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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Accuracy of bar codes versus handwriting for recording trauma resuscitation events.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To compare the accuracy of computerized bar code data entry with conventional handwritten data entry during videotaped trauma resuscitations. SETTING: Laboratory; video simulation. TYPE OF PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-four emergency nurses. DESIGN: The nurses viewed videotapes of four different major trauma resuscitations during a single session. Each nurse recorded resuscitation events by handwritten entry in two cases and by bar code entry in another two. A computerized bar code system was designed specifically for contemporaneous charting of rapidly occurring events during trauma resuscitations. The handwritten and bar-coded records then were compared with a master list of events, and the number of entry errors were counted. Errors were defined as "omissions" (failing to record an event), "commissions" (recording an event that did not occur), or "inaccuracies" (errors in recording details of an event). ANALYSIS: Differences in the number of entry errors between the two recording methods were compared using unpaired t-tests. Differences in the number of errors after adjusting for the different nurses, different case being viewed, and order of viewing were analyzed using balanced analysis of variance techniques. P < .05 was considered significant. MAIN RESULTS: The mean +/- SEM number of total errors per record for bar codes was 2.63 +/- 0.24 compared with 4.48 +/- 0.30 for handwriting (P < .0001). The mean number of omissions per record for bar codes was 2.25 +/- 0.21 compared with 3.65 +/- 0.27 for handwriting (P = .0001). The mean number of inaccuracies per record for bar codes was 0.38 +/- 0.10 compared with 0.83 +/- 0.12 for handwriting (P = .0038). There were no commission-type errors. CONCLUSION: Computerized bar code data entry of trauma resuscitation events had significantly fewer entry errors than handwritten data entry in a laboratory setting. Potential advantages of bar code data entry include keyless data entry, automatic time-stamping, standardization of documentation, legibility of the medical record, and "point-of-care" data capture.

Electronic Data Processing↗
PubMed1996

Visual cues and the handwriting of older adults: a kinematic analysis.

Kinematic techniques determined the nature of any age-related changes in the fluency of handwriting movements and also the extent to which any changes can be related to a differential utilization of visual feedback. To quantitatively document the kinematics of handwriting movements, 24 young and 24 older adults were compared by having them write simple cursive letter ls 4 times on a graphics tablet, under 4 different visual conditions (no vision, non inking pen, inking pen, and lined paper). Pen tip position was sampled at 200 Hz, from which kinematic indexes of movement efficiency and consistency were derived. Quantitative differences in movement trajectories were found in the older adults, who produced less efficient movements with a concomitant increased utilization of external visual cues. Older adults made a differential use of visual feedback to modify movement trajectories, rather than to control the effects of neural noise. Handwriting movements of older adults resembled only to a limited extent those of patients with Parkinson's disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Handwriting performance in younger and older adults: age, familiarity, and practice effects.

The main goals of 2 experiments on the aging of handwriting skills were to investigate (a) age differences in speed of handwriting performance, (b) effects of task familiarity on age differences in performance, and (c) effects of practice on age differences in performance. Younger adults performed reliably faster than older adults on all tasks. An Age X Familiarity interaction in both experiments indicated that age differences were magnified for unfamiliar but attenuated for familiar tasks. In the second experiment, an Age X Trial interaction revealed that older adults improved at a faster rate than younger adults. Regressions with initial trial data indicated that the older were slower than the younger adults by a factor of about 1.6. With practice, however, this slowing factor was only 1.02. The results suggest that familiarity and practice play a role in speed of handwriting.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Inferring gender from handwriting in Urdu and English.

Handwriting samples in both English and Urdu from 30 donors were judged for masculinity-femininity by 25 judges (both judges and donors were adult Pakistanis, bilingual and literate in both Urdu and English). Inferences about gender were made reliably and accurately in both Urdu and English. Levels of accuracy (about 68%) were similar to those reported in studies of handwriting in English. Judged gender of handwriting was significantly stable across the two languages studied. These effects are relevant for the study of gender roles and gender stereotyping in assessment.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Handwriting characteristics and their relationship to Eysenck's extraversion-introversion and Kagan's impulsivity-reflectivity dimensions.

Examined the relationship between certain handwriting characteristics and Eysenck's Extraversion-Introversion and Kagan's Impulsivity-Reflectivity personality dimensions. Using 46 female subjects, scores on the EPQ inventory and Matching Familiar Figures test were compared by factor analysis to the handwriting characteristics of: middle zone height; middle zone breadth; upper zone height; lower zone height; space between words; right margin breadth; left margin breadth; a general size measure; handwriting time; paragraph indention; slant. The factor analysis revealed three distinct writing styles: one related to Extraversion; another related to Introversion; and a final one related to Reflectivity. These findings were discussed in relation to statements made by graphologists. Also, the significance of trait-sign and factor analysis in comparison with other methods of graphoanalysis was discussed.

