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PubMed1988

Antipyrine and metronidazole metabolism during occupational exposure to gasoline.

Antipyrine and metronidazole clearance was measured in 18 fuel-filling attendants by the single-sample method while the attendants were being exposed occupationally to gasoline; the measurements were repeated after 2-4 weeks with no exposure. Eighteen office workers were investigated simultaneously. The median concentration of gasoline in the breathing zone of the fuel-filling attendants during filling and cleaning operations was 270 mgm-3 (range 18-1758 mgm-3). Antipyrine clearance was 18% higher during exposure to gasoline than after 2-4 weeks of vacation (P less than 0.01), while antipyrine clearance was unchanged in the office workers. No change was found in metronidazole clearance in either group. Antipyrine clearance was on average 26% higher in the smokers than in the nonsmokers (P less than 0.05), while metronidazole clearance was similar in smokers and nonsmokers. We conclude that gasoline is an inducer of antipyrine elimination, with no impact on metronidazole elimination. This indicates that gasoline has a differential inducing effect on the hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes of man.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Gasoline consumption and leukemia mortality and morbidity in 19 European countries: an ecological study.

It is widely recognized that exposure to benzene is a risk factor for leukemia; however, much remains to be clarified about the possible long-term health effects of exposures to low concentrations of benzene. With this in mind an ecological study was carried out in which both gasoline consumption data and data on leukemia mortality and incidence were collected for 19 European countries. Gasoline consumption was taken as an indication for exposure to benzene in ambient air. There appeared to be a weak inverse association between temporal trends in gasoline consumption and temporal trends in leukemia mortality. On the other hand, a weak positive association was found between the age-adjusted myeloid leukemia incidence in 14 areas and the gasoline consumption per square kilometer. However, both findings can easily be explained by other factors, such as changes in prognosis or differences in leukemia case ascertainment. This study is not supportive of an association between gasoline consumption and reported leukemia incidence and mortality rates.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Kinetics of biodegradation of gasoline and its hydrocarbon constituents.

Aerobic biodegradation of gasoline and its constituents, benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene were studied by an enrichment from soil indigenous microbial population. The enrichment culture completely degraded 16.1-660 mg/l gasoline in 2.5-16 days respectively, without accumulation of any by-products. The kinetics of gasoline as well as benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene biodegradation was investigated with initial gasoline concentrations of 16.1-62.6 mg/l. The maximum specific rates of biodegradation of benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene were 0.12, 0.38 and 0.19 mg mg biomass-1 day-1 respectively. When benzene and toluene were used as sole substrate, the maximum specific rates of their biodegradation were 62.9 and 16.4 times greater than the corresponding values for a mixture (gasoline). The microbial culture was able to mineralize up to 200 mg/l pure toluene and benzene. Maximum mineralization efficiencies of benzene and toluene were 76.7 +/- 5.1% and 76.8 +/- 1.3% respectively. Self-inhibition and competitive inhibition patterns were observed during the biodegradation of benzene and toluene alone and in the mixture respectively. The observed kinetics was modeled according to Andrews' inhibition model.

Benzene↗

PubMed1987

Accumulation of alpha 2u-globulin in the renal proximal tubules of male rats exposed to unleaded gasoline.

Saturated branched-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, found in motor fuels, induce nephrotoxicity in male rats. Treatment of male rats with unleaded gasoline (0.04-2.0 ml/kg body wt, po) for 9 days increased markedly the number and size of hyaline (protein resorption) droplets in epithelial cells of the renal proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and enhanced cellular exfoliation at high dose levels. No other treatment-related pathological effects were observed in the glomeruli, distal tubules, or medulla. The renal content of alpha 2u-globulin, a major urinary protein of male rats, was increased maximally by about 4.4-fold after gasoline administration (1.0 ml/kg, po, 9 days); no further increase was observed at higher doses. Immunoperoxidase staining of kidney tissue sections for alpha 2u-globulin revealed large accumulations of antigen localized in many of the PCT epithelial cells which contained hyaline droplets. The hepatic content of alpha 2u-globulin and its mRNA were not altered by gasoline administration. These data show, for the first time, that alpha 2u-globulin is accumulated in the kidneys of gasoline-intoxicated male rats and sequestered specifically in some of the hyaline droplets characteristic of gasoline-induced nephropathy. A hydrocarbon-induced defect in the renal lysosomal degradation of low-molecular-weight urinary proteins, rather than increased synthesis of these proteins, appears to cause hyaline droplet accumulation.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1988

