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PubMedDate not supplied

[Recurrent Tolosa-Hunt syndrome with normal neuroimaging. A report of three cases].

INTRODUCTION: Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is caused by an unspecific inflammation in the cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure. Recurrence occurs in 40% of cases. Magnetic resonance (MR) of the head and orbital phlebography can reveal characteristic data, although diagnosis is reached by exclusion according to International Headache Society criteria. Corticoids are the preferred treatment, since their use gives rise to the disappearance of the clinical condition in a few days. CASE REPORT: We describe the cases of three patients with recurrent Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and MR images of the head with normal contrast. Case 1: a 52-year-old male with paralysis of the oculomotor nerve with recurrence on the contralateral side. Case 2: a 42-year-old female with recurrent paralysis of the abducent nerve. Case 3: a 34-year-old male with involvement of the oculomotor nerve, optic nerve and the first branch of the trigeminal nerve with recurrence of the ophthalmoplegia. In all cases the clinical symptoms disappeared with the use of corticoid therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The oculomotor disorder is produced by nerve infiltration and not by compression. The time for recurrence varies largely, and the clinical condition in the recurrence is usually milder owing to the fact that diagnosis is reached and treatment is started earlier. The absence of alterations in the MR of the head does not rule out the existence of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, even in cases of recurrence, and these disorders therefore should not be included in the diagnostic criteria.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed2005

[A case of pseudo Tolosa-Hunt syndrome with bacterial infection and literature review].

We report a case with recurrent orbital pain and unilateral cranial nerve paresis mimicking Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. However, these features were most likely caused by bacterial infection because of beneficial response to antibiotics therapy. A 32-year-old man developed severe right orbital pain and diplopia. Neurological examination revealed right oculomotor paresis and 1st division of the right trigeminal nerve dysfunction. MR imaging revealed thickness of right cavernous sinus region with marked gadolinium enhancement. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination was initially normal. Treatment with steroid showed marked improvement. However soon after tapering of steroid dosage, his symptoms recurred and deteriorated. He was referred to our hospital because of second opinion. Neurological examination still showed right oculomotor paresis and 1st division of the right trigeminal nerve dysfunction with orbital and retro-orbital pain. Re-examination of CSF showed pleocytosis with neutrocytes dominancy and elevated protein concentration. Intravenous treatment with penicillin was initiated with marked improvement. There have been reported cases with bacterial infection resulting pseudo Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, which have good response to antibiotics treatment with excellent prognosis. It is speculated that bacterial infection might cause clinical features mimicking Tolosa-Hunt syndrome in our case.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Variable patterns of varicella-zoster virus reactivation in Ramsay Hunt syndrome.

The mechanism by which reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes facial paralysis in Ramsay Hunt syndrome remains unclear. The relationship between VZV load and the onset of facial paralysis was analyzed in 42 patients with Ramsay Hunt syndrome. The patients were divided into three groups according to the times of appearance of zoster and of facial paralysis; group I (zoster preceding, n = 13), group II (simultaneous, n = 22), group III (paralysis preceding, n = 7). A real-time quantitative PCR assay was used to measure VZV DNA copy number in saliva, and paired sera were assayed for anti-VZV IgG and IgM antibodies. In group I, the VZV DNA-positive rate was low and virus load decreased gradually after the initial hospital visit around the time of onset of paralysis. The level of anti-VZV antibodies had in most cases already increased at that time. In group III, viral load tended to increase after the onset of paralysis and peaked around the time of appearance of zoster. The level of anti-VZV antibodies was low at the onset of paralysis but showed a significant increase when paired sera were tested. In group II, virus load and changes in level of anti-VZV antibodies either resembled group I or group III behavior. These results indicate that facial paralysis in Ramsay Hunt syndrome can occur at various times between the early and the regression phase of VZV reactivation, suggesting that there are variable patterns of development of facial nerve dysfunction caused by VZV reactivation and the progression of neuritis.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1998

Hunting by male lions: ecological influences and socioecological implications.

In the Kruger National Park, male lions, Panthera leo, acquire most of their food by hunting rather than scavenging. This study, the most intensive to date of male lion ecology, showed that in savanna woodlands, with high buffalo, Syncerus caffer, densities, male lions were frequent and successful hunters. The main prey species of all male group types, but particularly nonterritorial males, was buffalo. By contrast, females preyed more frequently on the most abundant medium-sized ungulates, such as wildebeest, Connochaetes taurinus, and zebra, Equus burchelli. Thus intraspecific prey selection separation was based primarily on intersexual and, to a lesser extent, social differences. Furthermore, both nonterritorial males and pride females located their favoured prey, buffalo and medium-sized ungulates, respectively, more often than other prey. We investigated the influence of several ecological variables on the socioecology of male lions, particularly as we had determined that territorial males spent little time with their pride females and tended to hunt by themselves in their respective male coalitions. Further analysis showed that in a range of ecosystems in southern and eastern Africa the proportion of time territorial males spent with, and thus scavenged from, their pride females was strongly influenced by vegetation structure, and therefore probably by the assemblage of available ungulates. In open systems, territorial males were, therefore, likely to be encountered with pride females, whereas in more wooded areas they were likely to be encountered away from their pride females. We suggest that this is because vegetation structure influences food/prey availability and hunting success and influences territory maintenance and/or cub defence. (c) 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Age-dependency in hunting ability among the Ache of eastern Paraguay.

