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PubMedDate not supplied

Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of the foot in horses with palmar foot pain and control horses.

Palmar foot pain is a common cause of lameness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to detect damage in all tissues of the equine foot, but an understanding of the differences in magnetic resonance (MR) images between feet from horses with and without palmar foot pain is required. This study aimed to describe MR findings in feet from horses with no history of foot-related lameness, and to compare these with MR findings in horses with lameness improved by palmar digital local analgesia. Thirty-four limbs from horses euthanized with a clinical diagnosis of navicular syndrome (ameness >2 months duration, positive response to palmar digital nerve blocks and absence of other forelimb problems) (Group L), and 25 feet from age-matched horses with no history of foot pain (Group N) were examined. For each anatomic structure, MR signal intensity and homogeneity, size, definition of margins, and relationships with other structures were described. Alterations in MR signal intensity and homogeneity were graded as mild, moderate, or severe and compared between Groups L and N. Results revealed that there were significant differences in MR images between Groups N and L. Multiple moderate-severe MR signal changes were present in 91% of limbs from Group L and moderate (none were graded severe) in 27% of limbs from Group N. In most Group L limbs, more than three structures and frequently six to eight structures were abnormal. Concomitant abnormalities involved most frequently the deep digital flexor tendon, distal sesamoidean impar ligament, navicular bone, collateral sesamoidean ligament, and navicular bursa (with significant associations in severity grade between these structures), sometimes with involvement of the distal interphalangeal joint and/or its collateral ligaments. It was concluded that findings on MR images were different between horses with and without foot pain, and that pain localized to the foot was associated with MR changes in a variety of structures, indicating that damage to several structures may occur concurrently and that MR imaging was useful for evaluation of foot pain.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Post anaesthetic myopathy/neuropathy in horses undergoing magnetic resonance imaging compared to horses undergoing surgery.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Patient positioning and long anaesthetic duration required for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may result in a higher frequency of post anaesthetic myopathy/neuropathy syndrome (PAMNS) as compared to horses undergoing anaesthesia for surgery. HYPOTHESIS: Equine anaesthesia for MRI is associated with a higher frequency of PAMNS than anaesthesia for nonemergency, nonabdominal surgery. METHODS: Anaesthetic and medical records of horses (n = 633) undergoing MRI or surgery between January 2001 and January 2005 (inclusive), were reviewed. Information obtained included patient details (breed, sex, age, bodyweight), area of body scanned or involved in surgery, body position, anaesthetic and inotropic agents administered, anaesthetic duration, adverse events during anaesthesia and outcome at 7 days. Data were examined by cross tabulation and Chi-square or Fisher's exact test of association. The influence of individual variables was examined by univariant and multivariant analysis models. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in parameters examined, except that horses in the MRI group were heavier (P<0.0001) and anaesthetic duration longer in the surgery group (P<0.004). Eight horses (2.3%, 95% Confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-4.2) in the MRI group had clinical signs of PAMNS in the post anaesthetic period, whereas only 2 horses (0.98%, 95% CI: 0.2-2.8) in the surgery group were affected. This was not statistically significantly different (odds ratio = 2.7, 95% CI: 0.8-13, P = 0.3). Two horses undergoing MRI were subjected to euthanasia due to the severity of PAMNS. CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in the occurrence of PAMNS between the 2 groups. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The risk of performing general anaesthesia for diagnostic procedures such as MRI may not be greater than that for a surgical procedure. However, the benefits should be carefully weighed against the risks involved.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2006

[Detection of leptospira in the vitreous body of horses without ocular diseases and of horses with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) using transmission-electron microscopy].

Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is caused by persistent intraocular leptospira, which appear to use the vitreous body as a refuge. The detection of leptospira in the vitreous body of horses with spontaneous ERU by histological methods has not yet been described. Thirty eight vitreous body samples from 36 horses with ERU (collected during vitrectomy), and 10 vitreous body samples obtained from 5 horses without ocular disease (control group) were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Prior to sample collection, 2 ml of a leptospira culture suspension were injected into the vitreous body of 2 eyes enucleated from horses of the control group. The detection of leptospira in samples, experimentally inoculated with these bacteria was uncomplicated; in vitreous body samples from horses with spontaneous ERU the detection was successful in only a few cases (3/38). The morphologically varying envelope of leptospira in vitreous body samples of horses which developed ERU spontaneously suggests the existence of a bacterial masquerade in vivo.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

In vitro reactivity of digital arteries and veins to vasoconstrictive mediators in healthy horses and in horses with early laminitis.

The in vitro reactivity of vasoconstrictive mediators that are implicated in acute laminitis was determined in palmar and plantar digital arteries and veins obtained from healthy horses and in palmar digital vessels of horses with early laminitis (Obel grade I). To obtain baseline reactivity data, 3 experiments were conducted, using healthy horses: (1) the reactivity of palmar and plantar digital arteries and veins to angiotensin II, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) were compared; (2) the direct effects of bacterial endotoxin on vascular reactivity were assessed; and (3) the reactivity of palmar digital arteries and veins to angiotensin II, norepinephrine, prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), serotonin, and a thromboxane-endoperoxide analog (U46619) were determined. The vascular reactivity of these same 5 vasoconstrictors then was determined in horses with early laminitis and was compared with data from healthy (control) horses. Obel grade-I laminitis was experimentally induced in horses, using carbohydrate overload. Dose responses were conducted for each agent at concentrations between 10(-8)M and 10(-4)M. The potency of a drug was defined as the mean effective concentration necessary to induce 50% of maximal contraction (EC50). There were no differences in EC50 concentrations and in maximal contractions between forelimb and hind limb arteries and veins for angiotensin II, norepinephrine, and serotonin. Incubation with endotoxin had no effect on the reactivity of arteries and veins to angiotensin II, norepinephrine, and serotonin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Angiotensin II↗

PubMed1986

Equine intravenous glucose tolerance test: glucose and insulin responses of healthy horses fed grain or hay and of horses with pituitary adenoma.

Intravenous glucose tolerance testing (0.5 g/kg of body weight) was done on 2 groups of healthy horses maintained with hay (group 1, n = 5) and with hay plus grain supplementation (group 2, n = 5) and on a group of horses with clinically diagnosed pituitary adenoma (group 3, n = 10). Healthy horses showed an immediate increase of plasma glucose concentration after the IV glucose injection, with return of values to base line in 1 hour. Group 3 horses showed resting hyperglycemia and a delayed return of glucose values to base line (3 hours). Group 3 horses showed resting hyperinsulinemia and a feeble (nonsignificant) response to the glycemic stimulus, with gradual decrease of insulin values to base line. In addition to the apparently reduced tissue sensitivity to insulin in group 3 horses, as evidenced by hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and protracted glucose and insulin curves, the initial decrease in the insulin/glucose ratio indicates that there was secretory deficiency in response to acute IV glucose loading.

Adenoma↗

PubMed1995

Mitochondrial DNA sequences of various species of the genus Equus with special reference to the phylogenetic relationship between Przewalskii's wild horse and domestic horse.

The noncoding region between tRNAPro and the large conserved sequence block is the most variable region in the mammalian mitochondrial DNA D-loop region. This variable region (ca. 270 bp) of four species of Equus, including Mongolian and Japanese native domestic horses as well as Przewalskii's (or Mongolian) wild horse, were sequenced. These data were compared with our recently published Thoroughbred horse mitochondrial DNA sequences. The evolutionary rate of this region among the four species of Equus was estimated to be 2-4 x 10(-8) per site per year. Phylogenetic trees of Equus species demonstrate that Przewalskii's wild horse is within the genetic variation among the domestic horse. This suggests that the chromosome number change (probably increase) of the Przewalskii's wild horse occurred rather recently.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Functional and computer modelling studies of haemoglobin from horse. The haemoglobin system of the Sardinian wild dwarf horse.

