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PubMed2004

[200 years testing hearing disorders with speech, 50 years german speech audiometry -- a review].

FROM THE BEGINNIGS TO CLASSICAL SPEECH TESTS: The need for classification of different degrees of hearing disorders first arose when it seemed possible to treat deafness. Grapengiesser in Berlin 1801 had applied galvanic current to the ears of deaf children and reported some success. Pfingsten in Kiel in 1804 using this method was the first to use speech in diagnosing different degrees of deafness. He divided speech sounds into three classes: vowels, voiced consonants and voiceless consonants. Itard in Paris in 1821 gave a classification of five classes according to which sounds could be perceived, starting from normal speech to thunder and the bang of a gun. Schmalz in Dresden 1846 noted the range within which speech was understood thus introducing the concept of hearing distance. Helmholtz in 1863 had demonstrated that vowels are composed of pure tones. Wolf in Frankfurt 1871 tried to align all speech sounds from the lowest frequency (tongue-R = 16 Hz) to the highest (sh = 4096 Hz) and measured the hearing distance for each sound. Following these suggestions word lists based on the predominant frequencies were compiled in a number of languages including Japanese. SPEECH AUDIOMETRY: This chapter is devoted to Karl Heinz HahIbrock, Freiburg, who was the founder of the German speech audiometry. Hahlbrock followed the American authors of the Psycho-acoustic Laboratory at Harvard, in particular J. P. Egan (1948), using statistical methods for composing lists of words based on the relative frequency of speech sounds and phonetically balanced between the different groups. He finally presented a test comprising groups of two-digit numbers and monosyllabic words. Hahlbrock died in 2003 exactly fifty years after the presentation of his test. A short account of his life is given. THE FOLLOWING DEVELOPMENT: In the following years various other types of speech tests were elaborated using sentences, distorted speech, diotic and dichotic presentation partly aimed at fitting hearing aids, partly with the aim to diagnose central hearing disorders. Hahlbrock's test, however, remained the standard for evaluating speech reception and discrimination. DISCUSSION: One of the fundamental problems in testing speech discrimination is that there is no catalogue of phonemes common to all languages or regional accents. Untrained not native speakers often do no perceive certain sounds having a partial auditory agnosia. They cannot distinguish between e. g. 'hand' and 'and' or 'end' and 'ant', but the examiner must decide if the word presented was repeated correctly or not.

Audiometry, Speech↗
PubMed1979

Speech, language and hearing disorders in a adult penal institution.

It has been speculated that the prevalence of communicative disorders among prison inmates is considerably higher than that found in the general population, but research regarding inmate speech and hearing disorders is limited. This study investigated the nature and extent of communicative disorders in an inmate population of a medium-security penal institution in southeastern Virginia. The results of the screening indicated a slightly lower prevalence of stuttering, higher prevalences of articulation, voice, and hearing disorders, and more deficient receptive vocabulary skills than found in the general population. Some dialectal variations among black inmates are noted and the possible influence of linguistic-cultural interference on the results is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Advances in genetic manipulations in the treatment of hearing disorders.

Gene transfer into the inner ear is an attractive technology for clinical applications. It offers the hope of preventing, arresting, reversing or curing vestibular or hearing disorders caused by hereditary diseases or environmental insults. There are currently very few treatment options for vestibular disorders and sensorineural hearing loss, and therefore, it is important to investigate and develop new technologies for inner ear disease. In utero gene transfer may indeed be an option, but this technology will have many technical and ethical issues that remain to be overcome.

Gene Transfer Techniques↗
PubMed1989

[Oxygen therapy in sudden perceptual hearing disorders].

The authors treated patients with sudden perception hearing disorders during the first five days in hospital by oxygenation using a respiration circle type D according to Mepleson's classification. Then oxygenation treatment was combined with medicamentous treatment (Rheodextran, Vinpocetinum and vitamins). After five days, when only an oxygenation mixture of 5% CO2 + 95% O2 was administered, the authors observed improvement or normalization of hearing in 19 of 25 patients. After termination of comprehensive treatment further improvement took place in 14 patients. The same audiometric results were recorded after a one year follow-up in all patients but one. Despite the great capacity of spontaneous recovery, which was described in sudden perception disorder, the authors assume, based on their results, that their method of oxygenation is effective either when applied alone or as part of comprehensive treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Congenital and hereditary hearing disorders in population of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic].

The role of the hereditary factor in prevalence, incidence and structure of congenital and hereditary hearing disorders was studied in population of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic. Audiological (tuning fork test and audiometry) and clinico-genealogical examinations, karyotyping were made in 86 probands of 240 patients with hypoacusis and deafness. Among congenital and hereditary hearing disorders, prevalent were deafness and deaf-mutism. There was also a high percentage of blood relative marriages and primarily an autosomal-recessive type of inheritance. Regarding correction of inbreeding coefficient, it is recommended for families with the genetic risk to seek medico-genetic consulting.

Adolescent↗