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PubMed1994

Effect of mothers' familiarity with a formal task on cognitive monitoring during mother-child interactions.

This study examined the effect of mothers' familiarity with a permutation task on the performance and monitoring of mother-child dyads during the solution of a cognitive task. In addition, the effect of mothers' familiarity with the task on children's independent performance on a similar task during a posttest was investigated. Forty dyads participated in the study. Half of the mothers were familiarized with the task during a pretest. Results indicated that mothers familiarized with the permutation task elicited higher level strategies during dyadic interaction. Task-familiar mothers also let children participate more extensively in the task solution and were more likely to explain strategies than task-unfamiliar mothers. Finally, children of task-familiar mothers were more likely to use systematic strategies at post-test.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The effects of topic and listener familiarity on discourse variables in procedural and narrative discourse tasks.

This study investigated the effects of listener and topic familiarity on procedural and narrative discourse variables. Twenty-two aphasic patients (5 Broca's, 7 conduction, and 10 anomic aphasics) and 10 normal speakers served as subjects. Topic familiarity influenced discourse production in both procedural discourse and story retell situations. In procedural discourse, a greater number of optional steps were provided with familiar topics. During retelling of familiar topic stories, a greater proportion of action and resolution clauses were included. Listener familiarity affected the story retell task only. A greater percentage of subjects provided the setting when the listener was familiar.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Face processing and name retrieval in an anomic aphasic: names are stored separately from semantic information about familiar people.

Recent models of face recognition have proposed that the names of familiar people are accessed from a lexical memory store that is distinct from the semantic memory store that holds information about such things as a familiar person's occupation and personality. Names are nevertheless retrieved via the semantic system. If such models are correct, then it should be possible for a patient to have full access to semantic information about familiar people while being unable to name many of them. We report this pattern in an anomic aphasic patient, EST, whose inability to recall the names of familiar people occurred in the context of a general word-finding problem. EST showed a preserved ability to access semantic information from familiar faces, voices, and spoken and written names and to process facial expressions, but he was unable to name many familiar faces. These findings are compatible with current models of face processing and challenge models which propose that names are stored alongside semantic information in a general-purpose long-term memory store.

Anomia↗
PubMed2005

Postpartum resumption of ovarian cycling activity in first-calf suckled beef cows exposed to familiar or unfamiliar bulls.

The objective of this experiment was to determine if the proportion of first-calf suckled beef cows that resumed ovulatory cycles and the interval to resumption of ovarian cycling activity differ after exposure to either "unfamiliar" bulls or cows on d 35 postpartum, after exposure to either "familiar" bulls or cows for the first 30-32 d after calving. Fifty AngusxHereford cows were stratified by calving date, calf BW, and calf sex by d 3 postpartum, and assigned to be exposed to familiar epididectomized bulls (BEF; n=25) or familiar mature ovariectomized (OVX) cows (CEF; n=25). On d 35 after calving, 12 BEF cows were assigned to be exposed to unfamiliar bulls (BEU); likewise, 12 CEF cows were assigned to be exposed to unfamiliar OVX cows (CEU). Cows were in their treatments for either 95 d (BEF and CEF) or 60 d (BEU and CEU) during the experiment. Blood samples were collected every third d from the beginning to the end of the experiment. A rise in progesterone concentration of >0.5ng/mL in consecutive samples was used as the criterion for resumption of ovulatory cycles. Exposing cows to bulls on d 5 after calving and then switching a subset of these cows to be exposed to unfamiliar bulls 30-32 d later did not (P>0.10) alter: (1) the proportion of cows that resumed cycling activity; and (2) postpartum interval to resumption of ovarian cycling activity compared to cows exposed to familiar bulls. However, 32% more (P<0.05) cows exposed to bulls (BEF and BEU) resumed cycling activity by approximately 14.8 d before cows that were exposed to OVX cows (CEF and CEU). We conclude that the familiarity of first-calf cows to either bulls or ovariectomized cows, did not affect the postpartum occurrence of cycling activity or the interval from calving to resumption of ovulatory cycles. However, bull exposure, whether familiar or unfamiliar, stimulates first-calf cows to resume ovulatory cycles sooner after calving than if they are not exposed to bulls.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Involvement of right piriform cortex in olfactory familiarity judgments.

