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Results for “Functional anatomy”

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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

[Studies on the functional anatomy of Golgi-phobic dendrites of spinal motoneurons in rats--different dendroarchitectures of the motoneurons to slow muscle and fast one].

OBJECTIVE: The functional anatomy of Golgi-phobic dendrites (GBD) of spinal motoneurons (Mn) in rats was studied from their postnatal development. METHODS: Cholera toxin B subunit conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (CB-HRP) retrograde labelling method was mainly used. RESULTS: In the extensor digitorum longus Mn pool (EDL-Mn) GBD gradually decrease during development and are only a few in adults. The related value of the surface density of the white matter dendrites, most of them are GBD, of the soleus Mn pool (SOL-Mn) is nearly double than that of EDL-Mn. CONCLUSIONS: GBD of motoneurons might be related to their action patterns, especially the tonic action of slow muscle, such as the soleus. The hypotheis of dual circuits in motor control, the paralateral circuit on GBD regulates control of tonic action and the core circuit on Golgi-philic dendrites (GLD) and somata regulates phasic action, such as on EDL-Mn, has been further enhanced.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The functional anatomy of the uretero-vesical junction. A historical review.

This paper evaluates the progress of anatomy and dissection during the Middle Ages both in Europe and in the Muslim World. For that purpose, the functional anatomy of the ureterovesical junction and the mechanism of micturition were studied both in the works of Galen (130-200 AD) and in the works of 6 Islamic medical scholars who lived in the period from the ninth to the thirteenth centuries AD (Alrazi, Alzahrawi, Ibn Sina, Al-Baghdadi, Ibn El Nefis and Ibn El Quff). The study relied, only, on original sources in the form of authentic editions and manuscripts. In general, the ideas and findings of those 6 Islamic physicians, as regard the anti-reflux and the micturition mechanisms, differed and contradicted with those of Galen but conformed well with our present day concepts.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1995

The functional anatomy of recovery from auditory agnosia. A PET study of sound categorization in a neurological patient and normal controls.

H2(15)O-PET was used to investigate the functional anatomy of recovery in a patient (J.B.) with bilateral perisylvian strokes and auditory agnosia, who partially regained the ability to recognize environmental sounds, but remained clinically word-deaf. The patient and a group of six normal volunteers were scanned in the following three conditions: (i) passive listening to environmental sounds; (ii) categorization of environmental sounds; (iii) at rest. In normal subjects, passive listening as compared with rest was associated with significant activations in the auditory cortices and posterior thalami, and in the inferior parietal lobe and anterior insula/frontal opercular region on the right. In J.B., activations were observed in the spared auditory cortex and inferior parietal lobe of the right hemisphere and in regions adjacent to the perisylvian lesion in the left hemisphere (anterior insula/frontal opercular region, middle temporal gyrus and inferior parietal lobe). The recovered function, as measured by categorization of sounds compared with passive listening, in J.B. was associated with bilateral activation of a distributed network comprising (pre)frontal, middle temporal and inferior parietal cortices, as well as the right cerebellum and the right caudate nucleus. In addition, there was a left-sided activation of the anterior cingulate gyrus. In normal subjects, the same categorization task led to activation of a network comprising (pre)frontal, middle temporal and inferior parietal cortices in the left hemisphere only. These results suggest that bilateral activation (with recruitment of areas homologous to those known to be responsible for normal function), the engagement of peri-infarct regions, and the involvement of a more widespread neocortical network, are mechanisms of functional reorganization after injury that may enable recovery from, or compensation for, cognitive deficits.

Agnosia↗
PubMed2006

Functional anatomy of bronchial veins.

