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PubMed1999

Flavobacterium meningosepticum sepsis in an infant with a diarrheal prodrome.

A full term, previously normal 2 1/2-month-old black boy was transferred to our hospital from an outlying facility on hospital day 5 for failure to thrive. Three weeks before transfer, the infant was hospitalized for a diarrheal illness with fever. The baby received 3 days of ceftriaxone empirically and was discharged home after the sepsis evaluation was negative. Mild diarrhea and steady weight loss continued and the baby was readmitted. Blood culture done on admission grew Flavobacterium meningosepticum, an organism previously described as an uncommon cause of sepsis in neonates and immunocompromised individuals. As it is water-borne, it has been associated with infection via contaminated water. This organism is usually resistant to antibiotics commonly used for empiric treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of Flavobacterium bacteremia associated with a prodromal and concurrent diarrheal illness.

Bacteremia↗
PubMed1994

Flavobacterium scophthalmum sp. nov., a pathogen of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.).

Fifty orange-pigmented, gram-negative, rod-shaped isolates were recovered from healthy and diseased turbot and from coastal waters (collected in Scotland). On the basis of the results of an examination of 125 phenotypic characteristics and the results of DNA-DNA and DNA-rRNA hybridization experiments, we concluded that these isolates are members of a new species in the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium scophthalmum is proposed. The type strain is CCM 4109 (= LMG 13028).

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Use of a synthetic oligonucleotide to identify a chromosomal gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in a plasmid-bearing Flavobacterium.

A micro-organism previously designated Flavobacterium sp. CB60 is resistant to chloramphenicol as a consequence of antibiotic acetylation by the enzyme chloramphenicol acetyltransferase and subsequent degradation of the acetylated product by co-metabolism. Although a 15.6 kb plasmid (pCB60) was demonstrated in this Flavobacterium strain, it did not appear to play a role in chloramphenicol acetylation. DNA hybridization was used to identify a fragment of DNA presumptively carrying the cat gene. The sequence of the synthetic probe was based upon known nucleotide sequences corresponding to the highly-conserved active site region of several chloramphenicol acetyltransferase variants. The structural gene for the enzyme in strain CB60 appeared to be chromosomal since the radioactive probe hybridized with a unique restriction fragment from chromosomal DNA but failed to do so with the DNA of plasmid pCB60.

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMed1986

Characterization of Flavobacterium species by analysis of volatile fatty acid production.

Seventy-four Flavobacterium strains were characterized by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of volatile fatty acids produced in the culture medium. Principal components analysis permitted the graphic representation of the relative positions of the different strains, and aggregation according to the variance enabled a hierarchical classification to be established. The study revealed three subgroups each for F. meningosepticum and F. odoratum. Our F. breve, Flavobacterium sp. group IIb and F. multivorum strains appeared to be homogeneous. These results tallied with those of previous studies on DNA base composition and reassociation, electrophoretic protein profiles and cellular fatty acid composition.

Butyrates↗
PubMed1987

Purification and characterization of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase from Flavobacterium CB60.

From the highly chloramphenicol-resistant cytophaga-like bacterium Flavobacterium CB60, which can both acetylate chloramphenicol and degrade it in co-metabolism, the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) was purified to homogeneity and characterized. The purification included fractional precipitation with ammonium sulphate and two affinity chromatography steps, eluting CAT the first time with 5 mM-chloramphenicol and the second time with a linear gradient (0-10 mM) of chloramphenicol. The purification was 3979-fold. Properties of this CAT were investigated and compared with CATs from other bacteria. Although CAT from Flavobacterium CB60 shares some properties with the enzymes from Escherichia coli and other Gram-negative bacteria--especially with CATII and CATIII--it has distinct properties like extreme heat lability and the inability to produce diacetylchloramphenicol, so that it might be regarded as a new variant.

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of lipopolysaccharide and protein profiles between Flavobacterium columnare strains from different genomovars.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and total protein profiles from four Flavobacterium columnare isolates were compar. These strains belonged to genetically different groups and/or presented distinct virulence properties. Flavobacterium columnare isolates ALG-00-530 and ARS-1 are highly virulent strains that belong to different genomovars while F. columnare FC-RR is an attenuated mutant used as a live vaccine against F. columnare. Strain ALG-03-063 is included in the same genomovar group as FC-RR and presents a similar genomic fingerprint. Electrophoresis of LPS showed qualitative differences among the four strains. Further analysis of LPS by immunoblotting revealed that the avirulent mutant lacks the higher molecular bands in the LPS. Total protein analysis displayed by immunoblotting showed differences between the strains analysed although common bands were present in all the isolates. FC-RR lacked two distinct common bands (34 and 33 kDa) shared by the other three isolates. Based on the difference of LPS and total protein profiles, it is possible to discriminate the attenuated mutant FC-RR from other F. columnare strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Various kinds of lipoamino acids including a novel serine-containing lipid in an opportunistic pathogen Flavobacterium. Their structures and biological activities on erythrocytes.