A study was made of the haemoglobin (Hb) system from the Sardinian dwarf horse (Equus caballus jara), one of the last surviving wild horse species in Europe. The oxygen binding properties of the whole haemolysate and of the four different horse Hbs, separated by ion-exchange chromatography, were studied with special regard to the effect of chloride, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and lactate. Results indicate that no significant functional differences exist between the four Hb components of horse haemolysate. Moreover, the molecular basis of the intrinsically low oxygen affinity and of the weak interaction of horse Hb with 2,3-diphosphoglycerate is discussed in the light of the primary structure of the molecule and of the results of a computer modelling approach. On these bases, it is suggested that the A1 (Thr-->Ser) and A2 (Pro-->Gly) substitutions observed in the beta chains from horse Hb may be responsible for the displacement of the A helix that is known to be a key structural feature of those Hbs that display an altered interaction with 2,3-diphosphoglycerate as compared with human Hb.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Intrageneric amplification of horse microsatellite markers with emphasis on the Przewalski's horse (E. przewalskii).

Primer sequences flanking 13 microsatellite loci isolated from the domestic horse (E. caballus) were successfully used to amplify homologous loci in the Przewalski's horse (E. przewalskii). The results demonstrate that the level of polymorphism at all 13 loci in the Przewalski's horse was comparable to that in the domestic horse and the overall exclusion probability in the Przewalski's horse was calculated to be 0.9994. The results suggest that it should be possible to use E. caballus-derived microsatellite markers to provide parentage verification and additional valuable information to the captive management of E. przewalskii. The ability to amplify corresponding loci in the remaining five species of the genus was also confirmed, illustrating the general application of markers isolated from the domestic horse to the evaluation of polymorphism in the other six species of the genus.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Values of urine specific gravity for thoroughbred horses treated with furosemide prior to racing compared with untreated horses.

The distribution of specific gravity values for 2,599 urine samples collected from racing Thoroughbred horses that were known to have received furosemide prior to racing was compared with that for 1,669 urine samples from racing Thoroughbred horses that reportedly had not received furosemide. Values of specific gravity for furosemide-treated horses were significantly lower (P < 0.001) than those for horses that had not received furosemide, and the proportion of horses with urine specific gravity either <1.010 or <1.012 was significantly greater (P < 0.001) among the furosemide-treated horses. These data indicate that evaluation of urine specific gravity would be a useful component of drug testing programs for regulation of furosemide use.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Occurrence of Salmonella spp. and shigatoxin-producing escherichia coli (STEC) in horse faeces and horse meat products].

In order to assess the relevance of horses as a possible reservoir of Salmonella and Shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), 400 samples of horse faeces and 100 samples of horse meat products were examined by PCR-screening methods. Salmonella enterica was not found in any of the samples. One faeces-sample and one horse meat product were proved to be STEC positive. The STEC-strain from faecal origin belonged to the serotype 0113:H21 and had the stx 2c gene and the enterohemolysin gene. The STEC-strain isolated from a horse meat product had the serotype O87:H16 and the stx 2d gene. The results indicate a very low risk for human to get a Salmonella- or EHEC- infection from horses in Germany.

Animals↗

PubMed1974

The kinetics of hematopoiesis in the light horse. I. The lifespan of peripheral blood cells in the normal horse.

Three Standardbred horses were given 0.2 mg (1 mCi) of (75)selenomethionine intravenously and a second group of three were given 10 mCi of tritiated diisopropylfluorophosphate (0.5 mg) intravenously. Observations on labeled cells were continued for 250 days after radioselenium injection and 160 days after tritium injection. The lifespan of erythrocytes using (75)selenmethionine was 155 +/- 10 days and 148 +/- 7.8 days using tritiated diisopropylfluorophosphate. There was no significant difference at the 10% level between the lifespans, using these labels. The uptake of radioselenium into erythrocytes reached a mean maximum of 11.5% at 82 +/- 18.9 days after injection of the label. There was an elution of from 17.6% of the injected dose of tritium label down to 7.5% eight days after injection of this isotope. From this study both of these labels appear to be satisfactory for determining the erythrocyte lifespan of the horse. The mean time of the curve of mean radioselenium activity of peripheral blood leukocytes for the three horses was 5.54 days and the lifespan of these cells was seven days. The mean lifespan of peripheral blood leukocytes of the three horses after in vivo labelling with tritiated diisopropylfluorophosphate was 17.3 hours. No specific labelling was found in bone marrow or peripheral blood cells at this level of tritium labelling by dipping emulsion autoradiography. The mean lifespan of equine platelets for three horses using radioselenomethionine was 9.2 days and the mean lifespan of equine platelets using tritiated diisopropylfluorophosphate was 6.6 days in a group of three horses.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A modified parainguinal approach for cryptorchidectomy in horses. An evaluation in 107 horses.

