Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Hunger”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Sex differences in the human brain's response to hunger and satiation.

BACKGROUND: Sex differences in eating behavior are well documented, but it is not known whether these differences have neuroanatomical correlates. Recent neuroimaging studies have provided functional maps of the human cerebral areas activated in response to hunger and satiation. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess whether the brain's response to a meal is sex-specific. DESIGN: Using positron emission tomography, we measured regional cerebral blood flow, a marker of neuronal activity, to investigate the functional neuroanatomy of hunger (36-h fast) and satiation (in response to a liquid meal) in 22 women and 22 men. RESULTS: We observed extensive similarities, as well as some differences, between the sexes. In response to hunger, the men tended to have greater activation in the frontotemporal and paralimbic areas than did the women (P < 0.005). In response to satiation, the women tended to have greater activation in the occipital and parietal sensory association areas and in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex than did the men (P < 0.005); in contrast, the men tended to have greater activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex than did the women (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Despite extensive similarities in the brain responses to hunger and satiation between the men and women, our study showed sex-specific brain responses to a meal that indicate possible differences between men and women in the cognitive and emotional processing of hunger and satiation. This study provides a foundation for investigating the brain regions and cognitive processes that distinguish normal and abnormal eating behavior in men and women.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Delayed postprandial gastric emptying and impaired gallbladder contraction together with elevated cholecystokinin and peptide YY serum levels sustain satiety and inhibit hunger in healthy elderly persons.

BACKGROUND: Altered gastric and cholecystic motility are risk factors for malnutrition in elderly persons, mainly through impaired satiety-appetite rhythm. Contrasting data have been published about this topic. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in healthy elderly participant, postprandial gastric and cholecystic emptying in relation to serum CCK (cholecystokinin) and PYY (peptide YY), as well as satiety and hunger sensations. METHODS: We studied 10 community-dwelling elderly persons, (77 +/- 3 years old) and 9 younger adult persons (32 +/- 8 years old). Using ultrasonography, we measured gastric antrum area and cholecystic volume in fasting condition and after an 800-kcal mixed meal. Time for gastric and cholecystic emptying, and percentage of cholecystic emptying were calculated. Satiety and hunger were evaluated every 30 minutes using visual analogue scales. CCK and PYY serum levels were assayed 30 minutes before and at times 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes after the meal. RESULTS: Elderly participants showed a longer gastric emptying time compared to younger participants (448 +/- 104 vs 306 +/- 57 minutes, p <.002). Postprandial cholecystic emptying was significantly reduced in the older group (maximum contraction, 69% vs 84%; p <.05). After the meal, CCK and PYY levels showed higher, persistent elevation in elderly participants. In this group, postprandial satiety lasted significantly longer than in younger participants, and hunger was suppressed throughout the postprandial period. Antral area directly correlated with satiety and inversely with hunger. Gallbladder volume inversely correlated to satiety. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed, in a group of healthy elderly people, delayed gastric emptying associated to reduced cholecystic contractility together with higher CCK and PYY serum levels. These modifications facilitated long-lasting satiety and hunger suppression after a meal. This condition may lead to caloric restriction and finally to malnutrition at older ages.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Questionnaire-based measures are valid for the identification of rural households with hunger and food insecurity.

This study assessed the validity of questionnaire-based measures for the identification of rural households with hunger and food insecurity. Data used were from a 1993 survey of 193 households with women and children living at home in a rural county. Two interviews provided data on demographics, factors contributing to food insecurity, coping strategies, fruit and vegetable consumption, disordered eating behaviors, height, weight, dietary recall and household food-stores inventory. This information was used to develop a definitive criterion measure for hunger and food insecurity to compare with hunger and food insecurity items from Radimer/Cornell, the Community Childhood Hunger Identification Project (CCHIP) and the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). The Radimer/Cornell and CCHIP questionnaire-based measures had good specificity (i.e., percentage of truly food secure correctly classified; 63-71%) and excellent sensitivity (i.e., percentage of truly food insecure correctly classified; 84-89%) when compared with the criterion measure. Estimates of the prevalence of household food insecurity from the criterion, Radimer/Cornell and CCHIP measures were almost identical. The overall agreement of the Radimer/Cornell and CCHIP measures was very good. These measures can be validly used to screen for hunger and food insecurity among rural households similar to those studied and to target subpopulations for food programs. The NHANES III item alone had excellent specificity but poor sensitivity, and underestimated prevalence.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Validation of measures of food insecurity and hunger.