Cognition↗
PubMed2001

Recognition of familiar handwriting in stroke and dementia.

Patients with left stroke (n = 17), right stroke (n = 16), and dementia (n = 17) and healthy controls (n = 15) were asked to recognize familiar handwriting among 10 handwritten texts. All healthy controls and 96% of the left-brain-damaged patients were able to recognize the familiar handwriting, but only 44% of the right-brain-damaged and 41% of the dementia patients (none if Mini-Mental Status Test score was <18, n = 5) were able to do so. The authors conclude that the recognition of handwriting is a special skill that is independent of other verbal and lexical tasks.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Using the Alphabet Task to differentiate between proficient and nonproficient handwriters.

From 10 to 30% of elementary school-aged children have handwriting difficulties. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the Alphabet Task performed on a computerized digitizer system may be used as a screening tool in order to differentiate between nonproficient and proficient writers. Performance on the Alphabet Task was compared for 50 third grade students defined by their teachers as nonproficient writers (M age = 8.7 yr., SD = 0.3) and 50 age- and sex-matched classmates defined as proficient writers (M age = 8.6 yr., SD = 0.4). Analysis indicated significant differences between the two groups in temporal and spatial measures of the Alphabet Task performance, supporting its use in screening for handwriting difficulties. Possible implications of the results for intervention with children with handwriting difficulties are discussed.

Aptitude↗
PubMed1979

Treatment of handwriting problems utilizing EMG biofeedback training.

The effects of EMG biofeedback training on cursive handwriting were investigated for 4 girls and 5 boys in Grade 4. A significant reduction in EMG between the first baseline session and the last training session was obtained. Four of 5 characteristics of handwriting improved significantly. The need for carefully designed research comparing EMG biofeedback training and relaxation training was indicated. A self-control factor in handwriting was hypothesized.

Biofeedback, Psychology↗
PubMed1986

Handwriting analysis in diagnosis and treatment of alcoholism.

This preliminary study of the alcoholic personality, based on handwriting material before and after the over-indulgence period shows a characteristic dynamic development which could be manifest in different forms. The prealcoholic individual apparently was subjected to a strong discipline by a strict Super-ego, and at the same time being quite vulnerable, due to a basic emotional sensitivity. The drastic change in the handwriting of the recovery period indicates that the postalcoholic individual has broken the chains of the early discipline. He starts to struggle with his self-image, tries to cope with his now liberated psychic dynamics, experiencing some emotional discomfort. He still has preserved his emotional sensitivity. One could conclude that the handwriting from the recovery period conveys the beginning of individual development.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1991

Characteristics of handwriting of subjects with multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis is a widespread neurological disorder with a variety of symptoms, some of which are noticeable in handwriting. The handwritings of two groups of 23 subjects each (people with multiple sclerosis and a comparison group), matched for age and gender, were compared, using the Roman-Staempfli Psychogram, a graphological charting system with seven additional categories. Of 50 indicators examined, statistical analysis showed means of 37 to be significantly different. The one-way analyses of variance showed that 26 of the 32 indicators originally expected to be significantly different between the groups were. 14 of the 17 predictions of higher MS scores were significantly confirmed as were 11 of the 15 predictions of lower MS scores. These results suggest that neurological damage is reflected in handwriting and can be measured graphologically for physical or psychological characteristics. Possible reasons for variance from the hypotheses were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Identifying sex from handwriting.

The ability to infer the sex of the writer from cursive handwriting was examined under a range of conditions. In 5 experiments male and female college students were able to perform this task at the 75% accuracy level even with small amounts of material, sometimes only a single letter or a single geometric pattern. On the other hand, age of the writer was just barely discernible from handwriting. It was suggested that sex or gender is present in handwriting in much the same way as it is present in movement of the whole body.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Analysis of handwriting by the dynamic programming matching].

