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PubMed2004

Historical diversification of migration patterns in a passerine bird.

Migratory strategies of birds require complex orientation mechanisms, morphological adaptations, and life-history adjustments. From an evolutionary perspective, it is important to know how fast this complex combination of traits can evolve. We analyzed mitochondrial control-region DNA sequences in 241 blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) from 12 populations with different migratory behaviors. The sample included sedentary populations in Europe and Atlantic archipelagos and migratory populations with different distances of migration, from regional to intercontinental migrations, and different heading directions (due to a migratory divide in central Europe). There was no genetic structure between migratory and sedentary populations, or among populations from different biogeographic areas (Atlantic islands, the Iberian Peninsula, or the continent), however we found evidence of a genetic structure when comparing populations located on either side of the migratory divide. These findings support an independent evolution of highly divergent migratory strategies in blackcaps, occurring after a postglacial colonization of the continent along western and eastern routes. Accordingly, mismatch-distribution analyses suggested an expansion of blackcaps from a very small population size, and time estimates dated such an expansion during the last postglacial period. However, the populations in Gibraltar, located in a putative Mediterranean refuge, appeared to be independent of these processes, showing evidence of restricted gene flow with other populations and demonstrating insignificant historical changes in effective population size. Our results show that the interruption of gene flow between migratory and sedentary populations is not necessary for the maintenance of such a polymorphism, and that even the most divergent migratory strategies of a bird species are susceptible to evolution in response to historical environmental changes.

Animal Migration↗

PubMed1989

So many quality agendas ... what is a medical record professional to do?

With so many quality agendas, what is a medical record professional to do? Listen carefully. Be aware of which agenda(s) is/are being pursued by the person talking with you. Insist on careful definition of what is being sought from you. Above all, demonstrate in your relationships with factions in the quality initiatives forum that you are a veritable Rock of Gibraltar in a troubled sea. Be dependable; be discrete; and be professional. In short, be the epitome of quality yourself.

Government↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Recent migration from the Maghreb to Spain].

"During the last few years, Spain has become a host country for Maghreb emigrants that cross the Straits of Gibraltar hoping to find a better life. This article evaluates the importance of this migratory trend, its evolution, location and characteristics. At the same time, this paper sets forth new data about the recent Official Registration process of alien residents." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)

Africa↗

PubMed2003

Laboratory-based diagnosis of brucellosis--a review of the literature. Part II: serological tests for brucellosis.

Brucellosis is a common zoonotic disease transmittable to humans from infected animal reservoirs. Malta, Rock, Gibraltar, Cyprus or Mediterranean fever, Bang's disease, intermittent typhoid or typho-malarial fever, undulant fever, etc. are just various synonyms for brucellosis. Patients suffering from this disease show unspecific symptoms, e.g. fever, chills, malaise, arthralgia, headache, tiredness and weakness. Human brucellosis may be caused by four of totally six genetically and phenotypically closely related Brucella species, i.e. B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis and B. canis. Although many organ systems may be involved, brucellosis is rarely fatal. Therapeutic failure and relapses, chronic courses and severe complications like bone and joint involvement, neurobrucellosis and endocarditis are characteristic for the disease. A definite diagnosis requires the isolation of Brucellae from blood, bone marrow or other tissues. However, cultural examinations are time-consuming, hazardous and not sensitive. Thus, clinicians often rely on the indirect proof of infection. The detection of high or rising titers of specific antibodies in the serum allows a tentative diagnosis. A variety of serological tests has been applied, but at least two serological tests have to be combined to avoid false negative results. Usually, the serum agglutination test is used for a first screening and complement fixation or Coombs' test will confirm its results. As Brucella ELISAs are more sensitive and specific than other serological tests, they may replace them step by step. This review will summarize advantages and disadvantages of the serological techniques used in clinical laboratories for indirect verification of human brucellosis.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed2003

Alu insertions in the Iberian Peninsula and north west Africa--genetic boundaries or melting pot?

