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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Cholinergic transmission in the superior cervical ganglion reinnervated by peripheral vagal stump cut below the nodose ganglion in cats.

In cats, the peripheral stump of the vagus nerve cut below the nodose ganglion was sutured with preganglionically denervated superior cervical ganglion (SCG). Cross-anastomosis were performed in a total of 23 cats, of which 21 survived. In 20 cats, after 9 to 13 weeks of surgery, functional reinnervation of SCG by the vagus was established by contraction of the nictitating membrane in response to stimulation of the vagal preganglionic trunk. This contraction was reduced by the treatment with hexamethonium and atropine. Stimulation of the vagal preganglionic trunk caused release of acetylcholine into perfusate through the anastomosed SCG perfused with Kreb's solution. It is concluded that the vagal afferent fibers do reinnervate the preganglionically denervated SCG and the pharmacological nature of this reinnervated SCG is, at least in part, cholinergic.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1987

Naturally-occurring neuron death in the ciliary ganglion of the chick embryo following removal of preganglionic input: evidence for the role of afferents in ganglion cell survival.

With only a few exceptions, most investigations of the mechanisms involved in naturally-occurring neuron death have focused on interactions between neurons and their targets, with much less attention having been paid to the possible role of the afferent inputs in this phenomenon. This is true of the avian ciliary ganglion (CG), which is composed of a population of peripheral autonomic neurons that project to smooth and striated musculature in the eye and which receive afferents from a single source, the accessory oculomotor nucleus (AON), which is the avian homolog of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Although several lines of evidence strongly support the important role of targets in regulating the death and survival of CG neurons, the role of afferents has not yet been systematically examined. Following the destruction of the AON on embryonic day (E) 4, which is several days before the onset of normal cell death in the CG, we have found that by the end of the normal cell death period (E14-E15), 85-90% of the CG neurons degenerate and die, compared to 50% in controls. This is comparable to the amount of induced cell loss that occurs following removal of the optic vesicle containing the CG targets. The neurons surviving after deafferentation appear to be sustained by some influence from their targets since combined deafferentation and eye removal results in the loss of virtually all neurons in the CG. Following deafferentation of the CG on E4, the ganglion develops normally up to about E10, after which a precipitous loss of cells occurs. Based on several kinds of evidence (e.g., axon counts, silver stain, retrograde labeling of the CG), we conclude that the deafferented neurons project to and innervate their muscular targets in the eye. Therefore, the increased cell death following deafferentation cannot be due to the failure of deafferented neurons to contact their targets. The deafferented neurons undergo a normal sequence of initial ultrastructural differentiation. When they do begin to degenerate, the type of fine structural changes they exhibit appears indistinguishable from the degenerative changes observed in control embryos. Neurons in deafferented ganglia were occasionally observed to receive synaptic contacts, which we attribute to aberrant intraganglionic connections induced by deafferentation. These contacts probably play little, if any, role in the maintenance of neurons since, as noted above, following combined deafferentation and target deletion virtually all neurons degenerate and die.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1994

Relation of the vestibular ganglion to the otocyst and cochlear ganglion in human embryos during 5th and 6th week of development.

Human embryos during developmental stages 14-17 were investigated. At stage 14 the endolymphatic appendage is already developed. The vestibulocochlear and geniculate ganglia form common ganglionic complex surrounded by mesenchymal capsule. At this stage three components may be distinguished. The differentiation of the ganglia appears in the following sequence: geniculate, vestibular, cochlear. The geniculate ganglion is rostroventral and the vestibular dorsomedial in position.

Cochlea↗
PubMed1976

[Trophic disorders in ganglionitis of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion under experimental and clinical conditions].