Leupeptin-mediated alteration of renal phagolysosomes: similarity to hyaline droplet nephropathy of male rats exposed to unleaded gasoline.

alpha 2u-Globulin, a protein of hepatic origin found in the urine of male rats, is accumulated in the kidney cortex during exposure to unleaded gasoline and has been implicated in the development of fuel hydrocarbon-induced nephropathy and renal neoplasia. The principal morphological feature of gasoline-induced nephropathy is accumulation of hyaline droplets (enlarged secondary lysosomes or phagolysosomes) in epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule S1 and S2 segments. Inhibition of cathepsin B (a major lysosomal peptidase) by treatment of male rats with leupeptin causes rapid accumulation of phagolysosomes and alpha 2u-globulin in the kidney very similar to gasoline exposure. Further, the renal cortical subcellular distribution of alpha 2u-globulin, determined with an electron microscopic immunochemical method, is almost totally confined to phagolysosomes following administration of either gasoline or leupeptin. These results, taken together, indicate that the mechanism of nephrotoxicity of gasoline involves inhibition of renal phagolysosomal proteolysis.

Alpha-Globulins↗

PubMed1992

Co-exposure to gasoline vapor decreases benzene metabolism in Fischer-344 rats.

The metabolic interactions of benzene and gasoline vapor were investigated in male Fischer-344 rats. A closed chamber gas-uptake exposure system was used to obtain inhalation uptake curves for benzene alone and benzene in the presence of gasoline vapor. Exposure to benzene as a component of gasoline vapor resulted in a decrease of benzene metabolism. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of benzene metabolism was used to quantitatively determine the extent of the inhibitory effect of gasoline vapor on benzene metabolism. This observed inhibitory effect cannot be accounted for by the presence of toluene in gasoline vapor.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Alteration of glutathione, glutathione S-transferase and lipid peroxidation in mouse skin and extracutaneous tissues after topical application of gasoline.

The skin is the major environmental interface of the human body and is repeatedly exposed to a broad array of exogenous chemicals potentially capable of causing toxicity. In the present study we have applied 3, 6 or 12 ml leaded gasoline/kg body weight to the skin of adult male Swiss mice for 7 consecutive days and then sacrificed the animals on 8th day after an overnight fast. Glutathione (GSH) concentration, lipid peroxidation and other GSH-dependent enzyme activities were measured in skin, liver, brain and blood tissues of the mice. Topical application of 12 ml/kg gasoline caused a significant increase in water consumption by the animals, although, their body weight and food consumption was not significantly affected. A 40-60% decrease in blood concentration of glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol was also observed after the treatment. The hemoglobin concentration, GSH content, lipid peroxidation and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity of erythrocytes were not significantly affected by the gasoline treatment. However, a decrease in GSH concentration (16-21%), lipid peroxidation (30-60%) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity (30-40%) was observed in skin, liver and brain after gasoline application. Western blot analysis of tissues using antibodies against GST isoenzymes demonstrated an alteration in the expression of various GST isoenzymes after gasoline treatment. Our results suggest that topical exposure of gasoline causes some deleterious effects on skin and extracutaneous tissues.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

A physical-chemical screening model for anticipating widespread contamination of community water supply wells by gasoline constituents.

