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Kidney foundations serve a unique role with their focus on the medical, psychosocial, and health needs of the individual with kidney disease and with their community-based structure. The types of activities in which kidney foundations may become involved include, but are not limited to, educational programs for health care workers and for patients and their families; educational, rehabilitative, and financial support programs for patients or their families; advocacy to the government and to other organizations on behalf of the needs of the patient and the patient's family; and fund raising for research or for other kidney-related programs. Most of the world's population is not represented by kidney foundations. Moreover, there are major variations in the programmatic activities of most kidney foundations. The fact that the psychosocial and educational needs of individuals with renal disease and renal failure are often great and the fact that access of individuals with end-stage renal disease to long-term dialysis therapy or renal transplantation varies greatly in different parts of the world provide a strong rationale for the establishment of community-based kidney foundations to advocate for the patient. The International Federation of Kidney Foundations (IFKF), which was formed during the past year, has as its goal fostering international collaboration and exchange of ideas to improve the health, well-being, and quality of life for individuals with kidney disease. The IFKF will promote the establishment of kidney foundations in regions where none currently exist and will encourage the growth in programmatic activities of kidney foundations everywhere. The increasing globalization of the world, growing affluence worldwide, and the willingness of people to engage in charitable giving suggest that this is a most opportune time to launch this international organization.
The Möbius-Foundation was founded on the initiative of some co-workers and friends of Leipzig neurologist and psychiatrist Paul Julius Möbius, who had died in 1907. Their aim was to venerate the memory of Möbius and to gather support for his and their subjects. After a starting phase of structuring and consolidating, the "Möbius-Foundation" began, according to its statute, to honour achievements in the fields of neurology and psychiatry. The foundation gained reputation throughout Germany in both of these fields. Among the prizewinners of the "Möbius-Award" were Alois Alzheimer, Emil Kraepelin, Max Nonne, Cécile and Oskar Vogt, or Otfrid Foerster. The inflation of 1923 immensely reduced the capital stock of the foundation, sentencing it to inactivity. Until 1938 Johannes Bresler tried to revive the "Möbius-Foundation". Later, the foundation was absorded by the GDNP (Society of German Neurologists and Psychiatrists). However, due to the outbreak of WW II in 1939, the foundation was not able to take up its work again. The history of the foundation mirrors en miniature both the social changes in Germany and German psychiatry in the first half of the twentieth century.
The author provides a detailed overview of the missions, accomplishments, current strategies, and unique institutional role of those U.S. private foundations that have a significant focus on health, especially those that emphasize the support of medical education. The major foundations of this kind are identified, their contributions during this century are described, and their current finding strategies and directions are listed. The author indicates the history of foundation giving during this century, discusses in detail the characteristics of five major foundations, indicates their influence in the medical education and public health arenas in the United States and around the world, and provides two tables with thumbnail sketches of 31 foundations working in these arenas. She concludes that foundations have offered and continue to offer to government, medical schools, and other health-promoting institutions an array of innovative, less traditional options and the results of pilot programs using these options. In this way, foundations provide challenges and guidance to these institutions to stretch toward better ways of fulfilling their missions. Clearly, foundations cannot fund the cost of reforming medical education and health care for the twenty-first century, but they have a crucial role in leading the way to such reform.
The Canadian Digestive Disease Foundation, renamed the Canadian Digestive Health Foundation--Fondation canadienne pour la promotion de la santé digestive--in December 2001, is the culmination of ongoing efforts by the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology to establish an independent charitable organization. In February 2001, it was officially endorsed as the Foundation for the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology. The initial efforts to establish this Foundation, led by Dr Richard McKenna in 1963, were unsuccessful. In 1991, Glaxo Canada (now GlaxoSmithKline) became a founding donor, and with the four founding physicians--Drs Ivan T Beck, Richard H Hunt, Suzanne E Lemire and Alan BR Thomson--the expenses to establish the Foundation were met. A charitable number was obtained in 1995 (0997427-11). The second founding donor was Janssen Canada (now Janssen-Ortho), and public education support came from Astra Canada (now AstraZeneca Canada). The Foundation initially relied on corporate donors, but now approaches physicians, patients and the general public. The objectives of the Foundation are to advance the science of gastroenterology and to provide knowledge of digestive diseases and nutrition to the general public, to enhance the quality of life of persons who are afflicted with these disorders. The major achievements of the Foundation are the provision of one-year operating grants to new investigators, which have allowed them to accumulate early data and subsequently obtain support from other major granting organizations. It also provides Fellowships and studentship support grants, in conjunction with the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the pharmaceutical industry. The education committee found that there was little research support in this field, considering the large economic burden of digestive disease and the amount of outstanding work done by Canadian researchers. A bilingual Web site, a web-based specialist's discussion program and bilingual pamphlets facilitate public awareness and allow patients to voice concerns.
