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PubMed2001

Capture-recapture method to assess the prevalence of disabled leprosy patients.

The capture-recapture technique was applied in estimating the prevalence of disabled leprosy patients in four States in Northern Nigeria. A two-sample capture-recapture method, using data from hospital admissions during 1997 and 1998 in three leprosy referral hospitals, and from a sample survey on leprosy patients with disabilities in the clinics in 1999. In the sample, 1395 (ex) leprosy patients were found, 393 with a disability. Of these 393 patients, 47 had been admitted during 1997 and 1998 to one of three leprosy referral hospitals. In these hospitals, 151 individuals from the 24 study Local Government Areas (LGA) in four states of Northern Nigeria were admitted in 1997 and 1998. Using the Peterson estimator, we calculated the number of unknown disabled leprosy patients in the studied LGAs to be 1262 (95% confidence interval 991-1533). This was nearly four times greater than the field reported figure. The capture-recapture method can be applied in a leprosy care programme. Limitations of the method are the completeness of reporting after invitation in the field, as well as the probable biased sample of leprosy patients admitted to hospital. Our finding implies that relying on patients to report for prevention of disabilities and rehabilitation to the clinics, causes the real size of the problem to be underestimated by a factor of 3-4. We recommend the use of a special 'care' register for disabled leprosy patients to better address their needs for prevention of disabilities and rehabilitation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The World Health Survey: a report on the field experience in Brazil.

This article reports on the field experience with the World Health Survey in Brazil with the aim of collaborating in the development and enhancement of the methodology and analyzing interview questions based on the interviewers' experience. The authors comment on the field experience and application of the questionnaire, based on reports by regional coordinators and interviewers, in order to shed light on the context in which the interviews took place. The article reports on how the respondents grasped and interpreted the questionnaire. The authors propose improvements in interviewer training and simple interview reporting measures aimed at improved logistics with such nationwide survey instruments.

Brazil↗
PubMed1995

Fate of neglected targets: a chronometric analysis of redundant target effects in the bisected brain.

The authors examined some of the sensorimotor effects of the split-brain operation to understand how a "dual mind" can produce unified behavior. They report psychophysical evidence of extinction to bilateral simultaneous stimulation in callosotomy patient J.W.: Although he could verbally report the occurrence of a unilateral left or right visual field target, left field report accuracy dropped by 34% when targets occurred bilaterally. Paradoxically, the same stimulus conditions produced abnormally robust redundant signal effects on simple manual and vocal reaction times, which exceeded predictions that were based on probability summation. Neural summation is often inferred from redundancy gain of this magnitude. Because this seems less likely after callosotomy, the authors suggest a model that is based on response competition between the disconnected hemispheres to account for J.W.'s redundant target effects. The dissociation between explicit report and motor performance is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Inhalation sedation with 25% nitrous oxide. Report of a field trial.

A field trial is reported of the use of a fixed concentration of 25% nitrous oxide to produce sedation in anxious dental patients. Three hundred and ninety-four patients were treated on 1005 occasions. Ninety-nine per cent of patients were treated successfully without any incidence of loss of consciousness, including 47 children who were treated on 88 occasions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Assessment of the extent of implementation of the recommendations made in occupational hygiene survey reports.

The extent of implementation of recommendations contained in field reports from the Occupational Hygiene Unit of the Institute for Occupational Health at the Tel Aviv University, was investigated. The results show that 33% were not carried out at all and 16% were only partially carried out. A number of factors influenced the extent of implementation, in particular the degree of involvement of the management in worker health and welfare, an active safety system in operation, the professional skill and seniority of the person in charge of safety, awareness by the workers of health and safety matters, the existence of a specific budget for health and safety and a regulatory system concerning occupational exposure.

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice↗
PubMed1992

The effect of prior knowledge of hypnotic items on hypnotic performance and depth.

First we exposed experimental subjects to either the hypnotic items they were about to experience or to those items embedded in a longer list of hypnotic items. We then asked them to give item-difficulty ratings prior to administration of a standard group susceptibility scale. Controls received no prior exposure to any hypnotic items. We obtained four dependent measures: hypnotic susceptibility score, an in-hypnosis depth report, Field (1965) Depth Inventory score, and retrospective depth reports. The three groups did not differ significantly on any of the dependent measures. Although this result differs from that of Shor, Pistole, Easton, and Kihlstrom (1984), who found that prior knowledge of items depressed susceptibility scores, this may be due to procedural differences between the two studies. Subjects' self-predictions of item difficulty were poor to modest, and accuracy of predictions was not related to any of the four dependent measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Epidemiology and control of east coast fever in Zambia. A field trial with traditionally managed Sanga cattle.