The most recent survey effort to determine the extent of food insecurity and hunger in the United States, the Food Security Supplement, included a series of questions to assess this complex phenomenon. The primary measure developed from this Food Security Supplement was based on measurement concepts, methods and items from two previously developed measures. This paper presents the evidence available that questionnaire-based measures, in particular the national food security measure, provide valid measurement of food insecurity and hunger for population and individual uses. The paper discusses basic ideas about measurement and criteria for establishing validity of measures and then uses these criteria to structure an examination of the research results available to establish the validity of food security measures. The results show that the construction of the national food security measure is well grounded in our understanding of food insecurity and hunger, its performance is consistent with that understanding, it is precise within usual performance standards, dependable, accurate at both group and individual levels within reasonable performance standards, and its accuracy is attributable to the well-grounded understanding. These results provide strong evidence that the Food Security Supplement provides valid measurement of food insecurity and hunger for population and individual uses. Further validation research is required for subgroups of the population, not yet studied for validation purposes, to establish validity for monitoring population changes in prevalence and to develop and validate robust and contextually sensitive measures in a variety of countries that reflect how people experience and think about food insecurity and hunger.

Female↗
PubMed2001

Household food insecurity with hunger is associated with women's food intakes, health and household circumstances.

This study investigated food intake patterns and contextual factors related to household food insecurity with hunger among a sample of 153 women in families seeking charitable food assistance in Toronto. Women in households characterized by food insecurity with severe or moderate hunger over the past 30 d (as assessed by the Food Security Module) reported lower intakes of vegetables and fruit, and meat and alternatives than those in households with no hunger evident. Women were more likely to report household food insecurity with hunger over the past 12 mo and 30 d if they also reported longstanding health problems or activity limitations, or if they were socially isolated. The circumstances that women identified as precipitating acute food shortages in their households included chronically inadequate incomes; the need to meet additional, unusual expenditures; and the need to pay for other services or accumulated debts. Women who reported delaying payments of bills, giving up services, selling or pawning possessions, or sending children elsewhere for a meal when threatened with acute food shortages were more likely to report household food insecurity with hunger. These findings suggest that expenditures on other goods and services were sometimes foregone to free up money for food, but the reverse was also true. Household food insecurity appears inextricably linked to financial insecurity.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Experiences of Latino immigrant families in North Carolina help explain elevated levels of food insecurity and hunger.

Household food insecurity is higher among minority households in the U.S., but few data exist on households of recent minority immigrants, in part because such households are difficult to sample. Four studies of a total of 317 Latino immigrant families were conducted in different regions and during different seasons in North Carolina. A Spanish translation of the 18-item U.S. Food Security Survey Module was used to assess the prevalence of food insecurity and hunger. In 3 of the studies, a total of 76 in-depth interviews were conducted to gather information on immigrants' experiences of food insecurity. Households in the 4 studies classified as food secure ranged from 28.7 to 50.9%, compared with 82.4% in the U.S. in 2004. Food insecurity without hunger ranged from 35.6% to 41.8%, compared with 13.3% in the U.S. The highest rates of hunger reported were 18.8% (moderate hunger) and 16.8% (severe hunger) in an urban sample. Qualitative data indicate that food insecurity has both quantitative and qualitative effects on diet. Immigrants experience adverse psychological effects of food insecurity. They report experiencing a period of adjustment to food insecurity leading to empowerment to resolve the situation. Reactions to food insecurity differ from those reported by others, possibly because immigrants encounter a new and not chronic situation. Overall, these findings suggest that immigrant Latinos experience significant levels of food insecurity that are not addressed by current governmental programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Effects of dietary fiber intake before meals on weight loss and hunger in a weight-reducing club.