The amount of bronchial arterial blood that drains into the systemic venous system is not known. Therefore, in this study we further delineated the functional anatomy of the bronchial venous system in six adult, anesthetized, and mechanically ventilated sheep. Through a left thoracotomy, the left azygos vein was dissected and the insertion of the bronchial vein into the azygos vein was identified. A pouch was created by ligating the azygos vein on either side of the insertion of the bronchial vein. A catheter was inserted into this pouch for the measurement of bronchial venous occlusion pressure and bronchial venous blood flow. An ultrasonic flow probe was placed around the common bronchial branch of the bronchoesophageal artery to monitor the bronchial arterial blood flow. Catheters were also placed into the carotid artery and the pulmonary artery. The mean bronchial blood flow was 20.6+/-4.2mlmin(-1) (mean+/-SEM) and, of this, only about 13% of the blood flow drained into the azygos vein. The mean systemic artery pressure was 72.4+/-4.1mmHg whereas the mean bronchial venous occlusion pressure was 38.1+/-2.1mmHg. The mean values for blood gas analysis were as follows: bronchial venous blood pH=7.54+/-0.02, PCO(2)=35+/-2.6, PO(2)=95+/-5.7mmHg; systemic venous blood-pH=7.43+/-0.02, PCO(2)=48+/-3.2, PO(2)=42+/-2.0mmHg; systemic arterial blood-pH=7.51+/-0.03, PCO(2)=39+/-2.1, PO(2)=169+/-9.8mmHg. We conclude that the major portion of the bronchial arterial blood flow normally drains into the pulmonary circulation and only about 13% drains into the bronchial venous system. In addition, the oxygen content of the bronchial venous blood is similar to that in the systemic arterial blood.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Reproductive functional anatomy and oestrous cycle pattern of the female brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus, Gray 1842) from Gabon.

In the present study, we examined certain features of the functional anatomy of the female genital tract of the wild brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus) to obtain data on the reproductive biology of this African forest rodent. Two consecutive experiments were performed. The aim of the first was to establish macroscopic and microscopic features of the genital organs, and to explore correlations between predominant ovarian structures and vaginal contents in 20 wild, mature females. In the second experiment, we inspected the external genitalia and vaginal smears of a further 10 females in captivity on a daily basis for 90 days. The uterus of the brush-tailed porcupine is bicornuate and composed of two separated uterine horns, a uterine body and cervix. The genital tract does not present a vaginal vestibule. Thus, there is no portion common to genital and urinary tracts. Females in the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle showed increased cornification of the vaginal epithelium and a high density of eosinophilic cells in vaginal smears. The vulva and vaginal opening were open, reddish and tumefacted. In luteal phase or in pregnancy, epithelial cornification and eosinophilic features were notably reduced and the vagina presented a pale, non-tumefacted vulva and a vaginal closure membrane. Females in captivity showed spontaneous cycles, a polyoestrous reproduction pattern and, based on features of the external genitalia and vaginal smears, their oestrous cycle length was 27.1+/-6.4 days (n=12).

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Pulsion enterocele: review of functional anatomy of the pelvic floor.

Pulsion enterocele has a well-deserved reputation as a difficult surgical problem; the multiplicity of suggested solutions attests to this. Until the functional anatomy of the pelvic floor is better understood, particularly the specific anatomic defects involved, planning of a rational surgical attack will remain elusive. Both the pelvic cellular tissues and the levator ani complex are involved in the genesis of the condition, and both require correction during any surgical procedure. The supporting effect of the levator complex and the positioning effect of the cellular tissues must be restored.

Adnexa Uteri↗
PubMed1984

Functional anatomy of germinal centers.

This year we celebrate the first centennial of the discovery of germinal centers by Flemming in 1884. The present paper reviews and adds new data to the functional anatomy of a germinal center. Emphasizing its reactive nature, we first describe a germinal center reaction and then deal with its infrastructural aspects and constituent cell populations, both lymphoid and nonlymphoid. Elements involved in the de novo formation of a germinal center, like antigen, T cells, and the mysterious germinal-center-precursor cell, are discussed. Next, attention is paid to the requirements for lymphoid cells to migrate into germinal centers, and novel features of germinal-center-seeking cells are presented. Subsequently, we discuss kinetic aspects of the high proliferative activity in a germinal center; and finally a description of the functional capacities of germinal-center-derived cells, such as B memory cells and IgM-antibody-forming cell precursors, completes this picture of present-day knowledge of the germinal center, a structure which has yet to reveal its last secrets.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Topographic and functional anatomy of cranial nerves].