The main objective of the reported field trial was to compare different East Coast Fever (ECF) control strategies for their efficacy, effect on cattle productivity and cost-effectiveness. Five strategies were tested in groups of traditionally managed Sanga cattle over a period of 2.5 years. Two groups were under intensive tick control, one group immunized by the infection and treatment method and the other non-immunized. Two groups were under no tick control, one group immunized and the other non-immunized (the control group). The fifth group was under strategic tick control and was immunized against ECF. All ECF control methods tested significantly reduced mortality, but no marked differences to the control group were seen in other production parameters. No difference in mortality was observed between animals protected from ECF by immunization or by tick control. The most cost-effective method of controlling the disease was by immunization. A financial analysis showed that under the prevailing conditions the break-even price for immunization ranged from US$21.5 to US$25.7 depending of the proportion of reactors. The carrier state induced by immunization did not lead to a persistent high incidence of ECF in non-immunized animals using the same grazing area.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Nitrate reduction to nitrite, a possible source of nitrite for growth of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria.

Growth yields and other parameters characterizing the kinetics of growth of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria are presented. These parameters were measured during laboratory enrichments of soil samples with added nitrite. They were then used to reanalyze data for nitrite oxidizer growth in a previously reported field study (M. G. Volz, L. W. Belser, M. S. Ardakani, and A. D. McLaren, J. Environ. Qual. 4:179-182, 1975), where nitrate, but not nitrite or ammonium, was added. In that report, analysis of the field data indicated that in unsaturated soils, the reduction of nitrate to nitrite may be a significant source of nitrite for the growth of nitrite oxidizers. A yield of 1.23 x 10(4) cells per mug of N was determined to be most appropriate for application to the field. It was determined that if nitrite came only from mineralized organic nitrogen via ammonium oxidation, 35 to 90% of the organic nitrogen would have had to have been mineralized to produce the growth observed. However, it is estimated that only about 2% of the organic nitrogen could have been mineralized during the growth period. Thus, it appears that another source of nitrite is required, the most likely being the reduction of nitrate to nitrite coupled to the oxidation of organic matter.

Nitrates↗
PubMed2004

Distribution of phthalate esters in a marine aquatic food web: comparison to polychlorinated biphenyls.

Dialkyl phthalate esters (DPEs) are widely used chemicals, with over 4 million tonnes being produced worldwide each year. On the basis of their octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow), which range from 10(1.61) for dimethyl phthalate to 10(9.46) for di-iso-decyl phthalate, certain phthalate esters have the potential to bioconcentrate and biomagnify in aquatic food webs. However, there are no reported field studies on the trophodynamics of phthalate ester in aquatic food webs. This study reports the distribution of 8 individual phthalate esters (i.e., dimethyl, diethyl, di-isobutyl, di-n-butyl, butylbenzyl, di(2-ethylhexyl), di-n-octyl, and di-n-nonyl) and 5 commercial isomeric mixtures (i.e., di-iso-hexyl (C6), di-iso-heptyl (C7), di-iso-octyl (C8), di-iso-nonyl (C9), and di-iso-decyl (C10)) in a marine aquatic food web. DPE concentrations were determined in 18 marine species, representing approximately 4 trophic levels. Co-analysis of DPEs and 6 PCB congeners (i.e., PCB-18, 99, 118, 180, 194, and 209) in all samples produced a direct comparison of the bioaccumulation behavior of PCBs and DPEs. Lipid equivalent concentrations of the PCBs increased with increasing trophic position and stable isotope ratios (delta15N). The Food-Web Magnification Factor (FWMF) of the PCB congeners ranged from 1.8 to 9.5. Lipid equivalent concentrations of low and intermediate molecular weight DPEs (i.e., C1-C7 DPEs: dimethyl, diethyl, di-iso-butyl, di-n-butyl, benzylbutyl, and C6 and C7 isomers) did not exhibit statistically significant trends with trophic position or stable nitrogen isotope ratios (delta15N) in the food web and FWMFs were not significantly different from 1. Lipid equivalent concentrations of the high-molecular-weight DPEs (i.e., C8-C10 DPEs: di(2-ethylhexyl), di-n-octyl, di-n-nonyl, C8, C9, and C10) declined significantly with increasing trophic position and stable isotope ratios (delta15N), producing FWMFs between 0.25 and 0.48. These results show that all DPEs tested did not biomagnify in the studied aquatic food web whereas PCBs did biomagnify.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The development of substitute inks and controls for reducing workplace concentrations of organic solvent vapors in a vinyl shower curtain printing plant.