We examined the temporal invariance hypothesis in handwriting, using dynamic programming (DP) matching algorithm. The DP matching algorithm was originally developed for the speech recognition to eliminate fluctuations of time axis caused by different speech rates. This algorithm can determine the optimal point-to-point correspondences (warping function) between the standard velocity pattern and different patterns. We found that this algorithm worked well for various velocity patterns, even when their total writing time was different from the standard pattern. Only 30 to 50 percent of handwriting movements showed temporal invariance. The writing movements which didn't show temporal invariance consisted of several sub-motor units. The borders between the units were not limited near the end of each letter. The results suggest that handwriting of a word does not show the temporal invariance and that it is executed by some discrete sub-motor units.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Test-retest reliability of the evaluation tool of children's handwriting-manuscript.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the test-retest reliability of the legibility portion of the Evaluation Tool of Children's Handwriting-Manuscript (ETCH-M). METHOD: The sample consisted of 31 first-grade and second-grade students with handwriting dysfunction. The ETCH-M was administered two times, 1 week apart, to participants. The primary investigator acted as sole rater and followed standard scoring procedures. RESULTS: The reliability coefficients were .63 for total numeral legibility .77 for total letter legibility, and .71 for total word legibility. Individual task reliability coefficients were generally lower and ranged from .20 (near-point copy) to .76 (alphabet uppercase). CONCLUSION: Total letter, total word, and uppercase letter legibility were more stable than total numeral legibility scores and other individual tasks scores. When evaluating handwriting for a child, it is important to consider ETCH legibility scores as only one aspect of a comprehensive evaluation.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Consistency of handwriting in early elementary students.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the consistency of handwriting in children from the beginning of kindergarten to the middle of the first-grade year. Consistency was defined as retaining the same qualitative performance and relative ranking over time. METHOD: Ninety-three children were tested at the beginning of the kindergarten year and again in the middle of the first-grade year on the Scale of Children's Readiness In PrinTing (SCRIPT). Data were analyzed with a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) (3 performance groups [lower, middle, upper] x 2 grades) followed by a Tukey's HSD post hoc analysis. An analysis of the change in performance of individual children also was conducted. RESULTS: The main effects and the interaction in the ANOVA were significant. Post hoc analysis for grade demonstrated that both the middle and the lower performing groups showed a significant improvement from kindergarten to first grade, whereas the upper performing group remained unchanged. Post hoc analysis found significant differences among all three performance groups in kindergarten. In first grade, the lower performing group continued to score significantly lower than the middle and upper performing groups, whereas the middle and upper performing groups were not significantly different. Analysis of individual data revealed that 60% of the students were consistent in their performance from kindergarten to first grade. CONCLUSION: The correlation between kindergarten SCRIPT scores and first-grade SCRIPT scores provides initial evidence that a moderately consistent pattern of handwriting performance exists. Students with low- and middle-ranked handwriting skills show relatively similar improvement over time, whereas change for students ranked high is limited.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1976

The facts on the legibility of doctors' handwriting.

A large number of people, both doctors and others, were tested. The handwriting of each participant was graded and four different statistical tests were performed on the results. In all of these tests the doctors' handwriting came out significantly worse. Thus the only conclusion which could be established from these results was that doctors' handwriting is indeed less legible than others.

Handwriting↗
PubMed2005

Keyboarding for students with handwriting problems: a literature review.

A literature review is presented regarding keyboarding for school students experiencing handwriting difficulties. Despite the overall dearth of research, some general conclusions appear warranted. Students need to be able to keyboard at least as fast as they can handwrite and should learn the touch-keyboarding method if possible. Appropriate instruction appears critical for the development of keyboarding competency. The upper elementary age is an appropriate time to start teaching keyboarding, with students possibly requiring 25-30 total hours of instruction. Students experiencing handwriting difficulties might need customized goals and strategies. Although the existing literature regarding the role of performance components in keyboarding provides some direction to clinicians, further investigation is required.

Child↗
PubMed2005

On the "general acceptance" of handwriting identification principles.

Informed by the admissibility requirements of the broad and narrow Frye tests as well as Daubert's general acceptance factor, the present study elicited the views of a homogeneous group of forensic document examiners and a heterogeneous group of handwriting scientists regarding the degree to which a set of principles relating to the nature of handwriting and its identification were generally accepted within the respondents' fields. Among forensic document examiners, the greatest agreement was found concerning the process of examination, and somewhat less agreement on other matters. Forensic document examiners and handwriting scientists appear not to agree on the acceptability of most of the propositions.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2005

Investigation of class characteristics in English handwriting of the three main racial groups: Chinese, Malay and Indian in Singapore.

This paper investigated the class characteristics in English handwriting of the Chinese, Malays and Indians in Singapore, many of whom learned their native language as a second language. One hundred and fifty-four handwriting exemplars were collected and features such as letter designs, pen-lifts, letter spacing and embellishments were studied. A number of characteristic features peculiar to the individual racial group were identified, which confirmed the impact of their native language writing systems on English handwriting.

Adolescent↗