This review summarizes the descriptive anatomy of cranial nerves III through XII, starting at their emergence from the neuraxis towards peripheral territories, as well as their functional anatomy. For each pair of cranial nerves, correlations are made between diseases, anatomo-clinical and anatomo-neurophysiological data.

Cranial Nerve Diseases↗
PubMed1993

[Functional anatomy of the fifth carpometacarpal joint].

Apart from the first carpometacarpal joint, the fifth carpometacarpal joint is of importance in gripping and cupping the hand. The present study describes the functional anatomy of the fifth carpometacarpal joint considering morphological and experimental findings. Shape and extension of the cartilaginous articular surface of 50 metacarpal bases show characteristics of a saddle joint. The differences between the dorso-palmar and ulno-radial curvature of the articular surface suggest a main direction of motion in the fifth carpometacarpal joint around an ulno-radial axis. Flexion in this joint ranges from 10 to 15 degrees. After maximal flexion, a supinatory rotation of the metacarpal bone ranging from 10 to 15 degrees is measured. Because of the transverse arched configuration of the carpal bones, the flexion of the fifth metacarpal bone produces opposition towards the thumb. A simultaneous supinatory rotation supports this opposition movement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The functional anatomy of visual-tactile integration in man: a study using positron emission tomography.

The integration of neural signals from different sensory modalities is a prerequisite for many cognitive and behavioural functions. In this study, we have mapped the functional anatomy of the integration of sensory signals across the tactile and visual modalities. Using the PET radiotracer H2(15)O, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) changes were measured in eight normal volunteers performing crossmodal recognition of simultaneously presented visual and tactile stimuli using a modified version of the 'arc-circle test'. Whilst intramodal matching within the visual modality led to relative rCBF increases in the visual association cortex, crossmodal matching (visual-tactile), when compared to intramodal matching, was accompanied by relative rCBF increases in the anterior cingulate cortex, inferior parietal lobules, the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the left claustrum/insular cortex. The pattern of brain activation is congruent with areas of heteromodal and supramodal cortex and indicates that activation of multimodal areas is required to solve the crossmodal problem.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Functional anatomy of a common semantic system for words and pictures.

The relationship between the semantic processing of words and of pictures is a matter of debate among cognitive scientists. We studied the functional anatomy of such processing by using positron-emission tomography (PET). We contrasted activity during two semantic tasks (probing knowledge of associations between concepts, and knowledge of the visual attributes of these concepts) and a baseline task (discrimination of physical stimulus size), performed either with words or with pictures. Modality-specific activations unrelated to semantic processing occurred in the left inferior parietal lobule for words, and the right middle occipital gyrus for pictures. A semantic network common to both words and pictures extended from the left superior occipital gyrus through the middle and inferior temporal cortex to the inferior frontal gyrus. A picture-specific activation related to semantic tasks occurred in the left posterior inferior temporal sulcus, and word-specific activations related to semantic tasks were localized to the left superior temporal sulcus, left anterior middle temporal gyrus, and left inferior frontal sulcus. Thus semantic tasks activate a distributed semantic processing system shared by both words and pictures, with a few specific areas differentially active for either words or pictures.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Structural and experimental investigations of the functional anatomy and the turgor of the notochord in the larval tail of anuran tadpoles.