Continuing modifications of fuels like gasoline should include evaluations of the proposed constituents for their potential to damage environmental resources such as subsurface water supplies. Consequently, we developed a screening model to estimate well water concentrations and transport times for gasoline components migrating from underground fuel tank (UFT) releases to typical at-risk community water supply wells. Representative fuel release volumes and hydrogeologic characteristics were used to parameterize the transport calculation. Subsurface degradation processes were neglected in the model in order to make risk-conservative assessments. The model was tailored to individual compounds based on their abundances in gasoline, gasoline-water partition coefficients (Kgw), and organic matter-water partition coefficients (Kom). Transport calculations were conducted for 20 polar and 4 nonpolar compounds found in gasoline, including methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and other ether oxygenates, ethanol, methanol, and some aromatic hydrocarbons. With no calibration, the screening model successfully captured the reported magnitude of MTBE contamination of at-risk community supply wells. Such screening indicates that other oxygenates would cause similar widespread problems unless they were biodegradable. Stochastic analysis of field parameter variability concluded that community supply well contamination estimates had order-of-magnitude reliability. This indicated that such pre-manufacturing analyses may reasonably anticipate widespread environmental problems and/or inspire focused investigations into chemical properties (e.g., biodegradability) before industrial adoption of new fuel formulations.

Carcinogens, Environmental↗

PubMed2004

Evaluation of bioventing on a gasoline-ethanol contaminated undisturbed residual soil.

Remediation methods for environmental contamination problems based on physical or chemical processes frequently present low efficiency and/or high costs. On the other hand, biological treatment is being proved to be an accessible alternative for soil and water remediation. Bioventing is commonly used for petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) spills. This process provides better subsurface oxygenation, thus stimulating degradation by indigenous microorganisms. In Brazil, gasoline and ethanol are routinely mixed; some authors suggest that despite gasoline high degradability, its degradation in the aquifer is hindered by the presence of much rapidly degrading ethanol. The present study evaluates a bioventing treatment of a gasoline-ethanol contaminated undisturbed residual soil from Rio de Janeiro. Contamination and treatment effects were monitored by conventional microbiology methods, chemical analysis, and ground penetrating radar (GPR) measurements. Results of culturable bacterial population counts show the effect of contamination and bioventing on the microbiota of gasoline and gasoline-ethanol containing soils; however, GPR responses to these variations are not conclusive and still need to be assessed.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed2005

Influence of ethanol-gasoline blended fuel on emission characteristics from a four-stroke motorcycle engine.

Emission characteristics from a four-stroke motorcycle engine using 10% (v/v) ethanol-gasoline blended fuel (E10) were investigated at different driving modes on the chassis dynamometers. The results indicate that CO and HC emissions in the engine exhaust are lower with the operation of E10 as compared to the use of unleaded gasoline, whereas the effect of ethanol on NO(X) emission is not significant. Furthermore, species of both unburned hydrocarbons and their ramifications were analyzed by the combination of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC/FID). This analysis shows that aromatic compounds (benzene, toluene, xylene isomers (o-xylene, m-xylene and p-xylene), ethyltoluene isomers (o-ethyltoluene, m-ethyltoluene and p-ethyltoluene) and trimethylbenzene isomers (1,2,3-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene)) and fatty group ones (ethylene, methane, acetaldehyde, ethanol, butene, pentane and hexane) are major compounds in motorcycle engine exhaust. It is found that the E10-fueled motorcycle engine produces more ethylene, acetaldehyde and ethanol emissions than unleaded gasoline engine does. The no significant reduction of aromatics is observed in the case of ethanol-gasoline blended fuel. The ethanol-gasoline blended fuel can somewhat improve emissions of the rest species.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed2005

Blood lead levels in children after phase-out of leaded gasoline in Bombay, India.

