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PubMedDate not supplied

[The potential for using the preparations Icon and Karate in medical insect control].

The insecticidal activity of Aikon, 10% wettable powder, and Carate, 5% emulsified concentrate, and 5% water soluble granules, (Zeneka Plant Protection, UK) was studied in laboratory and field tests. Their effective doses were 0.001-0.5 g/m2 (as calculated for active ingredients) for synanthropic insects (cockroaches, flies, fleas). The agents belong to moderate hazard class 3 substances. Their use has been approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for treatment for non-living accommodations and subsidiary premises by specialists. Individual protective means should be used while contacting the agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effect of insect control on the occurrence and distribution of streptothricosis lesions on cattle.

Trials were set up to ascertain whether the observed occurrence of streptothricosis lesions at dorsal sites on cattle in Antigua was related to the feeding activity of flies. Animals in two herds were treated with insecticide while a third herd served as an untreated control group. There was no significant difference in the occurrence or distribution of lesions on animals in all the three herds over a two month observation period except that a higher proportion of animals in one of the treated herds was affected at the end of the study.

Actinomycetales Infections↗
PubMed1996

Development of recombinant baculoviruses for insect control.

In this review, we provide an overview of the current status of recombinant baculoviruses, describe the development of genetically engineered baculoviruses for use as rapid-action biological insecticides, and provide more detailed information on one particular set of recombinant viruses. The advantages and disadvantages of recombinant baculovirus insecticides, and the importance of risk-assessment studies of these genetically modified organisms, are reviewed. Finally the importance of sensible regulatory strategies to the success and future prospects of this technology is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Multiacreage evaluation of aerially applied adherent malathion granules for selective insect control and indirect reduction of mycotoxigenic fungi in specialty corn.

Aerially applied adherent corn flour granules containing 1% malathion were more often as, or more, effective than 15% chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 15G) granules in controlling caterpillars and sap beetles in high amylose corn in 1997 than 1996. Use of malathion granules corresponding closely in size to chlorpyrifos granules in the second year of the study apparently increased relative efficacy. Significantly less corn borer damage occurred on plants (1996) or ears (1997) within 2 wk of application for both types of insecticide granules compared with untreated plots. In 1997, there were sixfold fewer milk stage ears with more than 20 kernels damaged per ear in the malathion-treated plots compared with chlorpyrifos-treated plots, and severity of caterpillar damage was also less in malathion versus chlorpyrifos-treated plots at harvest. Control of beetles (corn rootworm adults and sap beetles) for both treatments was less effective compared with caterpillars. Significant corn rootworm adult control was noted for both chlorpyrifos and malathion in 1996 and significant sap beetle control was noted for the malathion granules in 1997. Significantly fewer live lady beetles, and more dead lady beetles were present in chlorpyrifos-treated plots compared with malathion-treated or untreated plots in 1996. The incidence and severity of Fusarium mold on ears at harvest was often indirectly reduced by both malathion treatments and chlorpyrifos treatments, with the malathion treatment significantly better than the chlorpyrifos treatment in one case.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Pest insect control in organically-produced crops of field vegetables.

In the UK, the demand for organic vegetable and salad crops is increasing, mainly as a result of the requirements of the multiple retailers. However, approximately 85% of the organic fruit and vegetable produce sold in the UK is imported. A major constraint to growing field vegetable crops, and particularly organically-produced crops, is the reduction in crop yield and quality caused by pest insects. This paper will consider the control techniques currently available to organic growers and other techniques that may become available in the future. Growing plant varieties with complete or even partial resistance to pest insects can be an effective way of reducing crop damage. There are already varieties of carrot, with resistance to carrot fly, and lettuce, with resistance to certain pest aphid species, which are available commercially. Cultural techniques to exclude, deter or avoid pest insects are also being used by some organic growers. Although isolating new crops from sources of infestation can be a highly effective control strategy, many organic growers cannot use it, as the land converted for organic production is still limited. Various crop covers can be used to prevent pest insects from damaging field crops, but to be effective such covers have to be in place before the pests enter the crop. Several researchers have tried to develop techniques to prevent pest insects from finding their host-plants. No technique involving semiochemicals has been sufficiently successful to be used in field vegetable production in the UK. Other studies have shown that the numbers of pest insects found on crop plants are reduced considerably when the crop is allowed to become weedy, is intercropped with another plant species, or is undersown with a living mulch. Hence, work is now needed to select background plant species that will both reduce pest insect numbers and cause the least reduction in yield to the harvested crop plants. There is also a need to obtain a better understanding of "companion planting", a practice used frequently by organic growers. To date, microbial control is the only biological technique that has been used successfully in field vegetable crops in the UK. However, only the toxicant produced by one microbial agent, the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, has so far been registered for use. The use of bacteria, fungi and viruses to control pests of field vegetable crops certainly has possibilities. However, in many cases there are still problems to be overcome to select pathogens that are compatible with, or can still be effective in, the wide fluctuations in temperature, humidity and soil moisture that occur under field conditions. Attempts are now being made to use entomopathogenic nematodes and predatory arthropods to control one major pest insect, the cabbage root fly. Techniques developed to improve the timing of application of various crop protection procedures in systems of conventional vegetable production apply equally well to organic production, despite the choice of control options being more limited. In particular, models to forecast the timing of pest insect attacks could be used to great effect, to indicate the best times to plant, protect and harvest a specific crop to minimise pest insect damage.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Bacillus thuringiensis protein production, signal transduction, and insect control in chemically inducible PR-1a/cry1Ab broccoli plants.