This paper examines changes in hunting ability across the lifespan for the Ache of eastern Paraguay. Hunting ability is decomposed into two components-finding prey and probability of kill upon encounter- and analyzed for important prey species. Results support the argument that skill acquisition is an important aspect of the human foraging niche with hunting outcome variables reaching peaks surprisingly late in life, significantly after peaks in strength. The implications of this study are important for modeling the role of the human foraging niche in the co-evolution of various outstanding human life history characteristics such as large brains, long lifespans, and extended juvenile periods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Firearm fatalities and injuries from hunting accidents in Germany.

Accidental hunting firearm injuries and fatalities (257 cases from 1961 to 1992) were evaluated in detail. Most persons responsible for the accident were more than 40 years old and experienced in hunting, and 26% of the gunshot wounds were fatal. In 77% of cases the victim was shot by another person and in 23% the wound was self-inflicted. The firearms/ammunition used were pellets from shotguns (63%), bullets from rifles (31%), shotgun slugs (3.5%) and bullets from handguns (2.5%). In 22% of all accidents from pellets severe eyeball injuries were involved, and 38% of the wounds were caused from a distance of 5 m or less, including all self-inflicted injuries. The most frequent factors responsible for the accident were: improper handling of the firearm (37%), failure to notice the victim (24.1%), covering the victim while swinging on the game (14.8%), ricocheting projectiles (13.6%), inadequate storage of the firearm (11.7%) and mistaking the victim for game (9.3%). In some cases more than one factor contributed to the accident. Defective firearm/ammunition, as the only non-human factor, was involved in only 1.6% of accidents. Some aspects of the prevention and the forensic investigation of hunting accidents are discussed.

Accidents↗
PubMed2005

Evidence of hunting and hafting during the Middle Stone Age at Sibidu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a multianalytical approach.

Points and point fragments from Middle Stone Age layers (dated to between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago) from Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, were examined to establish whether they were used as hafted spearheads for hunting. A multi-analytical approach was followed, using macrofracture analysis, use-wear analysis, and residue analysis. In addition to the analytical processes, an experimental project tested the results of the macrofracture analysis on local raw materials. The study shows that points from Sibudu Cave were indeed hafted and used as hunting tools. It was further established that plant twine was probably the preferred binding material to attach the points to wooden hafts. Resin may have been used as an adhesive in combination with the binding material. A detailed examination of the ochre distribution on the points confirmed that ochre was also part of the hafting arrangement. The need to use a dependable methodology for the recognition of hunting and hafting traces on stone points from the southern African Middle Stone Age context is briefly discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2024

On the Hunt for the Histone Code.

Our genome is not made of naked DNA but a fiber (chromatin) composed of DNA and proteins packaged into our chromosomes. The basic building block of chromatin is the nucleosome, which has two copies of each of the proteins called histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA. Regions of our genetic material are found between the more open (euchromatin) and more compact (heterochromatin) regions of the genome that can be variably accessible to the underlying genes. Furthermore, post-translational modifications (PTMs) on histones, such as on H3, are critical for regulating chromatin accessibility and gene expression. While site-specific antibodies were the tool of choice for histone PTM analysis in the early days (pre-2000s), enter Don Hunt changing the histone PTM field forever. Don's clever thinking brought new innovative mass spectrometry-based approaches to the epigenetics field. His lab's effort led to the discovery of many new histone modifications and methods to facilitate the detection and quantification of histone PTMs, which are still considered state of the art in the proteomics field today. Due to Don's pioneering work in this area, many labs have been able to jump into the epigenetics field and "Hunt" down their own histone targets. A walkthrough of those early histone years in the Hunt Lab is described by three of us who were fortunate enough to be at the right place, at the right time.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Behavioural changes and aversive conditioning in hunting dogs by the second-year confrontation with domestic sheep.

