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PubMed2000

Prediction from an integrated regression equation: a forestry application.

Models to depict the tapering of a tree bole abound in the literature of forest science, and such models are widely used in forestry practice. One important use is the integration of a taper equation to predict the volume of the tree bole. The statistical properties of volume prediction from an integrated taper equation have been obscure. Based on the statistical characteristics of a taper model for the bole's cross-sectional area, we derive the first two moments of the volume predictor and the prediction error. Bias from the integration is nil. The importance of a reasonable model of the error structure is demonstrated.

Biometry↗

PubMed2006

Seroprevalence of human anaplasmosis in slovene forestry workers.

The aim of the present study was to establish the prevalence and incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum during the period of tick activity and to compare the risk of infection for forestry workers and indoor workers in Slovenia.

Anaplasmosis↗

PubMed2002

Fatalities in farming and forestry: an examination of the registry information used in the Swedish national statistics, 1988-1997.

In Sweden, work-related injuries are filed in the ISA, a national information system. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration is responsible for this registry, and local units of the ISA and the Labor Inspectorate provide the information. The risk of dying in a work-related accident is greatestfor those employed in farming and forestry. At the same time, small-scale industries such as farms and other entrepreneurial businesses have difficulties in reporting accidents. It is therefore possible that the registry is incomplete and/or has many errors with respect to this kind of occupational activity. Thus, it is of interest to study the ISA in this area. This study was carried out using information obtainedfrom the Labor Inspectorate (LI), the police, the occupational health service, and local persons. Errors were traced in 28 cases (17%), and at least one piece of necessary information was missing in 165 cases of a total of 167. Approximately 14% of the cases had such fundamental errors that the case should be withdrawn from the registry. Most of the errors concerned the victim's occupation/profession and the kind of work being done at the time of the accident. In order to be an adequate instrument for use in prevention work, the ISA files must be more complete. This is of special importance with respect to the characteristics of the events. At the same time, the number of errors should be reduced.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed1998

Health surveillance of forestry workers exposed to hand-arm vibration in Wakayama from 1974 to 1996.

To clarify the trends in the number and the severity of vibration syndrome in Wakayama for these 23 years, the records of the medical examinations for vibration syndrome were analyzed with 4,652 (a total of 9,920) private forestry workers exposed to hand-arm vibration. The number of the subjects who took the medical examinations reached a maximum of 1,242 in 1978. After that, it decreased year by year, but remained at about 300 or less from 1988. There was a corresponding increase in age and the number of years of operating chain saws among the subjects examined. The compensated cases reached a maximum number of 393 cases in 1977, and then a drastic decrease was noted. Year by year there was an increase in the number of cases whose medical examinations revealed no abnormality. The regional occupational health care system including the surveillance card, which has been active since 1975, has probably contributed to the decrease or prevention of occurrence of vibration syndrome in Wakayama.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

[The forestry doctor and the lumber camp people].

In the beginning of the last century there were many accidents in Norwegian forestry, and doctors in the rural districts made great efforts to improve the work environment. District physician Otto Mejlaender (1865-1944) in Trysil was a pioneer. He was actively involved in educational work, wrote articles about the working conditions in the forests and work accidents. The papers refers to various injuries that occurred during work in the forests and how the layman should attend to them. It describes the poor conditions in the lumber cabins, the long and tiresome working day, and the illnesses these activities caused. A summary is also given of an article written by Mejlaender in the Journal of the Norwegian Medical Association in 1906, in which he presents a somewhat unusual case of a young man who damaged his testicles.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed2006

The effect of body mass on physiological indicators in the performance of forestry workers.

The paper presents the results of research into the effects of body mass (BM) on basic physiological indicators of work capability among forestry workers. The indicators included the maximum theoretical heart rate, the maximum heart rate in exertion tests, and the basal energy expenditure. The effects of the deviation of the actual from the ideal BM values were analysed on a sample of 8 workers. The variables included age, body height and mass. These were used to determine the maximum theoretical heart rate. The maximum heart rate was determined in an ergonomic laboratory in a programmed exertion test on a treadmill. Using standard formulae in work physiology, values of work capability indicators were calculated for the actual and ideal BM of each worker. The results, embracing individual and summary values and their absolute and relative ratios, showed that workers exceeded their ideal BM by an average of 9.9 kg. In all workers, the maximum theoretical heart rate was higher than that achieved in the exertion test. It was also found that even significant deviations of the ideal from the actual BM (the actual BM was more than 20% higher than the ideal BM) did not have any considerable effects on the maximum theoretical heart rate. The analysis of oxygen consumption showed that in relation to physical capability of the ideal BM and the maximal theoretical heart rate, physical capability of each worker was lower by an average of 11.5%. The highest reduction of physical capability was found in those workers with the least favourable ratio between the theoretical and the maximal tested heart rate. It was concluded that on average, the basal energy expenditure in each worker was higher by 7.45% due to the deviation of the actual from the ideal BM. At constant values of other factors, this means an equivalently lower capacity for daily physical performance.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

[Prevalence of antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi in forestry workers from the Lublin region].