In an effort to develop a chemically inducible system for insect management, we studied production of Cry1Ab Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protein and control of the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella L., in inducer-treated and untreated tissues of a broccoli line transformed with a PR-1a/cry1Ab expression cassette. Spraying leaves of these plants with the inducer acibenzolar-S-methyl (= 1,2,3 benzothiadiazole-7-thiocarboxylic acid-S-methyl-ester) (ASM) triggered expression of the cry1Ab gene and produced a high level of Cry1Ab protein within 2-3 days. Cry1Ab protein persisted in leaves for at least 8 weeks, providing prolonged protection from P. xylostella attack. Signals generated in inducer-treated leaves were transferred to untreated newly emerged leaves or heads, as seen by production of Cry1Ab protein and/or protection from insect damage in these plant parts. Signal transduction proceeded in an attenuated manner up to the sixth newly emerged leaf. No Cry1Ab protein was detectable by ELISA in uninduced young leaves, but small amounts of the protein were present in uninduced leaves older than 3 weeks and caused some insect mortality. Such basal expression of Bt genes without induction may favor the evolution of resistant insect populations and therefore limits the application of the PR-1a/cry1Ab system for insect management. However, the rapid production and steady maintenance of a high level of transgenic protein upon induction, the signal transduction observed, and the fact that the chemical inducer can be used in field conditions make the PR-1a promoter attractive for chemical regulation of other agriculturally or pharmaceutically important genes for which low expression in the absence of induction is not a concern.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Ecdysone agonists: mechanism and importance in controlling insect pests of agriculture and forestry.

Molting is the result of the expression of a cascade of genes that is sequentially both up and down-regulated by the molting hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), which is secreted as a pulse during each instar. Benzoyl hydrazine analogs of 20E act like the native molting hormone at the molecular level by binding with the ecdysone receptor complex and transactivating a succession of molt initiating transcription factors that, in turn, induce the expression of a group of molt-related genes. As a result of the expression of these up-regulated genes, the larva undergoes apolysis and head capsule slippage and takes on the appearance of the pharate larva. However, unlike 20E, which is cleared at this juncture, allowing the down-regulated genes to be expressed, these synthetic analogs bind strongly to the receptors and remain in place and repress all the down-regulatory genes such as the ones necessary for cuticle elaboration, sclerotization, and ecdysis resulting in a developmental arrest in this state. As a result, the treated larva goes into a precocious incomplete molt that is lethal. Two of the analogs, tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide, are lepidopteran specific and have good control potential for open feeding larvae that ingest this material while a third one, halofenozide, acts on coleopteran larvae. Since they specifically act through an insect receptor complex, they have little or no effect on non-target species, making them environmentally attractive pest control agents. Some insects, however, show resistance to these analogs and this could be, inter alia, due to an ATP Binding Cassette Transporter like system that selectively pumps out the analogs.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters↗
PubMed2026

Yorkie/Scalloped-OVOL-Rac1 axis controls insect wing development by promoting cell proliferation.