During the summer of 1994, football players at a practice field reported noxious odors in the area. Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA) investigations of industries surrounding the field included a printing facility producing vinyl shower curtains with screen-printed designs. Though not the source of the odor, they were discharging volatile organic compounds directly to the environs in violation of OEPA regulations. To achieve compliance they installed a catalytic oxidizer for treating discharged air. Due to high equipment costs, the capacity of the installed catalytic oxidizer resulted in a substantial reduction in discharged air flow rates and increased solvent vapor concentrations within the workplace. Vapor levels caused worker discomfort, prompting a request for assistance from the Ohio Bureau of Workers Compensation. The vapor concentrations were found to exceed NIOSH, OSHA, and ACGIH acceptable exposure levels. The workers were then required to wear organic vapor removing respirators full-time while printing as a temporary protective measure. The company requested NIOSH assistance in finding methods to reduce solvent vapor concentrations. NIOSH studies included the identification of the sources and relative magnitude of solvent emissions from the printing process, the design of controls for the emissions, and the development of substitute inks using non-photochemically reactive solvents. The new ink system and controls allowed OEPA removal of the requirement for the treatment of discharged air and substantial increases in dilution ventilation. Increased ventilation would permit reduction in worker exposures to less than 1/3 mixture TLV levels and removal of requirements for respirator usage. This solution was the result of a comprehensive review of all facets of the problem, including OEPA regulations. It also required cooperative work between the company and federal, state, and local governmental agencies.

Air Movements↗
PubMed1997

Didelphid behavior.

There are approximately 75 species of American opossums (didelphids). Systematic behavioral research has been reported for only a small number of species, namely, Monodelphis domestica and Didelphis virginiana. Observational studies and field reports on several other didelphid species have also been published. The current review covers behavioral studies on didelphids including research on territoriality, reproductive behaviors, parturition, maternal behaviors, nest-building, vocalizations, scent-marking, circadian rhythms, swimming, locomotion, discrimination learning, maze learning, operant learning, problem box learning, exploration, death-feigning, predatory behavior, and prey manipulation. Didelphid behavior is compared in several contexts with eutherian mammals. Other than death-feigning, which has only been reported for one or two didelphid species, the behaviors observed in didelphids are qualitatively similar to those of eutherian mammals. Nevertheless, differences can be seen in prey manipulation and spatial maze behavior. Social interactions appear to be sparser in opossums than in most eutherian mammals. However, the scarcity of systematic research on didelphid behavior still prevents firm conclusions regarding these ancient and interesting mammals. Futher research on didelphids is warranted, particularly since they provide a natural comparison group for small generalist eutherians.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Pilot study of a revised field work performance report rating procedure.

Expressed dissatisfaction with the rating aspect of the Field Work Performance Report (FWPR) led to a study of the following proposed revisions: the present FWPR scale was extended by one point (from 4 to 5), the possible points were redefined quantitatively, and a qualitative factor was added. Both the present form and the revised form of the FWPR were administered to field work students from two schools to determine if these revisions would result in more effective and meaningful distributions of item scores and total scores. To make this determination, statistical analyses were employed and comments from participating clinical supervisors were invited. Findings indicated that the revised form dispersed scores more effectively and meaningfully. However, the analyses also pointed to the need for further revisions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Trophodynamic behavior of 4-nonylphenol and nonylphenol polyethoxylate in a marine aquatic food web from Bohai Bay, north China: comparison to DDTs.