The effects of dietary fiber on subjective hunger ratings and weight losses were studied in 135 members of a weight loss club. After a run-in week, 100 members were randomly given one sachet of either bran or ispaghula granulate before meals for two weeks. Thirty-five controls only rated hunger. One hundred and eight members completed the trial: 23 controls, 45 on ispaghula and 40 on bran. No change in hunger ratings was found in the controls. Both fiber preparations lowered hunger ratings during weeks 2 and 3 compared to the run-in week. Ratings were similarly reduced at all meals. The mean (+/- SD) weight reductions during the trial were 4.6 +/- 2.7 kg for the controls, 4.2 +/- 3.2 kg for the ispaghula group and 4.6 +/- 2.3 kg for the bran group (p greater than 0.05 for all). In spite of recent changes in the diet towards food rich in dietary fibers, addition of extra dietary fiber immediately before meals reduced hunger feelings but had no effect on weight reduction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The prevalence and effects of hunger in an emergency department patient population.

OBJECTIVES: Little is known about the prevalence and health effects of hunger among ED patients. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of hunger among patients in a large urban ED and to examine whether it has adverse health effects. METHODS: A survey about hunger, choices between buying food and buying medicine, and adverse health outcomes related to food adequacy over the preceding 12 months was administered to a convenience sample of adult non-critically ill ED patients from afternoon and evening shifts. The study was conducted in the ED of Hennepin County Medical Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota. RESULTS: Of the 302 eligible patients who were asked to participate, 297 (98%) agreed. Eighteen percent reported not having enough to eat at least once in the preceding 12 months: 14% reported that they had "gotten sick" as a result of not being able to afford their medicine, resulting in an ED visit or hospital admission 50% of the time. Predictors of making choices about buying food vs medicine include having a chronic health condition, lack of private health insurance, having a reduction in food stamps, having an annual income less than $10,000, and lack of alcohol use. By patient report, a reduction in food stamps was a predictor of ED visits and hospitalizations as a result of making choices about buying food over medicine. CONCLUSION: The ED patients in this urban setting have high rates of hunger and many must make choices between buying food and medicine, which patients report results in otherwise preventable ED visits and hospitalization. Loss or reduction of food stamps is associated with increased hunger and increased perceived adverse health outcomes as a result of not being able to afford medicine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Effects of cisapride on gastric emptying of oil and aqueous meal components, hunger, and fullness.