The premetamorphotic morphology and metamorphotic degeneration of the tail notochord of anuran tadpoles has been investigated. For this purpose the functional anatomy and origin of the notochord turgor was analysed in 10 species macroscopically and using light, transmission and scanning electron microscopic techniques. The notochord consists of the fibrous notochord sheath, which surrounds the notochord cells. Within the sheath these cells form a net-like unit. The inner cells are derived from the marginal notochord cells (chordoblasts). They are protected from mechanical overload by intracellular filaments and desmosomes. Due to their vacuoles, which are filled with a hyaline liquid, they have a constant volume but are deformable. Dissolved substances may pass from the vascularized fin to the notochord cells. The transport from marginal to inner cells occurs via cytopempsis and micropinocytosis. The morphological correlation of this process consists of multiple membrane invaginations and intracellular vesicles. Within the notochord cells a high turgor pressure has been observed. During metamorphosis the membrane vesiculation persists and the notochord cells degenerate. Due to the loss of turgor pressure the tight consistency of the notochord is lost. The collagen filaments and the elastic membrane of the notochord sheath dissolve. Notochord cells with their filaments, high turgor pressure and their central vacuole can function as a combined mechanical and physiological system, which is adaptable to the needs of pressure, compression, tensile and bending forces.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2003

[The painful shoulder--functional anatomy and clinical diagnosis].

More than 90% of episodes of shoulder pain are due to non-articular causes, the two most common disorders being rotator cuff lesions and adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder). The functional anatomy and clinical examination of the shoulder complex are presented in this article.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2003

Improved understanding of cortical injury by incorporating measures of functional anatomy.

Volume of injury is often used to describe a brain insult. However, this approach assumes cortical equivalency and ignores the special importance that certain cortical regions have in the generation of behaviour. We hypothesized that incorporating knowledge of normal brain functional anatomy into the description of a motor cortex injury would provide an improved framework for understanding consequent behavioural effects. Anatomical scanning was performed in 21 patients with a chronic cortical stroke that involved the sensorimotor cortex. Functional MRI (fMRI) was used to generate separate average activation maps for four tasks including hand, shoulder and face motor tasks in 14 controls. For each task, group average maps for contralateral sensorimotor cortex activation were generated. Injury to these maps was measured by superimposing each patient's infarct. These measurements were then correlated with behavioural assessments. In bivariate analyses, injury to fMRI maps correlated with behavioural assessments more strongly than total infarct volume. For example, performance on the Purdue pegboard test by the stroke-affected hand correlated with the fraction of hand motor map injured (r = -0.79) more strongly than with infarct volume (r = -0.60). In multiple linear regression analyses, measures of functional map injury, but not infarct volume, remained as significant explanatory variables for behavioural assessments. Injury to >37% of the hand motor map was associated with total loss of hand motor function. Hand and shoulder motor maps showed considerable spatial overlap (63%) and similar behavioural consequences of injury to each map, while hand and face motor maps showed limited overlap (10.4%) and disparate behavioural consequences of injury to each map. Lesion effects support current models of broad, rather than focal, sensorimotor cortex somatotopic representation. In the current cross-sectional study, incorporating an understanding of normal tissue function into lesion measurement provided improved insights into the behavioural consequences of focal brain injury.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning.

Practice of a novel task leads to improved performance. The brain mechanisms associated with practice-induced improvement in performance are largely unknown. To address this question we have examined the functional anatomy of the human brain with positron emission tomography (PET) during the naive and practiced performance of a simple verbal response selection task (saying an appropriate verb for a visually presented noun). As a control state, subjects were asked to repeat the visually presented nouns. Areas of the brain most active during naive performance (anterior cingulate, left prefrontal and left posterior temporal cortices, and the right cerebellar hemisphere), compared to repeating the visually presented nouns, were all significantly less active during practiced performance. These changes were accompanied by changes in the opposite direction in sylvian-insular cortex bilaterally and left medial extrastriate cortex. In effect, brief practice made the cortical circuitry used for verbal response selection indistinguishable from simple word repetition. Introduction of a novel list of words reversed the learning-related effects. These results indicate that two distinct circuits can be used for verbal response selection and normal subjects can change the brain circuits used during task performance following less than 15 min of practice. One critical factor in determining the circuitry used appears to be the degree to which a task is learned or automatic.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The functional anatomy of the muscles of facial expression in humans with and without cleft lip and palate. A contribution to refine muscle reconstruction in primary cheilo- and rhinoplasties in patients with uni- and bilateral complete CLP.

