrase protein of the Rhizobium meliloti 41 phage 16-3 has been classified as a member of the Int family of tyrosine recombinases. The site-specific recombination system of the phage belongs to the group in which the target site of integration (attB) is within a tRNA gene. Since tRNA genes are conserved, we expected that the target sequence of the site-specific recombination system of the 16-3 phage could occur in other species and integration could take place if the required putative host factors were also provided by the targeted cells. Here we report that a plasmid (pSEM167) carrying the attP element and the integrase gene (int) of the phage can integrate into the chromosomes of R. meliloti 1021 and eight other species. In all cases integration occurred at so-far-unidentified, putative proline tRNA (CGG) genes, indicating the possibility of their common origin. Multiple alignment of the sequences suggested that the location of the att core was different from that expected previously. The minimal attB was identified as a 23-bp sequence corresponding to the anticodon arm of the tRNA.

Bacteriophages↗
PubMed1994

Selective sites of adenovirus (foreign) DNA integration into the hamster genome: changes in integration patterns.

We investigated whether, upon the integration of multiple copies of adenovirus type 12 (Ad12) DNA into an established mammalian (hamster) genome, the pattern of foreign DNA insertion would remain stable or change with consecutive passages of cells in culture. By the injection of purified Ad12 into newborn hamsters, tumors were induced, cells from these tumors were cultivated, and five independent cell lines, HT5, H201/2, H201/3, H271, and H281, were established. These cell lines carried different copy numbers of Ad12 DNA per cell in an integrated form and differed in morphology. Cell line HT5 had been passed twice through hamsters as tumor cells and was subsequently passaged in culture. Patterns of Ad12 DNA integration were determined by restriction cleavage of the nuclear DNA with BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, MspI, or PstI followed by Southern blot hybridization using 32P-labeled Ad12 DNA or its cloned terminal DNA fragments as hybridization probes. In this way, the off-size fragments, which represented the sites of linkage between Ad12 and cellular DNAs, were determined. At early passage levels in culture, the integration sites of Ad12 DNA in the hamster genome, as characterized by the positions of off-size fragments in agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, were different in the five different tumor cell lines. Upon repeated passage, however, the off-size fragment patterns generated by the five restriction endonucleases became very similar in the five tumor cell lines. This surprising result indicates that under cell culture conditions, Ad12-transformed tumor cell lines that carry the foreign (Ad12) genome in selective, probably very similar sites of the cellular genome evolve.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Kinetics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) DNA integration in acutely infected cells as determined using a novel assay for detection of integrated HIV DNA.

We have developed a novel linker-primer PCR assay for the detection and quantification of integrated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) DNA. This assay reproducibly allowed the detection of 10 copies of integrated HIV DNA, in a background of 2 x 10(5) cell equivalents of human chromosomal DNA, without amplifying extrachromosomal HIV DNA. We have used this assay and a near-synchronous one-step T-cell infection model to investigate the kinetics of viral DNA accumulation following HIV infection. We report here that integrated HIV DNA started accumulating 1 h after the first appearance of extrachromosomal viral DNA and accounted for approximately 10% of the total HIV DNA synthesized in the first round of viral replication. These results highlight the efficient nature of integrase-mediated HIV integration in infected T cells.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1995

The Holliday junction intermediates of lambda integrative and excisive recombination respond differently to the bending proteins integration host factor and excisionase.

In lambda site-specific recombination, the integrative and excisive reactions proceed via two different Holliday junction intermediates, both of which are generated and resolved by a pair of sequentially ordered single strand exchanges. Factors affecting the directionality and efficiency of the second pair of strand exchanges were examined using artificial Holliday junctions (chi-forms). The integrative and excisive recombination intermediates respond differently to the accessory DNA bending proteins integration host factor and excisionase (Xis). These differences between the two recombination intermediates result from a different interaction pattern between proteins binding to the left (P arm) and right (P' arm) of the crossover region. The effect of Xis protein on the directionality of resolution, i.e. the choice of which strands are exchanged, is consistent with a role in promoting the second strand exchange during excision. Proteins binding to the left of the crossover region (P arm) primarily influence the directionality of resolution, while proteins binding to the right (P' arm) have a greater effect on the overall efficiency of resolution. Together, the effect of proteins binding to sites in the P and P' arms is to greatly enhance resolution of the two different Holliday intermediates and to favor resolution in the 'forward' direction for both integrative and excisive recombination.

Bacteriophage lambda↗
PubMed2005

Respect for persons, respect for integrity: remarks for the conceptualization of integrity in social ethics.

Even though respect for integrity is hailed in several authoritative legal and ethical documents, and is typically presented as a complement to respect for autonomy, it is largely neglected in many leading works in ethics. Is such neglect warranted, or does it express a prejudice? This article argues that the latter is the case, and that this is due to misplaced conceptual concerns. It offers some proposals as regards the conceptualization of integrity in social ethics in general and in biomedical ethics in particular. Five main directions of interpretation of "integrity" are discerned and shown to be relevant for different areas of biomedical ethics. The defense of respect for integrity is served by a softening of principlism and by greater attention to context among the initial critics of this principle.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed1981

Nucleotide sequence of acceptor site and termini of integrated avian endogenous provirus ev1: integration creates a 6 bp repeat of host DNA.