4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is of particular concern because of its ubiquity in aquatic environment and its endocrine-disrupting effects in aquatic organisms. On the basis of its octanol-water partition coefficient (104.6), it has a potential to bioaccumulate in aquatic food webs. However, there are no reported field studies on the trophodynamics of 4-NP and its precursor, nonylphenol polyethoxylate (NPEOs) surfactants, in aquatic food webs. This study reports the trophodynamics of 4-NP and NPEOs (4 < s < 16) in a marine aquatic food web from Bohai Bay, North China. 4-NP and NPEOs (4 < s < 16) were determined in 14 marine species including plankton, benthic invertebrates, fish, and marine birds. This paper provides the first report on the occurrence of NPEOs with s > 5 in marine biota. Co-analysis of DDTs in all samples allowed a direct comparison of the bioaccumulation behavior of DDTs with that of NP and NPEOs. The lipid equivalent concentration of DDE and 2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1-chloroethylene (DDMU) increased with increasing trophic level, and the trophic level was determined by stable isotope ratios. The trophic magnification factors (TMFs) of DDE and DDMU were 3.26 and 3.7, respectively. Lipid equivalent concentrations of 4-NP and of all NPEOs did not exhibit a statistically significant correlation with trophic levels in the food web, and the TMF of NP was 0.83, which was similar to those of all NPEOs (0.45-1.22). These results show that in the studied aquatic food web, there was no trophic magnification for 4-NP and NPEOs, whereas DDE and DDMU biomagnified.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Surface-plasmon microscopy with a two-piece solid immersion lens: bright and dark fields.

We report bright-field and dark-field surface-plasmon imaging using a modified solid immersion lens and a commercial objective of moderate NA in the epi configuration. The contrast and resolution are extremely good, giving well-resolved images of protein monolayers both in air and in water. We also describe a two-part solid immersion lens that allows the sample to be moved without degrading the image quality in any observable way. The merits of the two-part lens are discussed and compared to commercially available microscope objectives. Finally, we introduce a simple Green's function model that illustrates the key features of both bright-field and dark-field surface-plasmon imaging.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed2005

Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) on wild carnivores in Brazil.

The present study reports field data of ticks infesting wild carnivores captured from July 1998 to September 2004 in Brazil. Additional data were obtained from one tick collection and from previous published data of ticks on carnivores in Brazil. During field work, a total of 3437 ticks were collected from 89 Cerdocyon thous (crab-eating fox), 58 Chrysocyon brachyurus (maned wolf), 30 Puma concolor (puma), 26 Panthera onca (jaguar), 12 Procyon cancrivorus (crab-eating raccoon), 4 Speothos venaticus (bush dog), 6 Pseudalopex vetulus (hoary fox), 6 Nasua nasua (coati), 6 Leopardus pardalis (ocelot), 2 Leopardus tigrinus (oncilla), 1 Leopardus wiedii (margay), 1 Herpailurus yagouaroundi (jaguarundi), 1 Oncifelis colocolo (pampas cat), 1 Eira barbara (tayara), 1 Galictis vittata (grison), 1 Lontra longicaudis (neotropical otter), and 1 Potus flavus (kinkajou). Data obtained from the Acari Collection IBSP included a total of 381 tick specimens collected on 13 C. thous, 8 C. brachyurus, 3 P. concolor, 10 P. onca, 3 P. cancrivorus, 4 N. nasua, 1 L. pardalis, 1 L. wiedii, 4 H. yagouaroundi, 1 Galictis cuja (lesser grison), and 1 L. longicaudis. The only tick-infested carnivore species previously reported in Brazil, for which we do not present any field data are Pseudalopex gymnocercus (pampas fox), Conepatus chinga (Molina's hog-nosed skunk), and Conepatus semistriatus (striped hog-nosed skunk). We report the first tick records in Brazil on two Felidae species (O. colocolo, H. yagouaroundi), two Canidae species (P. vetulus, S. venaticus), one Procyonidae species (P. flavus) and one Mustelidae (E. barbara). Tick infestation remains unreported for 5 of the 26 Carnivora species native in Brazil: Oncifelis geoffroyi (Geoffroy's cat), Atelocynus microtis (short-eared dog), Pteronura brasiliensis (giant otter), Mustela africana (Amazon weasel), and Bassaricyon gabbii (olingo). Our field data comprise 16 tick species represented by the genera Amblyomma (12 species), Ixodes (1 species), Dermacentor (1 species), Rhipicephalus (1 species), and Boophilus (1 species). Additional 5 tick species (3 Amblyomma species and 1 species from each of the genera Ixodes and Ornithodoros) were reported in the literature. The most common ticks on Carnivora hosts were Amblyomma ovale (found on 14 host species), Amblyomma cajennense (10 species), Amblyomma aureolatum (10 species), Amblyomma tigrinum (7 species), Amblyomma parvum (7 species), and Boophilus microplus (7 species).

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Research training during medical residency (MIR). Satisfaction questionnaire.