Domesticated dogs occasionally exhibit predatory behaviour towards domestic sheep when running loose in pasture. Both young and old dogs of either sex may chase sheep. Electronic dog collars applying electric shocks are utilised as one method of training dogs to refrain from attacking sheep. This device is used for a number of other training purposes which have raised concern for the welfare of the dogs being trained. This study aims at testing long-term learning effects of previous sheep tests on sheep chasing in hunting dog breeds (Norwegian elkhounds (grey), English setters, and hare hunting dogs), in particular with use of electronic dog collars, in addition to uncovering potential secondary negative effects on dogs' behaviour and mental stability. The dogs (N=114) were subjected to three tests for two subsequent years, the second year being reported here. Dogs were tested for reactions to different stimuli, including a sheep, in a path test. In a sheep confrontation test, dogs were fenced in with a sheep group and given el. shocks when approaching 1-2m from sheep. A questionnaire to the dog owners reported differences in dogs' behaviour between the years.Dogs showed weaker or delayed behavioural responses in both tests in the second year. No dogs showed interest in or attacked a lone sheep in the path test in the second year, while almost two thirds of them did so the first year. In the sheep confrontation test, the dogs exhibited comparatively hesitant initial hunting motivation the second year, being more evident in dogs which received el. shocks the first year. No dogs chased or attacked sheep as their first response in this test, while half of them did so the first year. The proportion of dogs attacking sheep during the entire test was reduced to almost one fourth. The number of el. shocks administered reduced by the second year, and only one of the dogs that received el. shocks the first year received el. shocks the second year. The owners reported no negative effect on the dogs' behaviour during the year ensuing el. shock treatment. Eighteen of the 24 dogs reported by owners to exhibit behavioural changes lost their previous interest in sheep.The second-year tests indicate that aversive conditioning with the use of electronic dog collar may be an efficient method for reducing the probability of a dog chasing or attacking grazing sheep. No adverse effects were observed with our test procedure.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Effect of British hunting ban on fox numbers.

Pressure to ban the hunting of foxes with hounds in Britain has fuelled debate about its contribution to the control of fox populations. We took advantage of a nationwide one-year ban on fox-hunting during the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in 2001 to examine this issue and found that the ban had no measurable impact on fox numbers in randomly selected areas. Our results argue against suggestions that fox populations would increase markedly in the event of a permanent ban on hunting.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Relationship between allozymes, heterozygosity and morphological characters in red deer (Cervus elaphus), and the influence of selective hunting on allele frequency distribution.

Morphological characters in red deer (Cervus elaphus), which serve as criteria for selective hunting, were examined in relation to electrophoretic variation in three populations from the Vosges in eastern France. From the polymorphic loci examined, certain alleles at Idh-2, Me-1 and Acp-1 showed significant associations with a special development of body and antler characters selected for by hunters. Idh-2(125) was associated with larger hind foot length in females and a higher number of antler points in males. Me-1(90) and Acp-1(100) were associated with small spikes. The populations studied differed from one another in the duration and intensity of selective hunting and the increase or decrease in the respective allele frequencies could be explained by selection for large body size, a high number of antler points and against small spikes in yearlings, rather than by genetic drift. Among other morphological characters examined, the length of the main beam was significantly associated with the allele Acp-2(100). In contrast, no associations could be detected between overall heterozygosity and the development or the degree of asymmetry (in paired structures) of any of the morphological traits in question. Although no obvious differences in the overall values of polymorphism or heterozygosity were found between the populations, selective hunting leads towards a change in allele frequencies and eventually to the loss of one or the other rare allele.

Alleles↗
PubMed1998

Varicella-zoster virus distribution in Ramsay Hunt syndrome revealed by polymerase chain reaction.

The pathogenesis of facial nerve paralysis and vestibulo-cochlear dysfunction of Ramsay Hunt syndrome remains unclear as varicella-zoster virus (VZV) has not been demonstrated in the lesions. Using the polymerase chain reaction, we detected VZV genomes not only in the vesicles on the auricles or oral cavity but also in the facial nerve sheath, middle ear mucosa and cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Ramsay Hunt syndrome. The VZV genome was undetectable in the same kinds of clinical samples obtained from control patients with facial nerve paralysis of other etiologies. The results indicated that VZV spreads widely in the neural components, mucocutaneous tissue and cerebrospinal fluid. The present study will facilitate better understanding of the pathogenesis of facial nerve paralysis, vertigo, hearing impairment and other cranial nerve dysfunction of Ramsay Hunt syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Heritability estimates of behaviors associated with hunting in dogs.

Heritabilities of traits related to game-bird hunting, measured in the natural ability test of the North American Versatile Hunting Dog Association (NAVHDA), were calculated using midparent offspring regressions for five breeds of continental hunting dogs. Heritabilities of use of nose, search, and waterwork were moderate (0.25-0.39). Heritability of pointing was high (> 0.40) in one breed but only moderate in the combined dataset. Desire, cooperation, and tracking were not significantly correlated between midparent average and offspring. One of the breeds, large munsterlander, was analyzed for improvement over the past 15 years. The NAVHDA testing system is used to select breeding stock in the large munsterlander and improvement in scores was significant.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

HUNT: launch of a full-length cDNA database from the Helix Research Institute.