The Western Mediterranean Basin joins a set of ethnically different populations as Iberians and Basques in the North shore and Berbers and Arab-speakers in the South one. In spite of this differentiation, they have maintained historical contacts since ancient times. The existence of a possible common genetic background (specially for Berbers and Iberians) together with the genetic impact of the Islamic occupation of the Iberian Peninsula during 7 centuries are some of the intriguing anthropological questions that have been studied in this area using several classical and DNA markers. The aim of this work is to present the results on a survey of polymorphic Alu elements in 10 human populations of the Western Mediterranean. Recent Alu subfamilies include a significant number of polymorphic Alu insertions in humans. The polymorphic Alu elements are neutral genetic markers of identical descent with known ancestral states. This fact turns Alu insertions into useful markers for the study of human population genetics. A total number of 14 Alu insertions were analyzed in 5 Iberian populations, 3 Berber groups from North-Western Africa, an Arab-speaker population from Morocco and a sub-Saharan ethnic group from Ivory Coast. The results of this study allow the genetic characterization of Berber populations, which show a certain degree of differentiation from Arab-speaking groups of the same geographic area. Furthermore, a closer genetic distance between South Spain and Moroccan Berbers as compared with other Spanish samples supports a major genetic influx consistent with some (but not all) previous genetic studies on populations from the two shores of the Gibraltar Straits.

Alu Elements↗

PubMed1992

[Infective endocarditis in heroin addicts in the province of Cádiz. A multicenter study of 150 cases].

BACKGROUND: Given the progressive increase in infectious endocarditis (IE) in intravenous drug addicts (IVDA) in the province of Cadiz the present study was designed with the aim of studying the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of this disease in our environment. METHODS: One hundred fifty episodes of IE occurring in 133 IVDA admitted to 6 hospitals in the province of Cadiz were studied in an open, multicentric study with a protocol of gathering of common data. Well known diagnostic criteria were used for this process and a univariant technique was employed in the analysis of prognostic factors. RESULTS: Fifty-three percent of the episodes occurred in the county of Campo de Gibraltar and 32% in the area of the Bay of Cadiz. The increase of the disease has been progressive since 1984 and marked over the last two years. All the patients presented fever, abnormal chest radiography in 90% and the process was produced by Staphylococcus aureus in 88%. Echography was abnormal in 85% of the episodes and vegetation was identified in 75%. The IE was located as right in 90%, mixed in 5% and left in 5%. Surgical treatment was required in 4 patients. Mortality was of 9%. Mixed or left location (p = 0.00003) and the development of the respiratory distress syndrome of the adult (p = 0.00001) were significantly associated with greater mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Infectious endocarditis in intravenous drug addicts maintains a well defined pattern of clinical expressivity and presents identifiable factors of prognostic influence. The increase in its prevalence in the province of Cadiz is probably due to a parallel increase in the addiction to intravenous heroin in this area.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Population genetics of coagulant factor IX: frequencies of two DNA polymorphisms in five ethnic groups.

Two frequently used restriction-enzyme polymorphisms (RFLPs) of coagulant F.IX, TaqI and XmnI, have been examined in five ethnic groups: white Americans, black Americans, East Indians, Chinese, and Malays. There is a distinct "cline" in the frequencies of both polymorphisms, from white Americans to Malays. The rarer type 2 alleles of both polymorphisms, in which middle recognition sites are present--and which in our sample reach their highest frequencies in white Americans--are marginally higher in four groups of Europeans previously reported by others. The frequencies of the rarer alleles are significantly higher in Europeans than in black Americans and East Indians, and these alleles are essentially absent in Chinese and Malays. The frequency of heterozygosity diminishes in the same order, being zero in Malays for both polymorphisms. The polymorphisms are in strong linkage disequilibrium, and in all groups the type 1 allele for TaqI is disproportionately accompanied by the type 1 allele for XmnI. The paucity of type 2 alleles and the low rate of heterozygosity in four non-European groups suggest that the polymorphisms will be of little diagnostic value south of Gibraltar and east of Suez. This prediction is confirmed by the observed haplotype frequencies in the black American and the Oriental groups.

Alleles↗

PubMed1965