The objective of this study was to test for reduction in pediatric blood lead levels (BLLs) in Bombay, India, by comparing BLLs collected in 2002 (after use of leaded gasoline was phased out in Bombay) to those collected in a study conducted by the George Foundation in 1997 (when leaded gasoline was still used in Bombay). We analyzed BLL in a total of 754 children under 12 years of age in two separate sampling campaigns (276 from December 2002 to January 2003 [non-monsoon season]; 478 in June to August 2003 [monsoon season]). BLL was measured using an ESA Lead Care Portable Analyzer. We also measured lead in PM10 samples collected in the study region. These data were compared with a study done by the George Foundation in 1997 before the phase out of leaded gasoline. The George Foundation study reported that 61.8% of the 291 children tested in Bombay had elevated blood lead levels (BLL>or=10 microg/dL). In the present study, 33.2% of the 754 tested children had elevated blood lead levels. The average BLL for the current study population (Geometric Mean=8.36 microg/dL, SD=5.23 microg/dL) was lower than the CDC level of concern (10 microg/dL), with one child diagnosed with lead poisoning (BLL>65 microg/dL). A seasonal trend of BLLs was suggested, with BLL in monsoon season (Geometric Mean=9.1 microg/dL, SD=5.7 microg/dL) higher than that in the non-monsoon season (Geometric Mean=7.3 microg/dL, SD=4.0 microg/dL). A seasonal periodicity of lead in PM10 was found, with lead in monsoon season (Geometric Mean=0.04 microg/m3, SEM=0.000667 microg/m3) lower than that in the non-monsoon season (Geometric Mean=0.38 microg/m3, SEM=0.10 microg/m3). The overall level of airborne dust (PM10) in monsoon season (56.2 microg/m3) was lower than in the non-monsoon season (273.0 microg/m3), presumably due to precipitation. The comparatively higher BLLs in the monsoon season, in the presence of lower air lead levels, suggest ingestion of water or food, with greater lead contamination in the monsoon season, as a possible pathway contributing to elevated BLLs in these children in the monsoon season. These results demonstrate a significant success of the public health system in Bombay, India-achieved by the removal of lead from gasoline. The emphasis should shift in the study region towards sources of lead exposure other than leaded gasoline (lead in paints, lead in Herbal medicines and lead in Kohl).

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Isotopic evidence of the persistent dominance of blood lead concentrations by previous gasoline lead emissions in Yerevan, Armenia.

Recent (1999) blood lead (PbB) isotopic compositions (n=17) of males and females in Yerevan, Armenia, indicate that previous emissions of leaded gasoline still dominate the populace's PbB concentrations 2 years after the country's apparent de facto elimination of leaded gasoline in Armenia. The range of PbB isotopic compositions overlaps those of air and near-road surface soils in Yerevan, and the averages of those isotopic compositions in blood (208Pb/207Pb=2.442; 206Pb/207Pb=1.158) and near-road soils (208Pb/207Pb=2.442; 206Pb/207Pb=1.157) are indistinguishable. Using a proxy for historic leaded-gasoline emissions in Armenia, these analyses suggest that leaded gasoline was, is, and will continue to be via the resuspension of lead-bound soils contaminated by previous depositions from leaded-gasoline emissions, a relatively important source of industrial lead in both Yerevan's atmosphere and its populace. However, the level of lead contamination in the Armenian populace, based on the PbB geometric mean of 4.0microg/dL (n=49) measured in this initial survey, appears to be much lower than recently proposed by the Armenian Ministry of Nature Protection.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

A case of acute gasoline intoxication at the scene of washing a petrol tank.