A modified parainguinal approach was used to castrate 119 abdominal cryptorchid horses. The operative time ranged from 10 to 30 minutes. Follow-up information was obtained for 107 horses. Swelling, more severe than that expected in routine castrations, was reported in six horses. An incisional abscess had to be drained in one horse and one horse died of unexplained causes 3 days after the surgery.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horses: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. VII. Ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy in horses with EIPH.

Detailed post mortem examination of the lungs of horses with exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) has demonstrated significant small airway disease and intense bronchial arterial proliferation in the dorsocaudal lungfields. The purpose of this study was to investigate ventilation and perfusion distribution in the lungs of a similar group of horses to compare changes in the live animal with the previously reported post mortem findings. Thoracic radiography and ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scintigraphy were performed on five racing Thoroughbreds with recent histories of EIPH. Parametric images of V/Q ratios for left and right lungfields were also generated from the scan images. In all horses, ventilation and perfusion deficits were demonstrated in the dorsocaudal areas of the lung corresponding closely to the observed radiographic lesions. In particular, the perfusion images and V/Q ratio displays indicated that, in affected areas of lung, pulmonary arterial perfusion was the more seriously impaired. This finding appears to confirm the post mortem evidence of reduced pulmonary arterial perfusion and bronchial arterial dominance in these areas. Ventilation deficits in the same areas also confirmed the likelihood of partial airway obstruction consistent with the small airway disease noted in previous post mortem observations. These results suggest that the vascular and airway lesions demonstrated in detailed post mortems of horses with EIPH are also functionally important in affected horses, even at rest. As a consequence of the apparent persistent, insidious and progressive nature of the lesions associated with EIPH there are serious long term implications for management of the condition.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Disposition of orally administered cefpodoxime proxetil in foals and adult horses and minimum inhibitory concentration of the drug against common bacterial pathogens of horses.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the disposition of orally administered cefpodoxime proxetil in foals and adult horses and measure the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the drug against common bacterial pathogens of horses. ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult horses and 6 healthy foals at 7 to 14 days of age and again at 3 to 4 months of age. PROCEDURE: A single dose of cefpodoxime proxetil oral suspension was administered (10 mg/kg) to each horse by use of a nasogastric tube. In 7- to 14-day-old foals, 5 additional doses were administered intragastrically at 12-hour intervals. The MIC of cefpodoxime for each of 173 bacterial isolates was determined by use of a commercially available test. RESULTS: In 7- to 14-day-old foals, mean +/- SD time to peak serum concentration (Tmax) was 1.7 +/- 0.7 hours, maximum serum concentration (Cmax) was 0.81 +/- 0.22 microg/mL, and elimination half-life (harmonic mean) was 7.2 hours. Disposition of cefpodoxime in 3- to 4-month-old foals was not significantly different from that of neonates. Adult horses had significantly higher Cmax and significantly lower Tmax, compared with values for foals. The MIC of cefpodoxime required to inhibit growth of 90% of isolates for Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella spp, Klebsiella spp, and beta-hemolytic streptococci was 0.38, 1.00, 0.16, 0.19, and 0.09 microg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Oral administration at a dosage of 10 mg/kg every 6 to 12 hours would appear appropriate for the treatment of equine neonates with bacterial infections.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2006

[Depiction of the structure of the vitreous body in horses without ocular diseases and in horses with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) using transmission electron microscopy].