Previous studies have shown activation of right orbitofrontal cortex during judgments of odor familiarity. In the present study, we sought to extend our knowledge about the neural circuits involved in such a task by exploring the involvement of the right prefrontal areas and limbic/primary olfactory structures. Fourteen right-handed male subjects were tested using fMRI with a single functional run of two olfactory conditions (odor detection and familiarity judgments). Each condition included three epochs. During the familiarity condition, subjects rated whether odors were familiar or unfamiliar. During the detection condition, participants decided if odors were present. When contrasting the familiarity with the detection conditions, activated areas were found mainly in the right piriform cortex (PC) and hippocampus, the left inferior frontal gyrus and amygdala, and bilaterally in the mid-fusiform gyrus. Further analyses demonstrated that the right PC was more strongly activated than the left PC. This result supports the notion that the right PC is preferentially involved in judgments of odor familiarity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Recollection and familiarity in dense hippocampal amnesia: a case study.

In the amnesia literature, disagreement exists over whether anterograde amnesia involves recollective-based recognition processes and/or familiarity-based ones depending on whether the anatomical damage is restricted to the hippocampus or also involves adjacent areas, particularly the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices. So far, few patients with well documented anatomical lesions and detailed assessment of recollective and recognition performance have been described. We report a comprehensive neuroanatomical assessment and detailed investigation of the anterograde memory functions of a previously described severe amnesic patient (VC). The results of four previously published neuroradiological investigations (resting PET, qualitative MRIs, volumetric MRI and functional MRI) together with the results of two new investigations (voxel-based morphometry and magnetic resonance spectroscopy) are presented. The consistent finding across these different qualitative and quantitative examinations of VC's brain has shown that there is primarily structural and functional abnormality located selectively in the hippocampus bilaterally. Marked impairments in both verbal and non-verbal recall and recognition standardized memory tests were documented in the context of VC's intact cognitive profile and normal semantic memory. The results of five new experimental recognition memory tests tapping recollection and familiarity using verbal, topographical (buildings and landscapes) and unknown human faces memoranda revealed striking differential effects according to the type of stimuli used. A receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that VC's recollective- and familiarity-based recognition processes were well preserved for unknown human faces. In contrast, recollective-based recognition for verbal and topographical material was at floor. Familiarity-based recognition was also impaired, significantly below controls for verbal and buildings memoranda and quite weak, although not reaching significance, for landscapes. These data suggest that the hippocampus is involved in recollective processes of verbal and topographical stimuli. It also plays an appreciable role in familiarity processes for these stimuli. However, recollection and familiarity of human faces appear not to depend on this region.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Neural systems for recognition of familiar faces.

Immediate access to information about people that we encounter is an essential requirement for effective social interactions. In this manuscript we briefly review our work and work of others on familiar face recognition and propose a modified version of our model of neural systems for face perception with a special emphasis on processes associated with recognition of familiar faces. We argue that visual appearance is only one component of successful recognition of familiar individuals. Other fundamental aspects include the retrieval of "person knowledge" - the representation of the personal traits, intentions, and outlook of someone we know - and the emotional response we experience when seeing a familiar individual. Specifically, we hypothesize that the "theory of mind" areas, that have been implicated in social and cognitive functions other than face perception, play an essential role in the spontaneous activation of person knowledge associated with the recognition of familiar individuals. The amygdala and the insula, structures that are involved in the representation of emotion, also are part of the distributed network of areas that are modulated by familiarity, reflecting the role of emotion in face recognition.