Ticks are recently regarded as ones of the most important vectors of emerging diseases. One of these diseases is human granulocytic ehrlichiosis caused by obligatory intracellular microorganism recently named as Anaplasma phagocytophilum. 334 sera from forestry workers and 56 sera from blood donors (as a control group) were collected and examined for antibodies to A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi. The antibodies were found statistically more frequently in sera from foresters compared to sera of the control group, both to A. phagocytophilum (19.8% vs. 5.4%, p < 0.001) and B. burgdorferi (32.0% vs. 7.1%, p < 0.01). Only 15 sera (4.5%) were found positive for both examined bacteria suggesting inhibition of coexistence although it was not statistically significant. No correlation was found between percentages of antibodies to A. phagocytophilum and to B. burgdorferi from different locations.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum↗

PubMed1995

[Man and forestry work--a chronologic perspective].

Forest work has been an object of systematic research for two centuries. The research includes studies of work methods and techniques, ergonomic aspects, field conditions, productivity, health problems, work safety, remuneration, psychological and sociological aspects of forest labour. Research in forest work originated in Central Europe but has since spread to all parts of the world. Viewing man and forest work from the 19th to the 21st centuries we can conclude the following: Until the mid-19th century forest work was carried out by human and animal power, aided by the force of gravity, water and wind. For man, it was one of the most difficult and dangerous jobs. Forest work demanded a large number of workers. The mid-1800s saw the beginning of mechanization of hard load motion in wood transportation. The mechanization of forest work is constantly increasing. Versatile multi-functional machines are introduced into various segments of forest work. Today, there is a wide range of work methods and techniques in forestry. At the same time, side by side, one can see forest operations performed entirely by human power and others, mechanized and fully automated. With the development of new work methods and techniques, and new forest products, the need for man's physical labour gives way to an increasing demand for general knowledge and expertise. Powerful, multi-functional machines, supported by information technology and operated by highly qualified professionals have stretched the limits of the sources of work energy and information flow in performance and optimization of forest work.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ergonomics↗

PubMed1995

[The forestry work environment and its ergonomic requirements].

The paper describes chief instruments of forest production and their ergonomic requirements. The level of mechanization in the forestry production differs from high in logging and roadbuilding to a considerably lower one in silviculture, where nursery production stands out with the level of mechanization equalling that of agriculture. Ergonomic requirements greatly depend on the attitude of a particular social environment towards work safety. Some ergonomic requirements take the form of standards, recommendations or agreements. The chain saw is characterized not only by ergonomic-technical properties but also by mass, noise and vibration. Over the past three and a half decades, each of these parameters has come to conform to stricter and stricter requirements. Mass has been reduced to less than 8 kg, noise near the cutter's ear to about 100 dB(A), and the estimated acceleration transfer to the hand/arm system (WAS) below 12.5 m/s2 (frequently even below 10 m/s2).

Ergonomics↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The results of the medical examination of forestry industry workers in an area under intensified radioecological control].

Overall ninety five workers engaged in forestry of Ukraine living in the controlled territories of this country were examined. Some patients had augmented bodily content of cesium-137, the cause of this thought to be related to their being resident in the localities with its high concentrations in the soil (above 15 Ki in sq. km.), failure to observe sanitary and hygienic measures, violation of a great many of matters related to everyday life and social conditions. No association was found between bodily levels of cesium-137 and pathology. I to II degree hyperplasia of the thyroid gland ran its course with no impairement of its functions. The most prevalent nosological form among diseases of the respiratory system in the examined contingent appeared to be chronic bronchitis. Quantitative and qualitative parameters of hemopoesis do not exceed the bounds of the populational ones and are consistent with change patterns in chronic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and bronchopulmonary system under ecologic health hazard conditions.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

[Detection of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi among forestry workers in North-Eastern Poland].

The purpose of the study was to assess the incidence of Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies and clinical forms of Lyme borreliosis among forestry workers in north-eastern Poland. The group studied consisted of 1,466 persons (297 women and 1,169 men), aged 20-70 years. In 439 (23.81%) persons the presence of B. burgdorferi antibodies was detected in serum, in 271 (18.49%) persons active Lyme borreliosis was diagnosed and 78 (5.32%) persons were carriers of B. burgdorferi antibodies. Arthritis (43.84%) and neuroborreliosis (32.95%) were found to be the most common forms of borreliosis.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Japanese guidelines for mutagenicity testing. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; Ministry of Health and Welfare; Ministry of Labor.

Several Japanese agencies are required to perform mutagenicity tests according to regulatory guidelines. Although each agency's guidelines address a specific purpose, the experimental principles behind them are similar, and general methodological recommendations have been issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries [1985]; Ministry of Health and Welfare [1990]; Ministry of Labor [1991]; and Ministry of Health and Welfare [1992]. Four major guidelines for mutagenicity testing in Japan and some amendments are briefly introduced. In addition, several procedures in Japanese guidelines that differ from those of other countries or organizations are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Balneoclimatic prevention and treatment of vascular disorders due to vibration at the forestry workers.