The great variation of primary cheiloplasty procedures in Cleft Lip and Palate (CLP) patients shows that there is disagreement regarding the embryonic development of this part of the face, the macroscopic and microscopic functional anatomy of the human muscles of facial expression and their role as a functional matrix for balanced and harmonious facial development. The purpose of this study is to present results of microsurgically dissected facial muscles, several parts of the nose and the human midface in specimens with and without cleft lip and palate. The results are compared with those of other investigations. Recommendations are presented for a standardized dissection technique of the facial muscles of expression for different types of primary cheilo- and rhinoplasty techniques.

Cleft Lip↗
PubMed2000

Perfusion and functional anatomy of the splenic remnant supplied by short gastric vessels.

BACKGROUND: Surgeons have described many methods to preserve the injured spleen for the maintenance of host defence. The volume and the perfusion of remaining splenic tissue are important for better functional results. Imaging the functioning tissue with radionuclide provides information about the physiology of the concerning organ. METHODS: Thirty rats were separated into three groups: control, explorative laparotomy alone; partial splenectomy, upper part of the spleen supplied by short gastric vessels was preserved after partial resection; and devascularized spleen, the entire spleen was preserved after ligation of splenic artery. The size, functional anatomy, and perfusion status of splenic tissue were assessed by liver-spleen scintigraphy using radiolabeled heat denatured red blood cells. RESULTS: In the partial splenectomy group, splenic radioactivity count, spleen/liver ratio, and radionuclide uptake were mildly reduced, and found to be 87% (P = 0.012), 91% (P = 0.16), and 88% (P <0.001) of the normal spleen, respectively. The area of functional tissue in the upper splenic remnant was 51% (P <0.001) of the normal spleen. In the devascularized spleen group, the radioactivity count, the ratio, and the uptake were 38% (P <10(-6)), 36% (P <10(-6)), and 49% (P <10(-6)) of the normal spleen respectively. The area of functional tissue in the devascularized spleen was calculated as 47% (P <10(-6)) of the normal spleen. CONCLUSIONS: The collateral circulation is insufficient for proper function of the entire spleen after disconnection of the main arterial blood supply. The functional tissue is markedly impaired. On the other hand, the upper part of the spleen is remained well perfused via the short gastric vessels. The collateral circulation is satisfactory for this splenic tissue after reduction of its volume. That size splenic tissue seems to have satisfactory functional ability. Proper functional results mostly depend on the balance between the volume and blood supply of the remaining splenic tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Functional anatomy of visual search: regional segregations within the frontal eye fields and effective connectivity of the superior colliculus.

The ability to find targets embedded within complex visual environments requires the dynamic programming of visuomotor search behaviors. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to image subjects while they visually searched for targets embedded among foils. Visuomotor search activated the posterior parietal cortex and the frontal eye fields. Both regions showed a greater number of activated voxels on the right, consistent with the known pattern of right hemispheric dominance for spatial attention. The superior colliculus showed prominent activation in the search versus eye movement contrast, demonstrating, for the first time in humans, activation of this region specifically related to an exploratory attentional contingency. An analysis of effective connectivity demonstrated that the search-dependent variance in the activity of the superior colliculus was significantly influenced by the activity in a network of cortical regions including the right frontal eye fields and bilateral parietal and occipital cortices. These experiments also revealed the presence of a mosaic of activated sites within the frontal eye field region wherein saccadic eye movements, covert shifts of attention, and visuomotor search elicited overlapping but not identical zones of activation. In contrast to the existing literature on functional imaging, which has focused on covert shifts of spatial attention, this study helps to characterize the functional anatomy of overt spatial exploration.

Adult↗