Emotions↗
PubMed2004

Patterns of neural activation associated with exposure to odors from a familiar winner in male golden hamsters.

The neural mechanisms underlying recognition of familiar individuals and responses appropriate to them are not well known. Previous studies with male golden hamsters have shown that, after a series of brief aggressive encounters, a loser selectively avoids his own, familiar winner but does not avoid other males. Using this paradigm, we investigated activity in 20 areas of the brain using immunohistochemistry for c-Fos and Egr-1 during exposure to a familiar winner compared to control groups not exposed to another male. Behavioral data showed that 1 day after fights males that lost avoided the familiar winner, suggesting that they recognized this individual. The c-Fos and Egr-1 immunohistochemistry showed that the losers exposed to familiar winners had a greater density of stained cells in the basolateral amygdala, the CA1 region of anterior dorsal hippocampus and the dorsal subiculum than control groups had in these areas. These results suggest that these brain areas may be involved in the memory for other males, the learned fear of familiar winners, or related processes.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2003

Involvement of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in mediating recollection and familiarity.

The mediodorsal (MD) thalamic nucleus is thought to play an important role in memory processes. Distinct hippocampal-thalamic-prefrontal connections have been described as the potential neural substrate for both, recollection and familiarity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the MD is part of the circuits underlying these two memory components. We assessed the effects of ischemic thalamic lesions with or without MD involvement on performance in a word list discrimination task and standard tests of memory and executive function. Estimates of recollection and familiarity were derived using the dual-process signal-detection model (DPSD). The results revealed impairments in both, recollection and familiarity, after unilateral thalamic damage, with recollection being more affected than familiarity. There were no significant differences in the memory performance of patients with MD lesions compared to patients with ventrolateral-thalamic lesions except for familiarity estimates, which were lower for the latter group. Lesions involving the MD led to recollection deficits, although inspection of individual cases suggested a decrease in both memory components after damage in the medial part of this nucleus. Executive dysfunction was associated with lateral MD lesions and also ventrolateral-thalamic damage. The findings suggest that MD contributes to recollection, with some preliminary evidence of a contribution of the medial MD to familiarity. The small sample size does, however, not yet allow any clear conclusions in this regard. Since damage in the ventrolateral thalamus leads to memory and executive dysfunction, further research is needed to elucidate the role of this thalamic region in cognition.

Brain Ischemia↗
PubMed2000

Configurational coding, familiarity and the right hemisphere advantage for face recognition in sheep.

This study examined characteristics of visual recognition of familiar and unfamiliar faces in sheep using a 2-way discrimination task. Of particular interest were effects of lateralisation and the differential use of internal (configurational) vs external features of the stimuli. Animals were trained in a Y-maze to identify target faces from pairs, both of which were familiar (same flock as the subjects) or both of which were unfamiliar (different flock). Having been trained to identify the rewarded face a series of stimuli were presented to the sheep, designed to test for the use of each visual hemifield in the discriminations and the use of internal and external facial cues. The first experiment showed that there was a left visual hemifield (LVF) advantage in the identification of 'hemifaces', and 'mirrored hemifaces' and 'chimeric' faces and that this effect was strongest with familiar faces. This represents the first evidence for visual field bias outside the primate literature. Results from the second experiment showed that, whilst both familiar and unfamiliar faces could be identified by the external features alone, only the familiar faces could be recognised by the internal features alone. Overall the results suggest separate recognition methods for socially familiar and unfamiliar faces, with the former being coded more by internal, configurational cues and showing a lateral bias to the left visual field.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A serial test of the laterality of familiar face recognition.