The paper is concerned with a clinical study of 9 patients where ganglionitis of the upper cervical sympathic node proceeded with an atrophy of the soft tissues in the form of facial hemiatrophy. Besides in experiments on 18 guinea pigs the authors either removed or irritated the upper cervical sympathic node and then after a certain period during 30 days performed histological and histochemical studies of the soft tissues of the animal muzzle. It was possible to mark a prevalent lesion of the skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue. In the early periods of the experiment there was a more expressed change in the metabolic reactions and less-structural disorders which developed eventually and had a secondary character due to disorders of metabolic processes. These data permit to consider that such changes take place in the faces of patients with ganglionitis of the upper cervical sympathic node.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Morphology and development of the distal ganglion of the vagus nerve (ganglion distale n. vagi) in sheep during the prenatal period.

This study was carried out on 31 sheep fetuses, which were divided into four developmental groups. It was established that the development and morphology of the investigated part of vagus nerve is strongly correlated with the developing organs of the fetuses. The very distinct 'translocation' of the distal ganglion of the vagus nerve in the caudoventral direction was observed in the course of development. There was no influence of sex on the results of investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Low density, but not high density, C6 glioma cells support dorsal root ganglion and sympathetic ganglion neurite growth.

Accumulating evidence suggests that an inhibitory influence of the environment on growth cones plays a crucial role in development and regeneration of neuronal projections. Oligodendrocyte-associated neurite growth inhibiting substance is one of the most extensively studied molecules. Molecular biological studies, however, remain slow in progress. Although finding clonal cells that express such factors would facilitate the analysis of inhibitory influences on neurite growth, few cell lines have been reported to express neurite growth inhibitor. We therefore investigated the possibility of a clonal glial cell line to differentiate and express inhibitory or non-permissive features for neurite outgrowth in culture. We chose the C6 glioblastoma cell line and examined neurite extension from chick dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explants. Neurites from embryonic day 9 DRG extensively grew on C6 cells that were cultured at low cell density, while they failed to grow on C6 cells cultured at high density, even in the presence of nerve growth factor in high concentrations. Membrane extract from high density C6 cells, when used as culture substratum, was less permissive for neurite outgrowth compared to extract from low density cells. Treatment of the membrane extract derived from high density C6 cells with trypsin made it less non-permissive for neurite growth. These results suggest that C6 cells are induced to express a non-permissive property for neurite outgrowth by culturing them at high density.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The action of ganglionic blocking drugs on the synaptic responses of rat submandibular ganglion cells.

1 The effects of tubocurarine, hexamethonium and trimetaphan on the synaptic currents of rat submandibular ganglion cells have been measured at 20 degrees C by means of a two-microelectrode voltage-clamp system. The aim was to distinguish between the receptor-blocking and channel-blocking actions of those drugs, and to test for possible selectivity of action on the ;fast' and ;slow' acetylcholine-operated channels.2 Tubocurarine had no effect on the amplitude of evoked synaptic currents (e.s.cs) or miniature synaptic currents (m.s.cs), except at concentrations exceeding 20 muM. The slow component of the e.s.c. was shortened by tubocurarine, this effect becoming more marked as the cell was hyperpolarized. The timecourse of m.s.cs, which have no slow component, was unaffected.3 Hexamethonium (2-30 muM) caused a voltage-dependent reduction of e.s.c. amplitude, and voltage-dependent shortening of both fast and slow components of the e.s.c. M.s.cs were also shortened.4 Trimetaphan (2-10 muM) reduced the amplitude of e.s.cs and m.s.cs. Neither component of the e.s.c. was shortened by trimetaphan; however, the slow component was reduced in amplitude more than the fast component, so that the overall duration of the e.s.c. appeared to be reduced. At higher concentrations (15-25 muM) trimetaphan clearly shortened the fast component.5 It is concluded that tubocurarine acts selectively on the slow ionic channels, the association rate constant being 2.8 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) at -80 mV. Hexamethonium acts on both fast and slow channels, the association rate constants, at -80 mV, being respectively 5.3 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) and 1.3 x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1). With both drugs, the association rate constant increases if the cell is hyperpolarized, this effect being more pronounced with hexamethonium than with tubocurarine.6 The marked voltage-dependent reduction of e.s.c. amplitude by hexamethonium cannot be accounted for by open channel block, and requires an additional mechanism, the nature of which is discussed.7 Trimetaphan, at low concentrations, acts in a way consistent with receptor block, and shows a degree of selectivity for the slow component of the e.s.c.8 In an appendix, the effect of temporal dispersion of the time of opening of ionic channels on the amplitude and time-course of the composite synaptic response is analysed. It is concluded that the shortening of the time-constant of the e.s.c. decay by hexamethonium cannot, by itself, account for the drug's effect on e.s.c. amplitude.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Physiologic effects of stellate ganglion block: a result of complete ganglion blockade or the vertical spread of local anesthetic?