We encountered a case of acute gasoline intoxication at the scene of washing the inner wall of a petrol tank. The decedent was a 50-year-old male, who was the supervisor. Two young workers wearing mask respirators began to wash the inner wall of the gasoline tank under poor ventilation. About 1 h later, because one of the workers lost consciousness, the supervisor entered the tank, without a mask respirator, to rescue the worker. However, the supervisor immediately fainted, and died 26 h after the accident. In the autopsy, blisters were observed on the skin of the face, neck, anterior chest, upper extremities, and back. The heart contained hemolyzed blood. Histologically, hemorrhagic pulmonary edema, pneumonia, and proximal tubular necrosis were found. In the toxicological analyzes, toluene, xylene, and trimethylbenzene were detected in the blood, brain, and gastric contents. Toluene concentrations in the blood and brain were 0.3 mug/ml and 3.7 mug/g, respectively. Since pathological findings were consistent with the reported findings concerning gasoline intoxication, and constituents of gasoline were in the body, death was attributed to acute gasoline intoxication. It was considered that sufficient ventilation and proper use of a mask respirator were essential for this kind of work.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed2000

Distribution in the environment of degradative capacities for gasoline attenuation.

A methodology allowing the detailed assessment of the capacities of microflorae to degrade gasoline in aerobic conditions has been developed. It consisted in the determination of the degradation of a gasoline model mixture in liquid cultures in optimal conditions. The gasoline model mixture contained 23 representative hydrocarbons of gasoline (GM23). The kinetics and extent of biodegradation were evaluated by continuous overall monitoring of CO2 production and final chromatographic analysis (usually after about 30 days) of the consumption of each hydrocarbon. The methodology was used with soil and water samples from polluted and non polluted sites. The experimentation aimed at assessing the distribution of the degradative capacities in the environment and the prospects for natural attenuation of gasoline. Nine microflorae were tested. The intrinsic biodegradability (existence of mechanisms of biodegradation) appeared total for GM23 as shown by the results obtained with several microflorae. The degradative capacities of microflorae from non polluted samples were high (total degradation rates at least 85%). Incomplete degradation was observed essentially for trimethylalkanes (2,2,4-trimethylpentane and 2,3,4-trimethylpentane) and for cyclohexane. In several cases, samples from polluted sites exhibited more extensive degradative capacities, with total degradation of all hydrocarbons being observed for three out of the six samples.

Aerobiosis↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Tank truck driver exposure to vapors from oxygenated or reformulated gasolines during loading and unloading.

Tank truck drivers' exposure to gasoline vapors was studied by collecting breathing zone samples during loading and unloading of gasoline. The field studies were conducted at three dispatches and at seven service stations in Finland. The gasolines included in the study (95, 98, 99 research octane number, RON) were of reformulated or oxygenated grade containing about 2% (w/w) oxygen and 0.5-1.5% (v/v) benzene. The sampling times ranged from 16 to 57 min (mean 35 min), and time-weighted average concentrations for a 30-min period were calculated. Using the time-adjusted values, geometric mean concentrations (GM) were calculated for three periods of dispatch measurements (n = 15,20,7) and a period of unloading measurements at service stations (n = 7). The GM for methyl tert-butyl ether ranged from 0.95 to 7.3 mg/m3 and that for tert-amyl methyl ether from 0.30 to 1.1 mg/m3. The GM concentrations of hexane, benzene, and toluene were in the range of 0.25-2.3 mg/m3, 0.15-0.28 mg/m3, and 0.73-1.7 mg/m3, respectively. Multiple regression analysis yielded an r2 value of 0.98 for the daily mean concentration of toluene and correspondingly 0.94 for benzene when daily wind speed (0.1-3.7 m/sec) and daily air temperature (-7.4(-)+17.2 degrees C) were used as independent variables. The average number of gasoline loads per tank truck was 2.5, corresponding to 23,000 L of gasoline.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Development of multiple chemical sensitivities in laborers after acute gasoline fume exposure in an underground tunneling operation.