The purpose of the present study was to address the issue of laterality of familiar face recognition. Seventy-two participants judged familiar faces presented laterally or centrally for their "faceness," familiarity, occupation, and name (which represent four stages of familiar face processing) using one of three response modes-verbal, manual, or combined. The pattern of reaction times (RTs) implied a serial process of familiar face recognition. Centrally presented stimuli were recognized faster than laterally presented stimuli. No RT differences were found between the left and right visual fields (VFs) across all judgments and response modes. The findings were interpreted as supporting the notion that there are no significant hemispheric differences in familiar face recognition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Familiarity with mental illness and social distance from people with schizophrenia and major depression: testing a model using data from a representative population survey.

OBJECTIVES: The main purpose of this study is to examine whether the relationship between familiarity with mental illness and stigmatizing attitudes about mental illness, which had been observed in a previous study based on a sample of community college students (Psychiatr. Serv. 52 (2001) 953), can be replicated using data from a representative population survey. METHODS: In spring 2001, a representative survey was carried out in Germany (n=5025). A personal, fully structured interview was conducted which began with the presentation of a vignette depicting someone with either schizophrenia or major depression. Respondents were asked to respond to measures assessing familiarity, perception of dangerousness, fear, and social distance. Path analysis with manifest variable structural modeling techniques was applied to test the model used in the previous study. RESULTS: Despite differences in methods, most findings of the previous study were replicated. Respondents who were familiar with mental illness were less likely to believe that people with schizophrenia or major depression are dangerous. Weaker perceptions of dangerousness corresponded closely with less fear of such people, which in turn was associated with less social distance. The effect of familiarity was somewhat pervasive: respondents who reported to be familiar with mental illness expressed a less strong desire for social distance. There is also a relatively strong relationship between perceived dangerousness and social distance. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings fully support the notion that approaches to social change which increase the public's familiarity with mental illness will decrease stigma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Is the N170 for faces cognitively penetrable? Evidence from repetition priming of Mooney faces of familiar and unfamiliar persons.

Impoverished images of faces, two-tone Mooney faces, severely impair the ability to recognize to whom the face pertains. However, previously seeing the corresponding face in a clear format helps fame-judgments to Mooney faces. In the present experiment, we sought to demonstrate that enhancement in the perceptual encoding of Mooney faces results from top-down effects, due to previous activation of familiar face representation. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were obtained for target Mooney images of familiar and unfamiliar faces preceded by clear pictures portraying either the same photo (same photo prime), or a different photo of the same person (different photo prime) or a new unfamiliar face (no-prime). In agreement with previous findings the use of primes was effective in enhancing the recognition of familiar faces in Mooney images; this priming effect was larger in the same than in different photo priming condition. ERP data revealed that the amplitude of the N170 face-sensitive component was smaller when elicited by familiar than by unfamiliar face targets, and for familiar face targets primed by the same than by different photos (a graded priming effect). Because the priming effect was restricted to familiar faces and occurred at the peak of the N170, we suggest that the early perceptual stage of face processing is likely to be penetrable by the top-down effect due to the activation of face representations within the face recognition system.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Milk removal in familiar and unfamiliar surroundings: concentrations of oxytocin, prolactin, cortisol and beta-endorphin.

Eight cows were machine milked either in an operating theatre or in their familiar barn. During the experiments, milk flow curves were recorded and blood samples were taken for determination of concentrations of oxytocin, prolactin, cortisol and beta-endorphin. The milking cluster was attached without udder preparation. After cessation of milk flow, air was blown into the vagina for 2 min. When milk flow had stopped again, 1 i.u. oxytocin and finally 10 i.u. oxytocin were injected to remove the remaining milk. After the start of milking, oxytocin remained basal in unfamiliar, but increased in familiar surroundings. Therefore, during normal milking only 9% of total milk was removed in unfamiliar, whereas 79% was available in familiar surroundings. In response to subsequent vaginal stimulation in the operating theatre, oxytocin increased transiently in five cows and 15-71% of the milk was removed in these animals. In the other three cows in the operating theatre, oxytocin remained basal during vaginal stimulation, and no more milk was available. After injection of 1 i.u. oxytocin, 56 and 11%, and after injection of 10 i.u. oxytocin, 13 and 8% of milk was removed in unfamiliar and familiar surroundings respectively. Concentrations of prolactin increased during the course of milking in both treatments. Premilking concentrations of cortisol and beta-endorphin were elevated in unfamiliar as compared with familiar surroundings. During the course of milking, cortisol increased slightly and beta-endorphin decreased in unfamiliar, whereas both hormones increased markedly during milking in familiar surroundings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Assessment of familiarity and recollection in the false fame paradigm using a modified process dissociation procedure.