Traditionally, stellate ganglion blockade has been used for the diagnosis and treatment of upper extremity sympathetic pain. However, this treatment has not been shown to provide adequate sympathetic blockade of the upper extremities. This study demonstrates that a carefully performed upper thoracic sympathetic block with imaging guidance can result in a successful sympathetic blockade of the upper extremities. This study furthermore demonstrates that the occurrence of a Horners syndrome is not a testimony to a successful sympathetic block of the upper extremities.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Ganglionic blockers in abdominal surgery: facts and hypotheses. 2.Clinical, pathophysiological and pharmacological aspects of ganglionic blocker use].

The authors discuss facts and hypotheses on the effects of benzohexonium upon the motor activity of the intestine and the significance of N-cholinolytics for prophylactics and treatment of postoperative pareses of the gastrointestinal tract. The ganglioblockers possess antistress effect, reduce the degree of pathological vegetative reactions and facilitate realization of the mechanisms of selfregulation of functions of the small and large intestine. Using benzohexonium during operation and in the first days after it makes the intestinal pareses less frequent. N-cholinolytics however do not have a considerable stimulating influence on the contracting activity of the gastrointestinal tract that accounts for their not high effectiveness in treatment of early functional motor evacuatory disorders. The points of action of gangliolytics, those at the level of the intestinal wall included, can not be considered to be completely established, as well as the mechanisms of their indirect effect. The ganglionic blockade should be considered as the basic method of prophylactics of the postoperative paresis of the intestine.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1990

Appearance of retrogradely labeled neurons in the rat superior cervical ganglion after injection of wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate into the contralateral ganglion.

Injection of wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) into the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of the rat results in accumulation of WGA-HRP in sympathetic postganglionic neurons in the contralateral SCG. The sympathetic pathways involved and the mechanism underlying the labeling were investigated. The labeling in neurons in the contralateral SCG was apparent 6 h after injection and increased in intensity with longer survival times. The number of labeled neurons reached 1300 at 72 h after the injection. Transection of the external (ECN) or internal carotid nerves (ICN) resulted in considerable reduction in the number of labeled neurons. Combined transection of both ECN and ICN virtually eliminated labeling in the contralateral SCG. This provides strong evidence that these two nerves are the major pathways for WGA-HRP transport out of the SCG. No labeling was observed in the contralateral SCG following injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Therefore, it seems unlikely that a direct nerve connection exists between the bilateral ganglia. Instead, the labeling of contralateral SCG neurons appears to depend on the transneuronal transport capacity of WGA-HRP, which conveys the marker in an anterograde direction along the postganglionic fibers to terminals in sympathetic target organs, and then delivers it transneuronally to contralateral SCG neurons. We suggest that the sympathetic nerve fibers originating in the bilateral SCGs run intermingled and are in close contact in their peripheral target organs.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Clindamycin-induced alteration of ganglionic function. I. Direct effects on ganglion cell properties.

The influence of the lincosamide antibiotic, clindamycin, on the properties of bullfrog sympathetic ganglion B cells has been determined in vitro using conventional voltage recording methods or single microelectrode voltage-clamp recording techniques. Individual neurons were depolarized with both bath application or local perfusion of clindamycin. The amplitude of the depolarization was not altered by pretreatment with 50 microM (+)-tubocurarine, 10-microM atropine, or 1.5 microM tetrodotoxin (TTX), indicating that the clindamycin-induced depolarization does not result from either the activation of (1) nicotinic receptors, (2) muscarinic receptors, or (3) voltage-gated sodium channels. Clindamycin partially inhibited IM, an action which accounts for part of the clindamycin-induced depolarization. The duration of the hyperpolarizing afterpotential (HAP) following the action potential was decreased in the presence of clindamycin. Clindamycin decreased the amplitude and maximum rate of rise (MRR) of TTX-insensitive action potentials. As calcium influx is thought to contribute to the depolarizing phase of the TTX-insensitive spikes, we suggest that the decrease in HAP duration by clindamycin results from a decrease in the somal calcium current. Further, it is suggested that a decrease in IM and HAP duration may be responsible for the increased excitability exhibited during exposure to clindamycin.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1995

Choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive neurones in a prevertebral sympathetic ganglion, the inferior mesenteric ganglion.

Using immunohistochemical techniques a small population of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactive (IR) neurones has been identified in the inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) of guinea pig (4.6% of all neurones), ferret (6.4%) and rat (0.4%). A detailed study in the guinea-pig IMG revealed that the vast majority of cholinergic neurones did not express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-IR, indicating that they were non-catecholaminergic. The cholinergic neurones were significantly larger than the TH-positive neurones. The majority of the ChAT-IR cells (64%) was observed in small clusters which were consistently located in the caudal lobe of the IMG close to the entry of the hypogastric nerves. 83% of the ChAT-IR cells also contained neuropeptide Y (NPY). Since the vast majority of TH-negative cells were ChAT-positive (94%), the TH negativity was taken as an indirect indication for ChAT-IR. NPY-IR, somatostatin (SOM)-IR and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-IR were found in both the TH-IR cells (22, 84 and 1%, respectively) and the putative cholinergic population (95, 84 and 70, respectively). Thus the majority of cholinergic neurones in the IMG were likely to contain NPY, SOM and VIP. TH-IR cells exhibited an extensive innervation of fibers immunoreactive for ChAT, VIP, ENK and NOS. In contrast, only a sparse plexus of ChAT-, ENK-, NOS-, NPY- and SOM-positive fibres was found around the TH-negative cells. VIP-IR fibres did not appear to innervate ChAT neurones.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neuropeptides, amines and amino acids in an elementary insect ganglion: functional and chemical anatomy of the unfused abdominal ganglion.

The insect ventral nerve cord consists of metamerically repeated ganglia subserving the thoracic and abdominal segments. The abdominal ganglia control basic functions such as respiration, circulation, heartbeat, diuresis, hindgut motility, functions of the genitalia and ovipositor and abdominal posture. Some of this control is by efferent innervation of target tissues but hormonal control also is exerted by abdominal neurosecretory cells via release from neurohemal organs or other release sites. The present review summarizes what is known about the distribution of neurotransmitters, monoamines and neuropeptides in the abdominal ganglia of different insect species. Special emphasis is on the unfused abdominal ganglion, since this is the least complex of all central ganglia and therefore may reveal the minimum number of neuroactive compounds utilized in neurotransmission, neuromodulation and neurohormonal control. Both GABA and glutamate are present in both interneurons and motoneurons, whereas biogenic amines such as serotonin, dopamine and histamine are found primarily in interneurons (although some cases of sensory cells and efferent neurons are known). Octopamine can be seen both in interneurons, efferent neurons and neurosecretory cells. A large number (about 20 different main types) of neuropeptides has been indicated in abdominal ganglia. Each peptide has a very specific distribution pattern. Depending on the peptide type, the localization is known to be in interneurons, neurosecretory cells or motoneurons, or combinations of these. The structure and known functions of the different neuropeptides in different insect species are summarized in some detail. Both GABA and glutamate appear to have roles as fast neurotransmitters, whereas amines and neuropeptides seem to have modulatory roles both within the CNS and at peripheral targets. After a comprehensive overview of different substances in studied insect species, the unfused abdominal ganglia from the moth Manduca sexta, locusts and cockroaches are dealt with in some detail and a comparison is made with insects possessing fused abdominal ganglia such as blowflies and Drosophila. Some emphasis is made of the presence of neuroactive compounds in neurosecretory cells and other identifiable neurons for which physiological analysis is feasible.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1996

Immunohistochemical localization of a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR7, in ganglion neurons of the rat; with special reference to the presence in glutamatergic ganglion neurons.

