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We describe a case of bacteraemia due to an atypical strain of Campylobacter fetus ssp. fetus. Conventional biochemical and phenotypic characterisation was unhelpful but whole cell protein profiles obtained by means of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) allowed us to identify this strain.
This case report describes a fetus with a large intra-abdominal, complex, vascular mass, displacing the normal intra-abdominal organs due to its large size. Extension to the presacral area was also identified, facilitating the diagnosis of a sacrococcygeal teratoma. Because of its highly mature nature, this was considered a fetus in fetu which was totally intra-abdominal.
A 50-year-old male alcoholic addict, examined because of diarrhoea with fever was found to have Campylobacter jejuni in blood and stool cultures. After administration of broad-spectrum penicillin all acute symptoms disappeared but he lost 8 kg within 3 months and his general state health gradually deteriorated. After 3 months he suddenly developed leg oedema, dyspnoea and bouts of fever up to 38.8 degrees C. A loud cardiac murmur was now heard. Echocardiography demonstrated vegetations on the regurgitant aortic valve. Endocarditis being suspected he was at first treated with penicillin G (15 mega IU/d) and gentamycin (160 mg/d). The fever regressed, but after 8 days the blood culture grew Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus. Antibiotic treatment was switched to imipenem, twice daily 500 mg, in accordance with sensitivity test results. Further blood cultures were sterile. Despite this the cardiac status deteriorated, the aortic regurgitation reaching grade IV. The valve was replaced with a bioprosthesis and the patient quickly improved postoperatively. Antibiotic treatment was stopped and the cardiovascular status became normal. The patient has now been free of symptoms and recurrence for 7 months.
Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus was isolated from the blood of a patient with chorioamnionitis and intact fetal membranes. The mother improved after appropriate antibiotic treatment, but the infant died of neonatal infection a few minutes after delivery. This is a very unusual etiology of intra-amniotic infection.
Acute gangrenous cholecystitis and relapsing bacteremia caused by Campylobacter fetus ssp fetus occurred in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Biliary tract colonization probably accounted in part for this unusual phenomenon. Whether the patient's deficiency of cell-mediated immunity contributed to his disease is not known.
Menaquinone-6 (2-methyl-3-farnesyl-farnesyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) and a methyl-substituted menaquinone-6 (2,[5 or 8]-dimethyl-3-farnesyl-farnesyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) were the major isoprenoid quinones found in membrane preparations of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus. By reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) the faster-eluting menaquinone-6 co-chromatographed with a menaquinone-6 standard. The identity of menaquinone-6 was confirmed by UV spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. The slower-eluting methyl-substituted menaquinone-6 co-chromatographed with a menaquinone-7 standard by reverse-phase TLC but eluted between menaquinone-6 and menaquinone-7 standards by HPLC. The UV spectrum of the methyl-substituted menaquinone-6 did not correlate with either authentic menaquinone or demethylmenaquinone. Mass spectra showed an increase of 14 mass units when compared to menaquinone-6, and indicated that a methyl substituent was on the naphthoquinone nucleus. NMR spectra confirmed the presence of a methyl substituent at a peri position (carbon-5 or -8) on the benzenoid ring.
The susceptibilities of 59 Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus isolates to eight antibiotics were studied by the agar dilution, E-test, and disk diffusion methods. None of the isolates were beta-lactamase producers. All were susceptible to ampicillin, gentamicin, imipenem, and meropenem as determined by the three methods, with MICs at which 90% of the isolates are inhibited (MIC90s) (determined by agar dilution) of 2, 1, < or = 0.06, and 0.12 microgram/ml, respectively. Twenty-seven percent of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, with complete agreement between the agar dilution and disk diffusion results. The MIC90s determined by agar dilution were 2 micrograms/ml for erythromycin, 1 microgram/ml for ciprofloxacin, and 8 micrograms/ml for cefotaxime.
Three isolates of the human and animal pathogen Campylobacter fetus ss. jejuni (Vibrio fetus) were obtained from 165 poultry meat samples purchased from local retail stores.
A method was developed for making viable counts of Campylobacter fetus (Vibrio fetus) in tube cultures using a medium containing alkaline hematin and incubation in a carbon dioxide incubator.
Rabbits were vaccinated with the following Campylobacter fetus var. venerealis (Vibrio fetus) antigens: whole-cell (WC), autoclaved (A), boiled (B), and purified postgrowth broth (PGB). Bactericidal activity of freshly drawn heparinized blood against the organism was determined after each vaccination. In all cases bactericidal activity of the blood of vaccinated rabbits was higher than for nonvaccinated rabbits. The in vitro bactericidal activity of the blood was determined in two separate experiments. In experiment I the bactericidal activity of the blood of rabbits vaccinated with PGB antigen was the same as that of rabbits vaccinated with WC antigen and higher than that of rabbits vaccinated with A antigen after the third vaccination. In experiment II the bactericidal activity of blood of rabbits vaccinated with PGB antigen was the same as that of those vaccinated with WC antigen after the second and third vaccinations and higher than for rabbits vaccinated with A antigen after the third vaccination. Blood of rabbits vaccinated with A antigen was less bactericidal than blood of rabbits vaccinated with B antigen after the third vaccination, indicating the presence of a surface antigen destroyed by autoclaving but not by boiling. The in vivo and in vitro whole blood bactericidal tests are more sensitive for measuring the response of rabbits vaccinated with WC, B, A, or PGB antigens than is the plate agglutination test.
Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus was isolated from the stools of two homosexual males. One was asymptomatic at the time of isolation. The other presented with diarrhea. Both isolates were initially grown at 42 degrees C. This organism should be included among the list of organisms that are found in homosexual males.
We report a case of septic abortion with intact fetal membranes caused by Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus in an 18-year-old woman who was 9 1/2 weeks pregnant.
The epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibilities of 111 Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus strains isolated from 103 patients from 1983 to 2000 in Québec, Canada, were determined. The median number of patients infected annually with this bacteria was seven, with an incidence of 0.1 per 100,000 population. The male-to-female ratio was 1.1 to 1.0. The patients originated from 13 of the 18 Québec socioeconomic regions. The age range of the patients was 6 months to 90 years old, 53% being > or = 70 years old and 2% being <20 years old. The isolation site was blood for 69% of the patients, stools for 20%, and other body fluids for 11% of them. Three patients suffered a relapse, with the same strain being isolated from the same site at different times as confirmed by pulse-field gel electrophoresis. All isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, gentamicin, meropenem, and imipenem, with 90% minimal inhibitory concentrations of 4, 1, 0.12, and < or = 0.06 microg/ml, respectively. Three percent and two percent of the strains were, respectively, resistant and intermediate to ciprofloxacin. Thirty-four percent of the strains were resistant to tetracycline. There was a nonsignificant increase in resistance to ciprofloxacin (P = 0.27) and to tetracycline (P = 0.65) in recent years. The percentages of intermediate and resistant MICs were, respectively, 12 and 1% for cefotaxime and 71 and 0% for erythromycin. All strains were beta-lactamase negative.
The knowledge of ocular growth during fetal life, when compared with other fetal biometric parameters, could not only provide a better definition of malformation syndromes but could also give a better understanding of certain pathological processes in premature babies and in newborns. As the literature concerning prenatal ocular dimensions contains few data, the aim of this study was to measure the axial length of the globe (AL) in fetuses and compare this measurement with their gestational age, weight, height, head circumference (HC) and thoracic circumference (TC) in order to compile a reference table. In the present study, 76 globes from 38 fetuses (18-41 weeks gestational age) from the Department of Pathology (Timone University Hospital, Marseille) were examined. Ultrasonography A and B were used to measure the AL, and a pathological examination determined fetal weight, HC, TC and height. We were interested to find out which of the parameters studied would give the best correlation with ocular growth. Statistical analysis showed that HC remained the most discriminant factor and correlated best with ocular growth. We thus obtained an equation for ocular size according to HC that could serve as a basis for detecting pre- or postnatal ocular defects.
A case of Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus meningitis is reported. The patient had underlying diseases, namely chronic alcoholism and diabetes mellitus. The infection did not respond to Piperacillin and Cefotaxime, but did respond to Ampicillin and Moxalactam. The patient was discharged on the 33rd hospital day showing no neurological deficit complications, and has remained free of recurrent disease for one month after the discontinuation of therapy.
Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus is a rare human pathogen, but can cause serious extraintestinal infections. Effective antimicrobial agent is required for the therapy, but we have very limited knowledge on the susceptibility of the organism. In this study, the susceptibility of 25 isolates of the organism to 14 antimicrobial agents was tested by an agar dilution method. Antimicrobial agents with low MIC ranges, in micrograms/ml, were: meropenem < or = 0.25, dirithromycin < or = 0.5, gentamicin < or = 1, amikacin, ofloxacin, tetracycline and erythromycin < or = 2. The MIC range of cefepime was 0.5-8 micrograms/ml, but those of other beta-lactams were relatively high. All of the isolates were interpreted to be susceptible to cefepime, meropenem, amikacin, gentamicin, ofloxacin, tetracycline and dirithromycin. A significant proportion of the isolates were either intermediate or resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin, cefotaxime, aztreonam, loracarbef and erythromycin. In conclusion, the organism remains susceptible to aminoglycosides and tetracycline. Greater in vitro activity of meropenem, ofloxacin and dirithromycin require clinical evaluation.
Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus was identified as an unusual etiologic agent of septicemia in an immuno-compromized patient VHC positive by utilizing a 16S rRNA molecular kit in our hospital's clinical laboratory. This method would appear as a performing approach to identify pathogens when discrepancies exist between phenotypical tests.
Campylobacter is considered to be an opportunistic agent. The authors relate an unusual case with Campylobacter fetus ssp fetus (CF) septicemia and colic abscess. Human Campylobacteriosis is presumed to be a food-born disease related to contaminated animal products such as milk or meat. In some cases CF may be transmitted by drinking water or by fecal soiling via the hands. Conventional treatment uses macrolides with decrease the duration of diarrhea and reduce the fecal excretion of CF. Macrolides are ineffective in CF septicemias. In such cases aminoglycosides seem to be the drug of choice.