A total of 824 chain-saw operators who were employed in felling trees in the forestry industry were exposed to local vibration, which produced peripheral blood-flow disorders and lesions in the joints and hand bones. In the last 10 years, they have undergone 24-day balneoclimatic treatment at the Kołobrzeg Health Resort. It was found that a stay in the spa and certain balneological treatments exert a favorable effect on the peripheral blood-flow disorders produced by the local vibration of chain saws. The symptoms (chills and numbing of the fingers, etc.) disappeared in nearly 40% of these workers. An improvement in the objective indices of the peripheral circulation (thermographic and plethysmographic tests) was observed in about 90% of patients treated with brine baths combined with underwater vibratory massage (rotatory) or brine baths alone. The brine bath and vibratory massage have a direct beneficial influence on the peripheral blood flow of pectoral limbs.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

[Occupational diseases in forestry workers].

Inquiries and medical examinations provided a considerable amount of informations on the state of health of forest workers in Switzerland. A large number of forest workers suffers from back troubles (55%) and other health problems concerning the muscular-skeletal system. These are obvious reasons for giving up forestry work before reaching the retiring age limit. Complaints about overfatigue and overall body degeneration are frequent and point to the necessity of further investigations. Vibration induced "White Fingers" are frequent amount forest workers (46%). They are closely related to total exposure time. During recent years among professional forest workers there has been a change-over to chain-saws with vibration damping devices (97%) and, to some extend, to chain-saws with heated handgrips. This seems to lead to a reduction of White Finger symptoms. Chain-saw exhausted gas continues to be a problem requiring solution.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

A study of physiological and work study indices of forestry work.

Reasons for the use of physiological methods of assessment in addition to classical work study methods are given for the case of manual work. A study of use of both assessment processes with regard to a series of forestry tasks is presented. Poor correlations between physiological and work study assessments were obtained and since the tasks were manual in nature it was presumed the physiological methods offered greater accuracy. A test study was used to support this view. Finally, the paper suggests a physiological index of manual effort, related to individual capacity, which might be capable of application in normal field work.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1996

Symptoms and sickleave among forestry machine operators working with pronated hands.

Nineteen forestry machines operators worked with two types of hand controls. Harvesting operators, who worked with their hands in pronated position, were more often on sickleave compared with operators working with their hands semi-pronated. This is one of several important factors related to musculoskeletal symptoms. The experience from laboratory studies as well as epidemiological studies should be carefully considered when designing hand controls for machine operators.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1984

Mycorrhizae and their potential use in the agricultural and forestry industries.

Mycorrhizal fungi associated with plant roots increase the absorption of nutrients, particularly phosphorus, and thus enhance the growth of crop plants and trees. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) occur in approximately 90% of all vascular plants including most of the important agricultural species, whereas ectomycorrhizae are found in most of the economically important tree species of the temperate regions of the world, and in some tropical trees. These symbiotic associations are, therefore, important in crop and biomass production. For this reason they are receiving considerable attention in agriculture and forestry. Currently, VAM are utilized in fumigated soils, greenhouse crops, and in the reclamation of disturbed sites. Ectomycorrhizae are employed in the establishment of trees in nurseries, in reforestation programs, and in the production of containerized seedlings. Production of VAM and ectomycorrhiza inoculum for large scale projects is now feasible but many basic questions related to persistence of these fungi in field situations, competition with other microorganisms, and particularly the most efficient fungi to use for particular hosts remain largely unanswered.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Pesticide levels in surface waters in an agricultural-forestry basin in Southern Chile.

Residues of five pesticides in surface water were surveyed during 2001 and 2003 in the Traiguen river basin in Southern Chile. Simazine, hexazinone, 2,4-D, picloram herbicides and carbendazim fungicide were selected through a pesticide risk classification index. Six sampling stations along the river were set up based on agricultural and forestry land use. The water sampling was carried out before and after the pesticide application periods and in correspondence to some rain events. Pesticides were analyzed by HPLC with DAD detection in a multiresidue analysis. During 2001, in the first sampling campaign (March), the highest concentrations of pesticides were 3.0 microg l(-1) for simazine and hexazinone and 1.8 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the second sampling (September), the highest concentration were 9.7 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D, 0.3 microg l(-1) for picloram and 0.4 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the last sampling period (December), samples indicated contamination with carbendazim fungicide at levels of up to 1.2 microg l(-1). In sampling carried out on May 2003, no pesticides were detected. In October 2003, the highest concentrations of pesticides were 4.5 microg l(-1) for carbendazim and 2.9 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D. Data are discussed in function of land use and application periods of the products, showing a clear seasonal pattern pollution in the Traiguen river. Risk assessment for these pesticides was calculated by using a risk quotient (RQ = PNEC/PEC). For picloram the calculated RQ < was 0, which indicates that no adverse effects may occur due to the exposure to this herbicide in the Traiguen river basin. For 2,4-D, simazine, hexazinone, carbendazim RQ > 1, meaning that adverse effects could occur and it is necessary to reduce pesticide exposure in surface waters. It is recommended to continue with a pesticide monitoring program and the implementation of ecotoxicological testing with local and standardized species in order to consider the probability of effects occurrence, with less uncertainty. Thus, it will be more feasible to make some recommendations to regulatory agencies regarding the pesticide use.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