The regulation of organ size is a fundamental question in developmental biology, and insect wings provide a powerful model for elucidating the genetic mechanisms underlying morphogenesis. Although the conserved Hippo signaling pathway plays a central role in controlling tissue growth, its precise regulatory network during wing development remains incompletely understood. Here, we identify the zinc finger transcription factor OVOL as a critical mediator of Hippo signaling in insect wing development. We indicate that OVOL is essential for normal wing formation in both Locusta migratoria and Drosophila melanogaster, regulating cell proliferation and trichome patterning. Through transcriptomic analysis and functional validation, we further identify the small GTPase Rac1 as a key downstream effector of OVOL that promotes proliferative growth. Moreover, we find that OVOL expression is directly activated by the Yorkie/Scalloped (Yki/Sd) complex, the core transcriptional effector of the Hippo pathway, without forming a feedback loop. This regulation is mediated through a specific Sd-binding motif (GATAA) within the OVOL promoter. Importantly, Yki/Sd-induced Rac1 expression is dependent on OVOL. Collectively, our findings establish the Yorkie/Sd-OVOL-Rac1 pathway that governs insect wing development by promoting cell proliferation, providing mechanistic insights into organ size regulation in animals.

Cell proliferation↗
PubMed1996

Fungicidal and insect controlling properties of Proteus strain RRLJ 16, isolated from tea, Camellia sinensis (L) O Kuntze, plantations.

A strain of Proteus RRLJ 16, isolated from acid (pH 4.5-5.5) iron rich tea (Camellia sinensis) plantation soil, produced siderophores with single absorption peak at 370 nm when cultured in iron free medium. Extracted crude fraction of siderophores and live cultures showed in vitro antibiosis against five species of pathogenic fungi. When the strain was cultured in a normal bacteriological medium without iron stress, it produced an insect repellent compound. The culture filtrate sprayed (dilution of 1:100 in water) on tea plants infected with pink mites or green flies, the insect populations disappeared from the plants. Termite galleries sprayed similarly showed no termite activity after 24 hr of spraying. No reinfestation by insects was observed on treated plants for more than one year.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Performance of transgenic corn hybrids in Missouri for insect control and yield.

The efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis-transformed corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids compared with comparable nontransformed corn hybrids for controlling first- and second-generation European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), and second-generation southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, was determined. Yield comparisons were obtained from the same plots of corn hybrids. Both generations of European and the second-generation of southwestern corn borer were effectively controlled, but the Bt hybrids varied in degree of control. Hybrids from Ciba Seeds, DEKALB, and Mycogen had more European corn borer tunneling than those from Novartis or Cargill, and this was generally ascribed to different transgenic events. The Bt-transformed hybrids had virtually no leaf-feeding damage and less tunneling than the non-Bt corn hybrids. Some Bt corn hybrids had no tunneling, whereas other Bt hybrids had a small amount of tunneling. All of the non-Bt hybrids had significant leaf-feeding damage and stalk tunneling from both insects. Only three live European corn borer larvae (stunted) were found in the Bt corn hybrids while splitting stalks to assess tunnel length. When insect damage was significant, and in some evaluations where damage was not significant, differences in yields among hybrids were observed. No significant insect population differences were observed for five genera of beneficial insects for Bt versus non-Bt corn hybrids. Corn hybrids that have been transformed with the Bt gene provide an effective means of control for corn borers and efforts to reduce the likelihood of development of borer resistance are warranted.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Molecular cloning and expression of an alpha-amylase inhibitor from rye with potential for controlling insect pests.

Alpha-amylase inhibitors have important roles in plant defense mechanisms, particularly against insects, and several of these inhibitors have been expressed in different crops to increase their resistance to particular insects. In this work, we report the cloning and expression of a gene encoding for a new alpha-amylase inhibitor (BIII) from rye (Secale cereale) seeds. The BIII gene contains 354 nucleotides that encode for 118 amino acids sequence. A 313 bp fragment of the gene was expressed in Escherichia coli and resulted in a functional inhibitor that reduced the activity of alpha-amylases of larvae of the coleopteran pests Acanthoscelides obtectus, Zabrotess subfasciatus and Anthonomus grandis. In contrast, the inhibitor did not inhibit the activity of porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase. Although the amino acid sequence of BIII showed high identity with those of bifunctional inhibitors, the recombinant protein was unable to inhibit trypsin-like serine proteinases. The effects of recombinant BIII were evaluated in vivo against A. grandis. When first instar larvae were reared on an artificial diet containing four different concentrations of BIII, a reduction in larval weight and a mortality of 83% were observed at the highest concentration.

Amino Acid Sequence↗