Immunoreactivity for the metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGluR7) and that for phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG) were examined in the trigeminal (TG), dorsal root (DRG), nodose (NG), superior cervical, celiac, and pelvic ganglia of the rat. Virtually all neuronal cell bodies showed mGluR7-like immunoreactivity (mGluR7-LI) in these ganglia. On the other hand, PAG-like immunoreactivity (PAG) was seen in almost all neuronal cell bodies in the TG, DRG and NG, but not in the other ganglia. Co-existence of mGluR7- and PAG-LI in the TG, DRG and NG was confirmed by a double-immunofluorescence immunohistochemical method. The results indicate that virtually all sensory ganglion neurons are glutamatergic and equipped with mGluR7.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

Replacement of nerve-growth factor by ganglionic non-neuronal cells for the survival in vitro of dissociated ganglionic neurons.

Nerve-growth factor is known to cause a considerable increase in the number of neurons putting out processes and surviving in cell cultures of dissociated dorsal-root and sympathetic ganglia from embryonic chicks. Similar effects of nerve-growth factor have now been noted with cultures of dissociated dorsal-root ganglia from newborn mice or rats. In all three sensory ganglionic systems, the effects of the nerve-growth factor on fiber production and neuronal survival could be mimicked, in the absence of the factor, by adequate increase of the non-neuronal cells in the cultures. The results suggest a hypothesis that views the role of the nerve-growth factor as subordinate to that of the non-neuronal cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Developmentally regulated neurite outgrowth response from dorsal root ganglion neurons to heparin-binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM) and the expression of HB-GAM in the targets of the developing dorsal root ganglion neurites.

Heparin-binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM) is a highly conserved cell surface- and extracellular matrix-associated protein that enhances neurite outgrowth in brain neurons in vitro. To study the possible response of peripheral neurons, we cultured chicken dorsal root ganglion neurons from different developmental stages from embryonic day 4.5 (E4.5; St 25) to E9 (St 35) on recombinant HB-GAM. We discovered that the neurite outgrowth response to HB-GAM is maximal at E5.5-6.5 (St 28-30). In order to correlate this in vitro phenomenon with in vivo phenomena, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization were performed on cryosections. The protein expression of HB-GAM peaked at E6 (St 29) and was most extensive on the dorsal spinal cord and dorsal roots. Using Dil labelling, we confirmed that at the time when sensory afferents travel longitudinally in the bundle of His of the spinal cord, HB-GAM protein expression there is at its peak. Though HB-GAM is a secreted protein, at the RNA level the timing of HB-GAM appearance and existence in the spinal cord and sensory ganglia is in accordance with its protein expression. Our results demonstrate that peripheral neurons are responsive to substrate-bound HB-GAM in a developmentally regulated manner, and that the expression of both HB-GAM mRNA and protein in vivo is spatially and temporally matched to this in vitro phenomenon. HB-GAM is therefore a putative cue for the growth of sensory afferents to and within the dorsal spinal cord.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effects of pre-ganglionic decentralization or post-ganglionic excision of the superior cervical ganglia on brain edema and heat stroke in rats.

The preventive effect of pre-ganglionic decentralization (Sympathetic trunk resectioN) or postganglionic excision (ganglionectomy) of the superior cervical ganglia on thermal injury induced brain edema or the development of heat stroke was assessed in rats. Brain edema was induced by cold or heat injury to the cortex in 24 rats. The results showed that decentralization, but not excision, of the superior cervical ganglia greatly inhibited the formation of brain edema which was subsequently induced. When heat stroke was induced by exposing 24 rats to an ambient temperature of 41 degree C, the latency for the onset of the heat stroke and the survival time after the heat stroke were greatly prolonged by the former surgical procedure, but shortened by the later one. The present study demonstrates the potential benefit to brain edema and heat stroke of the pretreatment with decentralization of the superior cervical ganglia.

Animals↗