The Rockefeller Foundation's campaign against yellow fever in Mexico sought to advance the economic and political interests of U.S. capitalism. The campaign was implemented at a time of strong anti-American sentiments on the part of the Mexican people. With no diplomatic relationships between Mexico and the United States, the Rockefeller Foundation presented its campaign as an international commitment. Thus, Foundation doctors became the most salient U.S. diplomats. At the same time they made sure that the Mexican yellow fever would not spread to the United States through the southern border. The by-products of the campaign went beyond the political arena. Special techniques to combat the vectors allowed the Rockefeller Foundation's brigades to change the anti-American sentiments of the people. When the campaign ended, the Foundation had already set in place the foundation for the modern Mexican health care system. Benefits from the campaign also accrued to President Obregón, who used the campaign to strengthen his position of power. Mexican doctors adopting a pro-American attitude also allied with the Rockefeller Foundation to gain reputation and power within the emerging Mexican State.
U.S. foundations and nonprofits work diligently on behalf of society's most needy and yet report that progress is slow and social problems persist. How can they learn to be more effective with their limited resources? Foundations should consider expanding their mission from investing only in program innovation to investing in the organizational needs of nonprofit organizations as well. Their overemphasis on program design has meant deteriorating organizational capacity at many nonprofits. If foundations are to help nonprofits be assured of making payroll, paying the rent, or buying a much-needed computer, they must develop hands-on partnering skills. Venture capital firms offer a helpful benchmark. In addition to putting up capital, they closely monitor the companies in which they have invested, provide management support and stay involved long enough to see the company become strong. If foundation officers familiarize themselves with such practices, they can begin to build organizational capacity in the nonprofit sector. Foundations can hire organizational experts to assist grantees; they can lengthen grant terms to allow nonprofits to build up organization strengths; and they can create new classes of grants that allow for organizational effectiveness. Nonprofits in turn should articulate their organizational needs when applying for grants; they should apply to foundations known for longer-term grants; and they should create plans that justify long-term support from foundations.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Little is known about how various polymerization combinations of dual-polymerized adhesives and resin core foundation pastes affect dentin bond strength. PURPOSE: This study examined the influence of different polymerization modes of dual-polymerized resin direct core foundation systems on dentin bond strength using bovine dentin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two commercially available dual-polymerized resin direct core foundation systems, Clearfil DC Core and UniFil Core, were studied. Bovine mandibular incisors were mounted in autopolymerizing resin and the facial dentin surfaces were ground wet on 600-grit SiC paper. Dentin surfaces were treated according to manufacturer's recommendations, and dual-polymerized adhesives were applied and dual-polymerized (control) or only chemically polymerized. The core foundation resins were condensed into the mold (4 x 2-mm) and were also either dual-polymerized or only chemically polymerized. Eighty specimens (n=10) were stored in 37 degrees C water for 24 hours, then shear tested at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min in a universal testing machine. Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy was used to measure the degree of conversion of dual-polymerized resin core foundation pastes with both modes of polymerization. One- and 2-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD tests, and Student t -tests were performed (alpha=.05). RESULTS: The highest mean bond strengths (+/-SD) were obtained when the adhesives and resin pastes were dual-polymerized for both core foundation systems (14.6 +/- 2.1 MPa for Clearfil DC Core, 15.6 +/- 2.2 MPa for UniFil Core). Chemical polymerization of dual-polymerized adhesives and resin pastes resulted in significantly lower bond strength (2.8 +/- 0.6 MPa for Clearfil DC Core, 8.1 +/- 2.2 MPa for UniFil Core) ( P <.001). The degree of conversion for the resin pastes decreased significantly ( P <.05) when only chemical polymerization was employed, from 81.5% to 76.1% for Clearfil DC Core and 86.7% to 81.2% for UniFil Core. CONCLUSION: The data suggests that the dentin bond strengths of the dual-polymerized resin direct core foundation systems are highest when both adhesive and resin core paste are dual polymerized.