In this article, investigators report on the presence and nature of chemical sensitivities and other indices of illness in a cohort of workers excavating a new subway tunnel located under a former gasoline station. The workers were exposed to gasoline fumes for up to approximately 2 mo when they inadvertently dug into soil contaminated by gasoline. The cohort was unique in several ways: (a) contact with gasoline was made by the workers at a time when no one had complained of multiple chemical sensitivities syndrome; (b) all were males of low socioeconomic status; (c) the exposure was well documented; (d) the cohort could be considered "naive" because, at the time of the study, the men were not members of support groups and were not being seen by clinical ecologists, and they were not labeled, either by self or others, as having multiple chemical sensitivities syndrome or any related diagnosis; and (e) at the time of interview, all workers we contacted appeared to be either gainfully employed or laid off temporarily and seeking gainful employment. We explored the health status of the workers at two different times: (1) soon after the tunnel was closed as a result of high, measured benzene-exposure levels and (2) 10-13 mo after the tunnel was closed. The workers were chronically overexposed to gasoline fumes, after which approximately one-fourth (26.7%) of our random sample of relatively naive, low-socioeconomic-status male laborers-although neither disabled nor generally litigious-reported the new onset of chemical hypersensitivities and other characteristics that fit conservative criteria for multiple chemical sensitivities syndrome.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Characterization of the pharmacokinetics of gasoline using PBPK modeling with a complex mixtures chemical lumping approach.

Gasoline consists of a few toxicologically significant components and a large number of other hydrocarbons in a complex mixture. By using an integrated, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and lumping approach, we have developed a method for characterizing the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of gasoline in rats. The PBPK model tracks selected target components (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene [BTEX], and n-hexane) and a lumped chemical group representing all nontarget components, with competitive metabolic inhibition between all target compounds and the lumped chemical. PK data was acquired by performing gas uptake PK studies with male F344 rats in a closed chamber. Chamber air samples were analyzed every 10-20 min by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection and all nontarget chemicals were co-integrated. A four-compartment PBPK model with metabolic interactions was constructed using the BTEX, n-hexane, and lumped chemical data. Target chemical kinetic parameters were refined by studies with either the single chemical alone or with all five chemicals together. o-Xylene, at high concentrations, decreased alveolar ventilation, consistent with respiratory irritation. A six-chemical interaction model with the lumped chemical group was used to estimate lumped chemical partitioning and metabolic parameters for a winter blend of gasoline with methyl t-butyl ether and a summer blend without any oxygenate. Computer simulation results from this model matched well with experimental data from single chemical, five-chemical mixture, and the two blends of gasoline. The PBPK model analysis indicated that metabolism of individual components was inhibited up to 27% during the 6-h gas uptake experiments of gasoline exposures.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Emission rates and comparative chemical composition from selected in-use diesel and gasoline-fueled vehicles.

Emission samples for toxicity testing and detailed chemical characterization were collected from a variety of gasoline- and diesel-fueled in-use vehicles operated on the Unified Driving Cycle on a chassis dynamometer. Gasoline vehicles included normal particle mass (particulate matter [PM]) emitters (tested at 72 and 30 degrees F), "black" and "white" smokers, and a new-technology vehicle (tested at 72 degrees F). Diesel vehicles included current-technology vehicles (tested at 72 and 30 degrees F) and a high PM emitter. Total PM emission rates ranged from below 3 mg/mi up to more than 700 mg/mi for the white smoker gasoline vehicle. Emission rates of organic and elemental carbon (OC/EC), elements (metals and associated analytes), ions, and a variety of particulate and semi-volatile organic compounds (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAH], nitro-PAH, oxy-PAH, hopanes, and steranes) are reported for these vehicles. Speciated organic analysis also was conducted on the fuels and lube oils obtained from these vehicles after the emissions testing. The compositions of emissions were highly dependent on the fuel type (gasoline vs. diesel), the state of vehicle maintenance (low, average, or high emitters; white or black smokers), and ambient conditions (i.e., temperature) of the vehicles. Fuel and oil analyses from these vehicles showed that oil served as a repository for combustion byproducts (e.g., PAH), and oil-burning gasoline vehicles emitted PAH in higher concentrations than did other vehicles. These PAH emissions matched the PAH compositions observed in oil.

Air Pollutants↗