To evaluate the effects of cisapride on gastric emptying of extracellular fat and hunger and fullness 10 volunteers consumed a meal consisting of 60 ml technectium-99m (99mTc)-V-thiocyanate labelled olive oil and 290 ml indium-113m (113mIn) labelled soup after taking cisapride (10 mg four times daily orally) and placebo, each for four days, in randomised, double blind fashion. Gastric emptying was quantified scintigraphically. Hunger and fullness before and after the meal were evaluated using visual analogue scales. Cisapride accelerated gastric emptying of oil and aqueous components by reducing the lag phase mean (SEM) (20.3 (7.0) min v 40.7 (4.1) min (p < 0.05) for oil and 4.1 (2.5) min v 10.0 (3.1) min (p < 0.05) for aqueous). Cisapride had no effect on the post-lag emptying rate of oil. Treatment with cisapride was associated with reduced retention of oil in the proximal stomach (p < 0.05). Subjects were more hungry before ingestion of the meal while receiving cisapride (6.7 (0.9) v 3.9 (0.7), p < 0.001). The scores for hunger at 120 and 180 minutes were inversely related to gastric emptying of oil on both cisapride (r > -0.62, p < 0.05) and placebo (r > -0.86, p < 0.001). Fullness increased after the meal while receiving placebo (p < 0.01), but not cisapride and postprandial fullness was less with cisapride at (30 min; 0.4 (0.3) v 3.3 (1.0), p < 0.05). With placebo, but not cisapride, the score for fullness at 15 minutes was inversely related to emptying of the aqueous phase (r = 0.68, p < 0.05). These results show that in normal volunteers after ingestion of an oil/aqueous meal: (a) postprandial hunger is inversely related to gastric emptying of oil, while fullness is inversely related to gastric emptying of the aqueous phase, (b) cisapride affects the intragastric distribution and accelerates gastric emptying of both oil and aqueous meal components, and (c) cisapride increases preprandial hunger and reduces postprandial fullness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The implications of starvation induced psychological changes for the ethical treatment of hunger strikers.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate existing ethical guidelines for the treatment of hunger strikers in light of findings on psychological changes that accompany the cessation of food intake. DESIGN: Electronic databases were searched for (a) editorials and ethical proclamations on hunger strikers and their treatment; (b) studies of voluntary and involuntary starvation, and (c) legal cases pertaining to hunger striking. Additional studies were gathered in a snowball fashion from the published material cited in these databases. Material was included if it (a) provided ethical or legal guidelines; (b) shed light on psychological changes accompanying starvation, or (c) illustrated the practice of hunger striking. Authors' observations, opinions, and conclusions were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Although the heterogeneous nature of the sources precluded statistical analysis, starvation appears to be accompanied by marked psychological changes. Some changes clearly impair competence, in which case physicians are advised to follow advance directives obtained early in the hunger strike. More problematic are increases in impulsivity and aggressivity, changes which, while not impairing competence, enhance the likelihood that patients will starve themselves to death.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Interactions between postprandial thermogenesis, sensory stimulation of feeding, and hunger.

An early thermogenic response has been described following the ingestion of palatable food. This study was designed to investigate the possible relationship between this so-called cephalic response, the sensory stimulation of feeding, and the declining feeling of hunger as the meal progresses. O2 consumption, carbohydrate and lipid oxidation, as well as ratings of hunger were measured in four experimental situations in which the subjects, after overnight fast, ate either two small caramel cakes at one time or the same amount of calories divided in eight portions that were eaten at 10-min intervals. The third experiment, the sham-feeding experiment, was similar to the last one except that the food was spit out instead of being swallowed after being chewed. A control experiment was added in which no food was given but during which the subject mimicked the act of chewing as was done in the preceding experiment. A small increase in O2 consumed was observed in the control experiment. After the one-meal experiment, the increase was larger for the first 90 min and declined thereafter. During the first 40 min of the sham-feeding experiment, O2 consumption increased more than when the eight meals were eaten, indicating that during this period the sensory stimulation per se is responsible for the cephalic thermic response to food. At 90 min, the ratings of hunger were diminished not only in the eight meals experiment but in the eight sham meals experiment as well, showing the role of sensory stimulation in the control of hunger. These results indicate a possible causal relationship between the cephalic thermogenesis, the control of hunger, and the prandial sensory stimulations.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A twin study of dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger: an examination of the eating inventory (three factor eating questionnaire).