Neither the ultrastructure of the vitreous body from horses without ocular diseases, nor the pathomorphological changes in the vitreous body associated with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) have been described. However, the vitreous body plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ERU. Ten vitreous body samples obtained from 5 horses without ocular disease, and 38 vitreous body samples from horses with ERU (collected during vitrectomy) were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The vitreous body samples of horses without ocular diseases were characterized by a loose network of unbranched fibrils 10-12 nm in width. In the vitreous body samples of horses with ERU numerous dense bundles of fibrils, mononuclear inflammatory cells and necrotic cells represent the destruction of the vitreous fibrillar network. In this study, equine vitreous body ultrastructure was described for the first time. Thus, demonstrating ultramorphologically, the clinically apparent changes of the vitreous body associated with ERU.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Epidemiologic study of salmonellae shedding in the feces of horses and potential risk factors for development of the infection in hospitalized horses.

A study was designed to identify epidemiologic factors associated with the development and spread of salmonellae in horses in a veterinary teaching hospital, through a case-control study and a longitudinal follow-up prospective study. In the case-control study, 44 horses shedding salmonellae in feces were compared with 99 control horses not shedding salmonellae in feces; regarding breed, sex, age and initial diagnosis, none of the odds ratios for study factors was significant. The factors found to be associated with fecal shedding of salmonellae in the prospective study included diarrhea at the time of admission to the hospital, fever while hospitalized, and a change in diet while hospitalized. Horses identified to be shedding salmonellae in feces were not limited to those with clinical signs of salmonellosis; however, spread of salmonellae from a shedder without clinical signs of disease to other hospitalized horses was not identified. The most common serovars of Salmonella isolated were oranienburg and newport.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Fasciola in horses in the Republic of South Africa: a single natural case of Fasciola hepatica and the failure to infest ten horses either with F. hepatica or Fasciola gigantica.

The faeces of 11 horses were examined for Fasciola spp. eggs. One of them was positive for Fasciola hepatica, a finding which was confirmed post-mortem. The 10 negative horses were subsequently infested with either F. hepatica or Fasciola gigantica, each animal receiving orally from 500-9,500 metacercariae. No clinical signs were observed and no fluke eggs were detected in the faeces, and neither immature nor adult Fasciola worms were recovered from the horses slaughtered 16-26 weeks post-infestation with F. hepatica and 28-34 weeks post-infestation with F. gigantica, respectively. The results indicate that horses have a high level of resistance to both South African Fasciola spp. Factors which can probably explain the conflicting reports for the prevalences of fascioliasis in horses throughout the world and the varying results obtained in experimental infestations are briefly considered.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

[Long-term therapy using horse anti-dog lymphocyte globulin without sensitization against horse protein].

Eight mongrel dogs received a standard daily i.v. infusion of 20 mg/kg b.w. deaggregated horse-anti-dog-lymphocyte-globulin (ALG) and additional prednisolone (1 mg/kg b.w. daily i.v.) over a maximum period of 82 days following pretreatment with deaggregated normal horse IgG. No sensitization against horse protein was observed during therapy of afterwards as proved by lack of humoral antibodies against horse antigens, maintained lymphopenia, good compatibility, longterm prolongation of xenogeneic skin graft survival (85.6+/-20.6 days, n=8' untreated controls 12.5+/-1.3 days, n=4) and longterm suppression of cytotoxic antibodies against donor lymphocytes. The level of preformed agglutinating antibodies against horse erythrocytes was significantly reduced, while preformed antibodies against other species remained normal. The immune response to a challenge injection of anti-lymphocyte-serum (ALS) 6-11 weeks after termination of treatment was significantly lower in the ALG treated animals as compared to the control group. These results suggest the involvement of a specific mechanism of unresponsiveness against ALG other than immunosuppression only. It is concluded, that by the described method sensitization against ALG can be prevented during longterm treatment.

Animals↗