The nucleotide sequences at the junctions between host cellular and integrated proviral DNA at the chicken endogenous retrovirus locus ev1 have been determined. These sequences have been compared with that of a DNA fragment presumed to contain the acceptor site for integration of the provirus at this locus. The results show that the integrated ev1 provirus contains a long terminal repeat (LTR) of 273 base pairs (bp). The left and right LTR are identical and contain sequences similar to proposed transcription control signals. In addition, there is a direct repeat of 6 bp of host DNA immediately flanking each provirus terminus. The nucleotide sequence of the fragment that contains the unoccupied acceptor site is identical to that which flanks the ev1 provirus, except that the 6 bp sequence occurs only once. We propose that the repeat was produced during integration by a mechanism similar to that of procaryotic and eucaryotic transposable genetic elements. This and other similarities in structure suggest a common evolution and mode of function for these movable genetic elements.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Integration of hepatitis B virus DNA: evidence for integration in the single-stranded gap.

The DNA of hepatitis B virus (HBV) can integrate into the genomes of infected human liver cells and may be related to the development of primary liver carcinoma (PLC). This report describes the analysis of three integrated HBV DNA sequences cloned from DNA of the human PLC cell line PLC/PRF/5. In all these sequences, integration of the viral DNA is at a site that is single-stranded (gap) in the unintegrated HBV DNA. Contrary to some speculations, there are no large terminal redundancies flanking the inserts as found in retroviral proviruses. The viral sequences show no obvious rearrangements in these clones, but integration can be associated with deletions in the viral DNA and also apparently in the host DNA.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Hypotheses for testing deviations from random integration: evidence for nonrandom retroviral integration.

The use of a recently developed in vitro model for retroviral integration provides a means of statistically testing hypotheses concerning the distribution of integration sites and hypotheses about the sequence of proviral orientations. In this study, three null hypotheses are formulated and applied to previously published data. Statistical analyses of these data suggest that the distribution of integration sites may not be uniform, and the sequence of proviral orientations is not random. On the basis of these results and the observed clustering of orientations, it was postulated that if a DNA sequence was involved in nonrandom proviral integration, that sequence would be found in the regions where the orientations change direction with respect to the target DNA ("I" regions). Computer analyses for homologous and complementary DNA sequences were performed on all possible pairs of identifiable "I" regions. A common sequence (at least 8 bp in size) was found in three out of four regions and that sequence was absent elsewhere in the target DNA. A model, with features of recombination reminiscent of chi sequences in bacteria, is proposed that may account for these results.

Biometry↗
PubMed2005

[Urological attendance in the Integral Health Center "Alto Palancia": model of primary-specialized integration and unique consultation].

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The progressive increase in the demand of urological attendance demands to establish new welfare models that avoid the saturation of consultations and improve the quality in the attention to the user. The objective of this work is to analyze the improvement of the welfare activity developed in Integral the Sanitary Center Alto Palancia, after the restoration of new welfare models based on integration between Attention Primary and Specialized and the putting in practice of the denominated Unique Consultation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed the characteristics of the Center, functions and activity of the specialty developed during year 2002. We described to the application of the model of Unique Consultation and the elements of integration with Primary Attention. We analyzed the improvement of the activity through indicators, that we compared with preceding years. In order to determine the degree of satisfaction of the users we made a survey of opinion of patients and/or taken care of relatives in the Center under the new welfare models. Finally we analyzed the advantages that the applied process presents for the patient and the own sanitary institution. RESULTS: 42% of patients have been taken care of by means of the model of Unique Consultation, being the predominant pathology the HBP in the man and the ITUs in the woman. The time of delay for first visit has been reduced from 49 days in single December 2001 to 3 in December 2002. Single 7.7% of patients discharged from the hospital for pursuit by Primary Attention have been sent again to the specialist. The time that the urólogo dedicates to consultations has reduced in a 29%, being this time dedicated to the accomplishment smaller surgery and final reconnaissances (echography, urodynamic studies and others). The opinion survey has shown a satisfaction of the user very elevated. CONCLUSION: The model of Integral Attention Primary-Specialized and the putting in practice of Unique Consultation applicable to the specialty of Urology, increasing the quality perceived by the user and with evident advantages for the Sanitary Organization.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Noninvasive quantitative tissue characterization and two-dimensional color-coded map of human atherosclerotic lesions using ultrasound integrated backscatter: comparison between histology and integrated backscatter images.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to define clinicopathologically whether integrated backscatter (IB) combined with conventional two-dimensional echo (2DE) can differentiate the tissue characteristics of calcification (CL), fibrosis (FI), lipid pool (LP) with fibrous cap, intimal hyperplasia (IH) and thrombus (TH) and can construct two-dimensional tissue plaque structure in vivo. BACKGROUND: It is difficult to characterize the components of plaque using conventional 2DE techniques. METHODS: Integrated backscatter values of plaques were measured in the right common carotid and femoral arteries (total 24 segments) both during life and after autopsy in 12 patients (age 68 to 84 years, 10 men and two women). Integrated backscatter values were determined using a 5-12 MHz multifrequency transducer, setting the region of interests (ROIs) (11 x 11 pixels) on the echo tomography of the entire arterial wall (55 +/- 10 ROI/segment) and comparing it with histologic features in the autopsied arterial specimens. RESULTS: Corrected IB values obtained before death and at autopsy were significantly correlated (r = 0.93, p < 0.01). Corresponding to the histologic features, corrected IB values on the rectangle ROIs obtained during life were divided into five categories: category 1 (TH) 4 < IB < or = 6; category 2 (media and IH or LP in the intima) 7 < IB < or = 13; category 3 (FI) 13 < IB < or = 18, category 4 (mixed lesion) 18 < IB < or = 27 and category 5 (CL) 28 < IB < or = 33. In category 2, media and intima were differentiated using conventional 2DE. Under the above procedures, color-coded maps constructed with IB-2DE obtained during life precisely reflected the histologic features of media and intima. CONCLUSIONS: Integrated backscatter with 2DE represents a useful noninvasive tool for evaluating the tissue structure of human plaque.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An integrating vector for tunable, high copy, stable integration into the dispersed Ty delta sites of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