The Eating Inventory (EI) is commonly used to measure a range of eating behaviors. It includes three subscales: Cognitive Restraint, Hunger, and Disinhibition. In this study, we decomposed the variance of the three subscales, and evaluated the genetic, common environment and specific environmental effects on each in a sample of female-female twin pairs. Multivariate models were also used to examine whether the EI represented three individual factors, or whether there was extensive covariance among subscales. Heritabilities were estimated at 45% (CI of 32-57%) for Disinhibition, 8% (CI of 0-38%) for Hunger, and 0% (CI of 0-30%) for Restraint. Common environmental influences were estimated at 0% (CI of 0-23%) for Disinhibition, 16% (CI of 0-34%) for Hunger, and 31% (4-42%) for Restraint. Specific environmental influences accounted for the rest of the variance of the subscales. However, multivariate modeling indicated that Disinhibition and Hunger covaried significantly, indicating that these two subscales are influenced by the same set of genetic factors. Furthermore, Restraint appeared to be empirically distinct from Hunger or Disinhibition.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Hunger in legal immigrants in California, Texas, and Illinois.

OBJECTIVES: This study determined the prevalence of food insecurity and hunger in low-income legal immigrants. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of Latino and Asian legal immigrants attending urban clinics and community centers in California, Texas, and Illinois with a food security questionnaire. RESULTS: Among 630 respondents, 40% of the households were food insecure without hunger and 41% were food insecure with hunger. Independent predictors of hunger were income below federal poverty level (odds ratio [OR] = 2.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.72, 4.30), receipt of food stamps (OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.57, 4.09), Latino ethnicity (OR = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.49, 3.82), and poor English (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.10, 2.82). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of hunger among low-income legal immigrants is unacceptably high. Access to food assistance programs is important for the health and well-being of this population.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Assistance in hunger strikes: legal guidelines].

Hunger strikes raise ethical and legal issues, in addition to societal and medical ones. The World Medical Association adopted resolutions in 1975 (Declaration of Tokyo) and 1991 (Declaration of Malta) in which respect for the decision to refuse food was confirmed. A survey of the relevant international and national standards shows that in the Netherlands law and policy are more supportive of respect for food refusal (and against forced feeding) than would seem to be the case at the international level. However, respect for the decision of the hunger striker requires that it is well-considered, informed, and free from group coercion. The existence of an unambiguous legal framework will not save the advising physician from difficult dilemmas which will in particular occur in case of a protracted hunger strike. In anticipation of expected loss of judgement capacities in protracted hunger strikers it is advisable that the wishes of the striker and the professional policy that the physician will adopt are written down. In case of hunger strike legal standards cannot fully replace psychological insight, professional ethics and conscience, however.

Civil Rights↗
PubMed1995

Gastric distension, hunger and energy intake after balloon implantation in severe obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the interrelationships between satiety feelings, abdominal perception, energy intake and weight loss, related to the presence of an intragastric balloon. DESIGN: Randomized double blind study. SUBJECTS: 20 severely obese subjects, BMI > 40 kg/m2, randomly assigned either to receive an air filled balloon (n = 11) or to have a sham procedure (n = 9). All subjects had dietary counselling to help them follow a relatively low energy diet (60% of individual spontaneous intake). MEASUREMENTS: During biweekly visits, body weight was recorded, visual analogic scales for stomach distension, hunger and feeling of balloon presence were completed. Blood chemistry profiles were monitored once every 4 weeks. RESULTS: In the balloon group, the sensations related to the presence of the balloon and to abdominal distension dramatically increased after insertion, and plateaued during the next 4 weeks. Both feelings of presence and distension decreased thereafter, and after 10 weeks they were not significantly different from those of the sham balloon group. Hunger dramatically decreased to about 30% of initial rating in the first week, but slowly returned to the initial value by the 12th week. Hunger feelings were highly and negatively correlated with feelings of distension. During the same period, the sham balloon group continued to maintain the low energy intake, and did not register any feelings of distension or presence; hunger level did not differ from initial levels throughout the whole study. The energy intake and the rate of weight loss (8-9 kg) was similar in the two groups during the study, and were not correlated with the feelings of distension. CONCLUSION: This study showed that in severely obese subjects submitted to a restrictive diet, an intragastric balloon has a measurable but transient effect on the sensation of epigastric distension and is able to decrease feelings of hunger. Unfortunately, these effects were not associated with a lower energy intake or a higher rate of weight loss than the sham situation. Thus, the present study does not support the interest of such a balloon (500 ml, air filled) in the treatment of severe obesity.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Hunger effects on foraging responses to perceptual cues in immature and adult wolf spiders (Lycosidae).