INTRODUCTION: It is during Medical Residency Training (MIR) that knowledge, abilities and habits are acquired, which will shape professional activity in the future. It is therefore very likely that residents who do not acquire the necessary habits and knowledge for research activities will eventually not carry out these activities in the future. The aim of this study was to analyze the level of satisfaction of residents with his or her scientific and research training, and to determine any deficiencies with respect to this training. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The aim of the questionnaire used was to determine the level of satisfaction of residents regarding their scientific and research training during their residency period. Questionnaires were usually distributed via internal mail to all residents (MIR physicians) registered at a third level teaching hospital, with a completion rate of 78% (n = 178). RESULTS: As far as the evaluation of scientific training is concerned, 68% of residents were dissatisfied or very dissatisfied. With respect to scientific studies carried out, 49% of residents had not taken part in any, but the number of studies carried out increases as the residency progresses. On the other hand, 22% of residents reported not having started their doctoral thesis, 50% having attended doctorate courses, 24% having a title for their thesis, and only 4% having written a thesis. Doctorate courses, thesis topics, and written theses increase with the year of residency, and a greater activity may be seen in this respect in surgical departments. If we analyze help available to residents for their carrying out scientific activities, 55% reported that only selected assistant doctors would offer help, and 21% reported that no doctors would offer help. Dissatisfaction with research training increases with the year of residency. With regard to main specialist fields, it can be seen that residents in surgical fields carry out more theses, whereas central fields report less facilities. Finally, if we evaluate the influence that these variables may have on the general satisfaction of residents with his or her residency, these variables are seen to be significant factors of dissatisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Most residents are dissatisfied with their scientific training and have relatively few facilities for developing such skills, which in turn results in a scarce number of scientific studies and doctoral theses.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Activity and population dynamics of heterotrophic and ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in soil surrounding sludge bands spiked with linear alkylbenzene sulfonate: a field study.

Recent research has documented soil microorganisms to be rather sensitive to linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), which may enter the soil environment in considerable quantities following sewage sludge disposal. We here report field effects of LAS on selected microbial populations present in a sandy soil surrounding well-defined sludge bands spiked with high but realistic LAS levels (7.1 or 31.3 g/kg). Surprisingly, LAS had no effect on heterotrophic respiration in the sludge compartment per se but stimulated activity and metabolic quotient (microbial activity per unit of biomass) in the surrounding soil. By contrast, autotrophic ammonia oxidation was initially inhibited in the LAS-spiked sludge. This led to dramatic transient increases of NH4+ availability in the sludge and surrounding soil, subsequently stimulating soil ammonia oxidizers. As judged from a Nitrosomonas europaea bioluminescence toxicity assay, however, LAS or other sludge components never accumulated to toxic levels in the soil compartments and the LAS tolerance of the indigenous microbes further remained unchanged following LAS exposure. LAS effects on the investigated microbial populations largely occurred during the first two months and were confined to soil closer than 30 mm from LAS-spiked sludge. Our results strongly suggest that disposal of LAS-contaminated sludge does not pose a major risk to the function of the soil microbial community under field conditions.

Alkanesulfonic Acids↗
PubMed2003

Mycobacterium bovis (bovine TB) exposure as a recreational risk for hunters: results of a Michigan Hunter Survey, 2001.

SETTING: Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis (bovine TB) is endemic in the white-tailed deer population of north-eastern Michigan. Hunters may be exposed to M. bovis via cutaneous inoculation while field dressing deer or by ingestion of undercooked venison. Michigan hunters have received inconsistent messages about their risk of acquiring tuberculosis from recreational exposure to deer. The most common health advice offered has been to wear gloves while field dressing deer and to cook venison products thoroughly. OBJECTIVE: Data were collected to quantify these self-protective activities and to characterize hunters practicing these activities. DESIGN: In 2001, we surveyed 1833 hunters who had successfully harvested deer in or near Michigan's bovine TB endemic area in 2000. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 78%. Most hunters (89%) reported field dressing deer, 43% of whom wore gloves. Most hunters (95%) reported eating venison, 55% of whom reported their venison was always cooked thoroughly. Several hunter characteristics, including older age, female sex, higher awareness level, and area of residence, were significantly associated with the practice of these self-protective activities. CONCLUSION: The survey results suggest that hunters should receive consistent advice encouraging glove use while field dressing deer and the thorough cooking of venison products before consumption.

Adolescent↗