A modified way of administering the process dissociation procedure to the false fame paradigm is described. Multidimensional signal detection theory (SDT) is used to correct for recollection as well as familiarity false alarms, and two experiments are reported that compare this method of false alarm correction with the hybrid procedure preferred by Jacoby et al. (1993). In experiment 1, it is shown that recollection and familiarity are lost at the same rate in normal subjects over a delay of 1 d when an SDT analysis is used. Analysis with the hybrid procedure fails to find any forgetting over the 1-d delay. In experiment 2, amnesics are shown to have preserved familiarity in the face of impaired recollection for names when the results are analyzed by either method. An additional analysis showed that the amnesics' familiarity was normal even for relatively novel surnames. The SDT analysis also revealed that the amnesics, relative to controls, showed a conservative recollection and a liberal familiarity response bias. The results indicate that it is important to correct for recollection as well as familiarity false alarms.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Familiarization, attention, and recognition memory in infancy: an event-related potential and cortical source localization study.

This study investigated the effects of familiarization and attention on event-related potential (ERP) correlates of recognition memory in infants. Infants 4.5, 6, or 7.5 months of age were either familiarized with 2 stimuli that were used during later testing or presented 2 stimuli that were not used later. Then, infants were presented with a recording of Sesame Street to elicit attention or inattention and presented with familiar and novel stimuli. A negative ERP component over the frontal and central electrodes (Nc) was larger in the preexposure familiarization group for novel- than for familiar-stimulus presentations, whereas the Nc did not differ for the group not receiving a familiarization exposure. Spatial independent components analysis of the electroencephelogram and "equivalent current dipole" analysis were used to examine putative cortical sources of the ERP components. The cortical source of Nc was located in areas of prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex.

Arousal↗
PubMed2003

Familiarity, ambivalence, and firm reputation: is corporate fame a double-edged sword?

This research questioned the proposition that corporate familiarity is positively associated with firm reputation. Student images of familiar and unfamiliar Fortune 500 corporations were examined in 4 experiments. The results suggested that, consistent with behavioral decision theory and attitude theory, highly familiar corporations provide information that is more compatible with the tasks of both admiring and condemning than less familiar corporations. Furthermore, the judgment context may determine whether positive or negative judgments are reported about familiar companies. The notion that people can simultaneously hold contradictory images of well-known firms may help to explain the inconsistent findings on the relation between familiarity and reputation.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Recollection and familiarity in recognition memory: adult age differences and neuropsychological test correlates.

Dual process theories account for age-related changes in memory by proposing that old age is associated with deficits in recollection together with invariance in familiarity. The authors evaluated this proposal in recognition by examining recollection and familiarity estimates in young and older adults across 3 process estimation methods: inclusion/exclusion, remember/know, and receiver operating characteristics (ROC). Consistent with a previous literature review (Light, Prull, LaVoie, & Healy, 2000), the authors found age invariance in familiarity when process estimates were derived from the inclusion/exclusion method, but the authors found age differences favoring the young when familiarity estimates were derived from the remember/know and ROC methods. Recollection estimates were lower for older adults in all 3 methods. Recollection and familiarity had variable relationships with frontal- and temporal-lobe measures of neuropsychological functioning in older adults, depending on which method was used to generate process estimates. These data suggest that although recollection deficits appear to be the rule in aging, not all estimates of familiarity show age invariance.

Adolescent↗