The wolf spider, Schizocosa ocreata (Hentz), varies foraging patch residence time in the presence of different sensory cues from prey, even without food rewards. This study examines the influence and interaction of hunger state, age and sex on the use of different types of sensory information to determine foraging patch sampling duration. In a series of two-chambered artificial foraging patches, I tested 26 S. ocreata once as immatures, and again as adults, under two hunger states (satiated and 7 days without food). Patches varied in the type of sensory information provided by live prey (crickets) as follows: visual cues alone; vibratory cues alone; combined visual/vibratory cues; and control (no prey). Without feeding in patches, the type of sensory stimuli available from prey strongly affected patch residence time, with spiders using primarily visual rather than vibratory cues. Hunger level as a main effect had no influence on residence time, but hunger state did mediate the importance of visual or vibratory information. Significant age- and sex-related differences in patch residence time in the presence of different sensory cues were found.These data suggest that ontogenetic and sex-specific foraging strategies are influenced by use of prefeeding perceptual cues rather than hunger state in wolf spiders. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Food allocation in crimson rosella broods: parents differ in their responses to chick hunger.

Food allocation in many asynchronously hatching bird species favours large, competitively superior chicks. In contrast, food is usually distributed equally within broods of crimson rosellas, Platycercus elegans, implying that parents do not simply feed the most competitive chick. We used two temporary removal experiments to manipulate hunger of: (1) individual first- or last-hatched chicks, or (2) the whole brood. When only a single chick was hungry, parents compensated fully and chicks gained the same mass over the day as during controls. Mothers and fathers, however, responded in different ways to chick hunger. Mothers did not strongly alter their food allocation when a single chick was hungry, and controlled the distribution of food by refusing to feed first-hatched chicks when they were hungry and by moving more during feeds. In contrast, fathers allocated more food to hungry last-hatched chicks. When the whole brood was hungry, parents were unable to compensate chicks and all chicks lost mass over the day. In these conditions, mothers preferentially fed first-hatched chicks, while fathers fed all chicks equally. Our results show that both mothers and fathers were able to discriminate and selectively feed chicks, but that parents responded differently to changes in chick hunger within the brood. Fathers responded more strongly to variation in chick hunger within the brood, suggesting they reallocate food based on short-term changes in hunger. Mothers distributed food preferentially to last-hatched chicks except when the whole brood was hungry, when they switched to favouring first-hatched chicks. This pattern is consistent with a strategy of adaptive brood reduction when food is scarce. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Stimulus-response characteristics of CO2-induced air hunger in normal subjects.

Hypercapnia evokes an uncomfortable sensation, termed 'air hunger'. We examined the relationship between PETCO2 and ratings of air hunger intensity under three conditions in 16 subjects: 1) mechanical ventilation with hyperoxic gas mixtures at fixed frequency and tidal volume (twice resting ventilation), 2) the same mechanical ventilation, but with hypoxic gas mixture, 3) spontaneous breathing with hyperoxic gas mixture. In each case, PETCO2 was varied randomly among several levels, each held for 5 min. During hyperoxic mechanical ventilation, the mean threshold for air hunger sensation was 43 Torr, i.e., 4 Torr above resting PETCO2; intolerable air hunger was evoked by 50 Torr. The threshold and tolerable levels of PETCO2 varied among individuals, but were not well correlated with their ventilatory responses to CO2. Hypoxia (PETO2 60-75 Torr) shifted the PETCO2 at both threshold and tolerance down by only 2 Torr. Breathing greatly reduced the air hunger experienced at any given PETCO2 (threshold increased 5 Torr, and sensitivity decreased 50%).

Female↗