The relationship between the size of the denture foundation area and the resorption of the alveolar ridge was investigated in 55 edentulous subjects. The denture foundation area was recorded using a modelling compound impression technique with border moulding. Both sides of each edentulous mandible were examined separately, making a total of 110 experimental sides in the study. On a stone cast made from each impression, the size of of the superficial denture foundation area and of the projected denture foundation area on the tentative plane of occlusion of each anatomical zone were measured. The vertical height of the alveolar ridge at the lateral incisor and first molar region was also evaluated. The size of the superficial denture foundation area in the antero-lingual and postero-lingual zones showed no significant correlation with the degree of alveolar ridge resorption. The size of the projected denture foundation area on the tentative plane of occlusion in the anterior section showed negative significant correlation with the degree of alveolar ridge resorption. The size of the projected denture foundation area on the tentative plane of occlusion in the posterior section showed no significant correlation with the degree of alveolar ridge resorption.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Microleakage is a concern for the long-term prognosis of a cemented crown and foundation. PURPOSE: The aims of this investigation were, first, to evaluate microleakage of zinc phosphate cement and resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement under ideal (dry) versus contaminated (wet) conditions, and second, to compare 3 foundations under both ideal and contaminated conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred forty extracted molar teeth were cleaned and mounted. Tooth preparations for complete veneer cast crowns were completed with a chamfer finish line. A mesial surface class II cavity preparation 4 mm wide buccolingually and 2 mm deep was made in each tooth. Seven restorative groups were formed: amalgam/cavity varnish, amalgam/dentinal bonding agent, and composite/dentinal bonding agent, each with dry and contaminated groups, and a seventh group of class II cavity preparations without foundations. Finish lines for crown margins were refined 1.5 mm gingival to the restoration. Artificial crowns were cast in type III gold. Treatment groups were divided into 4 cement groups: dry and contaminated zinc phosphate cement and dry and contaminated resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement. The specimens were thermocycled and immersed in erythrosine B solution for 24 hours. Subsequently, they were rinsed, and their coronal portions were embedded in clear resin. Teeth were sectioned mesiodistally, and standard photomicrographs were made. The microleakage of each restoration and crown was measured. RESULTS: The least foundation microleakage was recorded for amalgam/dentinal bonding agents (ideal group) and composite/dentinal bonding agents (ideal group). The most microleakage was observed within the group without a foundation. In cement groups, the control and experiment sides were evaluated separately but displayed the same order of finding. The least leakage was recorded with resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement (ideal group); the most microleakage was noted with zinc phosphate cement (ideal group). An interaction was demonstrated on the experimental side between cements and the foundations (P=.0001). CONCLUSION: Within the experimental conditions of this study, less microleakage was recorded with resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement (ideal or contaminated) than with zinc phosphate cement (ideal or contaminated). There also was less microleakage evident with a foundation of silver amalgam or composite when a dentinal bonding agent was used under ideal conditions.
A core foundation system is frequently used in endodontically treated teeth that suffer excessive loss of the coronal portion of their structure. The volumetric shrinkage of core foundation resins may create marginal gaps that influence the bonding ability and longevity of a restored tooth. Little is known about how activation conditions of resin core foundation resin pastes affect their volumetric shrinkage. This study evaluated the influence of light intensity and light activation duration on volumetric shrinkage of direct core foundation resins. Two dual- and one light-activated core foundation resin pastes were employed. The material was placed in a Teflon mold 4 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height and extruded into a water filled dilatometer. The specimens were then light activated and the change in height of the meniscus of water was recorded using a charged-coupled device camera. The average volumetric shrinkage of the core foundation resins after 180 seconds ranged from 1.53% to 2.63%. For all materials tested, there was a tendency for increased volumetric shrinkage with increased light activation time and intensity. The results of this study indicate that the volumetric change of core foundation resins is influenced by the time and intensity of light activation.