The Helix Research Institute (HRI) in Japan is releasing 4356 HUman Novel Transcripts and related information in the newly established HUNT database. The institute is a joint research project principally funded by the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry, and the clones were sequenced in the governmental New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) Human cDNA Sequencing Project. The HUNT database contains an extensive amount of annotation from advanced analysis and represents an essential bioinformatics contribution towards understanding of the gene function. The HRI human cDNA clones were obtained from full-length enriched cDNA libraries constructed with the oligo-capping method and have resulted in novel full-length cDNA sequences. A large fraction has little similarity to any proteins of known function and to obtain clues about possible function we have developed original analysis procedures. Any putative function deduced here can be validated or refuted by complementary analysis results. The user can also extract information from specific categories like PROSITE patterns, PFAM domains, PSORT localization, transmembrane helices and clones with GENIUS structure assignments. The HUNT database can be accessed at http://www.hri.co.jp/HUNT.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed1997

Molecular temporal bone pathology: II. Ramsay Hunt syndrome (herpes zoster oticus).

In 1907 J. Ramsay Hunt suggested that herpes zoster oticus resulted from a geniculate ganglionitis; however, many contemporary authors believe that this disorder represents a neuritis or polycranial neuropathy. Herpes varicella-zoster viral (VZV) DNA was identified, using the polymerase chain reaction, in archival celloidin-embedded temporal bone sections from two patients who clinically had Ramsay Hunt syndrome (herpes zoster oticus). The presence of VZV was confirmed by sequencing the PCR products. These experiments demonstrated that VZV genomic DNA was present in the geniculate ganglion of the side with facial paralysis and cutaneous recrudescence in both patients and in the clinically unaffected side in patient 1. In addition, patient 2 had a sudden hearing loss and was found to have VZV genomic DNA in sections from the affected side containing the spiral ganglion, Scarpa's ganglion, organ of Corti, and macula of the saccule. No VZV genomic DNA was identified in temporal bone sections from five patients with Bell's palsy and ten patients without evidence of otologic disease. In this study, the histopathology of these two cases yielded complementary information regarding the role of VZV in herpes zoster oticus. These data suggest that in patients with Ramsay Hunt syndrome, latent VZV is located in the geniculate ganglia and may be present in the auditory and vestibular primary afferent ganglia in some patients.

DNA, Viral↗
PubMed1991

Hunting income patterns among the Hadza: big game, common goods, foraging goals and the evolution of the human diet.

The assumption that large mammal hunting and scavenging are economically advantageous to hominid foragers is examined in the light of data collected among the Hadza of northern Tanzania. Hadza hunters disregard small prey in favour of larger forms (mean adult mass greater than or equal to 40 kg). Here we report experimental data showing that hunters would reduce their mean rates if they included small animals in the array they target. Still, daily variance in large animal hunting returns is high, and the risk of failure correspondingly great, significantly greater than that associated with small game hunting and trapping. Sharing large kills reduces the risk of meatless days for big game hunters, and obviates the problem of storing large amounts of meat. It may be unavoidable if large carcasses cannot be defended economically against the demands of other consumers. If so, then large prey are common goods. A hunter may gain no consumption advantage from his own big game acquisition efforts. We use Hadza data to model this 'collective action' problem, and find that an exclusive focus on large game with extensive sharing is not the optimal strategy for hunters concerned with maximizing their own chances of eating meat. Other explanations for the emergence and persistence of this practice must be considered.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Hierarchical Bayes estimation of hunting success rates with spatial correlations.

A Bayesian hierarchical generalized linear model is used to estimate hunting success rates at the subarea level for postseason harvest surveys. The model includes fixed week effects, random geographic effects, and spatial correlations between neighboring subareas. The computation is done by Gibbs sampling and adaptive rejection sampling techniques. The method is illustrated using data from the Missouri Turkey Hunting Survey in the spring of 1996. Bayesian model selection methods are used to demonstrate that there are significant week differences and spatial correlations of hunting success rates among counties. The Bayesian estimates are also shown to be quite robust in terms of changes of hyperparameters.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Four cases of pediatric Ramsay Hunt syndrome].

Four cases of the Ramsay Hunt syndrome were admitted to our hospital during the two years from February 1997 to January 1999. Though one of the 4 patients had been immunized with varicella vaccine, the causative virus was not a vaccine strain but a wild-type strain. These patients were not suffering from underlying diseases. Because the number of pediatric zoster patient without underlying diseases who visited our clinic between 1981 and 1999 was 35 cases, the Ramsay Hunt syndrome turned out not to be extremely rare even among children having no underlying diseases. The prognosis of the Ramsay Hunt syndrome is assumed to be good if the treatment begins at the early stage. To begin the treatment at the early stage, it is necessary to confirm the diagnosis with virological examinations.

Adolescent↗