We have constructed a yeast integration vector targeted to chromosomal Ty delta sequences and used it to create Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with stable tandem integrations ranging from 1 to 30 vector copies. The vector carries the bacterial NEO gene, allowing copy number to be tuned by varying G418 resistance, which generally increases with copy number as determined by quantitative Southern blot. Tandem integration into a single site is most commonly observed, but single-copy and two-site integration is also observed. Bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor was constitutively expressed and secreted using the NEO-based delta vector, and secretion levels were 2-10-fold improved relative to commonly used 2 mu multicopy yeast plasmids. The NEO-based Ty delta vector is a powerful tool for stable heterologous protein expression and secretion in yeast.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Integration of T-DNA binary vector 'backbone' sequences into the tobacco genome: evidence for multiple complex patterns of integration.

During the process of crown gall tumorigenesis, Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfers part of the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid, the T-DNA, to a plant cell where it eventually becomes stably integrated into the plant genome. Directly repeated DNA sequences, called T-DNA borders, define the left and the right ends of the T-DNA. The T-DNA can be physically separated from the remainder of the Ti-plasmid, creating a 'binary vector' system; this system is frequently used to generate transgenic plants. Scientists initially thought that only those sequences located between T-DNA left and right borders transferred to the plant. More recently, however, several reports have appeared describing the integration of the non-T-DNA binary vector 'backbone' sequences into the genome of transgenic plants. In order to investigate this phenomenon, we constructed T-DNA binary vectors containing a nos-nptll gene within the T-DNA and a mas2'-gusA (beta-glucuronidase) gene outside the T-DNA borders. We regenerated kanamycin-resistant transgenic tobacco plants and analyzed these plants for the expression of the vector-localized gusA gene and for the presence of binary vector backbone sequences. Approximately one-fifth of the plants expressed detectable GUS activity. PCR analysis indicated that approximately 75% of the plants contained the gusA gene. Southern blot analysis indicated that the vector backbone sequences could integrate into the tobacco genome linked either to the left or to the right T-DNA border. The vector backbone sequences could also integrate into the plant genome independently of (unlinked to) the T-DNA. Although we could readily detect T-strands containing the T-DNA within the bacterium, we could not detect T-strands containing only the vector backbone sequences or these vector sequences linked to the T-DNA.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗
PubMed1993

Masking, information integration, and tactile pattern perception: a comparison of the isolation and integration hypotheses.

Two competing models of the effects of pattern element proximity, masking, and perceptual integration on the discriminability of spatiotemporal vibrotactile patterns are compared. Kirman's 'integration hypothesis' predicts that pattern perception is facilitated by a process of perceptual integration which requires that pattern elements be presented in close spatial and temporal proximity. Conversely, the 'isolation hypothesis' predicts that the strong masking effects which occur when pattern elements are presented in close proximity impede the perception of patterns. Traditional masking studies do not provide a fair test of these two hypothesis because they rely on methods that measure the subject's ability to identify the target when the target is presented in conjunction with the mask, rather than the discriminability of the complex percept resulting from the integration of the target and mask. To account for this, a new procedure was devised where the amount of interelement masking and the discriminability of the pattern as a whole were measured independently as the spatial and temporal separation of the pattern elements were varied. As expected under both hypotheses, masking between pattern elements increased as either the spatial or the temporal separation between them was decreased. The pattern discrimination data also support the isolation hypothesis in that the patterns were discriminated less well with increasing temporal element separation with a similar but nonsignificant trend in the case of spatial separation. It is concluded that this new methodology should be applied to a wider range of tactile pattern processing situations in order to assess the generality of the results obtained.

Adult↗