Lipoamino acids were found to represent 60% of the total extractable cellular lipids in Flavobacterium meningosepticum and F. indologenes which are known to be opportunistic pathogens. The structures of the lipoamino acids were resolved by chemical and physicochemical methods. Three kinds of lipoamino acids were included in the lipid of Flavobacterium: 3-hydroxyisoheptadecanoic acid amide-linked to serine and esterified to isopentadecanoic acid, and 3-hydroxyisoheptadecanoic acid amide-linked to ornithine and esterified to isopentadecanoic acid or 2-hydroxyisopentadecanoic acid. This type of serine-containing lipid is a novel, rare substance and exhibited high hemagglutinating activity (minimum hemagglutinating concentration was 0.25-0.5 micrograms/ml) with very good, stable dispersion of its liposomes. We called the serine-containing lipid 'flavolipin', based on the genus name of the bacteria. Of the two types of the ornithine-containing lipids, the one that had a nonpolar terminal fatty acid showed higher hemagglutinating activity than the one that had a polar terminal fatty acid. The reconstituted liposomes whose lipid composition was similar to that of the original bacterial cell membrane exhibited definite hemagglutinating activity. As soon as a terminal fatty acid of the lipoamino acids was lost, their biological activity on erythrocytes changed from hemagglutinating to hemolytic, being accompanied by the disappearance of animal species specificity. The mechanism of both the hemagglutination and the hemolysis was discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Production, characterization and evaluation of virulence of an adhesion defective mutant of Flavobacterium columnare produced by beta-lactam selection.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate mutants of Flavobacterium columnare, the causative agent of columnaris disease in fish. METHODS AND RESULTS: Serial passage on ampicillin (beta-lactam) enriched modified Hsu-Shotts medium resulted in a F. columnare mutant that differed from the parent strain in colony morphology, whole cell proteins, adhesion and virulence. The mutant differed from its parent in virulence during immersion challenge, but not during injection challenge or generation of antibodies. CONCLUSION: Flavobacterium columnare exposure to ampicillin produces both resistance to that antibiotic and produces mutants that lack or have reduced adhesion characteristics and modified ability to adhere to fish tissue. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first description of an adhesion-defective mutant of F. columnare and the effects of altered adhesion on columnaris disease. This mutant has considerable potential as a tool to study the role of adhesion in columnaris disease.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1996

Isolation of a gene encoding cysteine synthase from Flavobacterium K3-15.

The cysteine synthase gene (cysK) from Flavobacterium K3-15 was cloned and sequenced. The gene exhibits 30-50% identity to known cysteine synthases on both the DNA and the amino acid levels. The pyridoxal phosphate binding site of the enzyme is part of a conserved motif comprising seven amino acids (SIKDRIA). The lys31 residue of the flavobacterial enzyme is conserved in all known cysteine synthases. The cysK gene from Flavobacterium K3-15 was heterologously expressed and the gene product identified by immunoblotting and determination of the enzyme activity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Organization of a partial S10 operon and its transcriptional analysis in Flavobacterium hibernum strain W22.

A cluster of six genes from Flavobacterium hibernum strain W22, fus-rpsJ-rplC-rplD-rplW-rplB, was cloned and sequenced. A short fragment upstream of rplC, but not of rpsJ, showed strong promoter activity in flavobacteria. TATCTTTG and TTG motifs that are conserved in Flavobacterium promoters were found immediately upstream of the transcription start point of rplC, at the -7 and -33 positions, respectively. RT-PCR analysis of the transcripts revealed that rpsJ and rplC are expressed as separate transcriptional units, whereas rplC and rplD-rplW-rplB are cotranscribed as a single mRNA, in contrast to the situation in the Gammaproteobacteria, which have a single transcriptional unit of 11 ribosomal S10 genes.

Artificial Gene Fusion↗
PubMed1983

Studies on a collection of strains of the genus Flavobacterium. 2. Nutritional studies.

An attempt has been made to further characterize the Flavobacterium groups found in an earlier study by determining utilizable carbon-energy sources. As a preliminary, it was initially tried to define minimal growth factor requirements. It was found likely that most of the Flavobacterium groups have amino acid requirements, but a requirement for vitamins was also established for some strains. Testing Flavobacteria for carbon-energy sources by the replica plating method was found sufficiently technically difficult as to result in dubious readings at times. However, the overall results of the carbon-energy tests are in good agreement with the subdivision resulting from the previously performed biochemical tests, and the validity of the groups delimited in the earlier study is confirmed.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1987

Phenotypic characterization of Flavobacterium meningosepticum strains identified by DNA-DNA hybridization.

Fifty-two strains found to belong to Flavobacterium meningosepticum on the basis of DNA-DNA hybridization analyses were characterized and found to be phenotypically homogeneous. All strains were oxidase, catalase, indole, gelatinase and beta-galactosidase positive, and produced acid from glucose, mannose, fructose, maltose and mannitol; nitrate was not reduced. F. meningosepticum could be differentiated from Flavobacterium group IIb by its ability to produce beta-galactosidase, and by the latter taxon's ability to produce a bright yellow pigment in contrast to the weak or non-existing pigmentation of F. meningosepticum. Phenotypic characteristics that could differentiate between the two main DNA relatedness groups of F. meningosepticum were not discovered, wherefore a subdivision of the present species into two species cannot be recommended. Strains from the DNA relatedness groups comprising 19 of 20 CSF isolates were found to be able to grow at 40 degrees C and to produce a weak yellow pigment; in contrast, strains from the three other DNA relatedness groups were unable to grow at 40 degrees C and produced no pigment.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed1968

Mutant of Bacterium paracoli 5099 with an altered DNA: identification as a Flavobacterium.

A difference in the base composition of the DNA of Bacterium paracoli 5099 and of a "mutant" (No. 1975) derived from it was found. This is in accordance with the finding of others. However, biochemical tests revealed that the "mutant" was a Flavobacterium, whereas the parent strain belonged to a species of Escherichia. The base composition of the DNA of the "mutant" is similar to that reported for the DNA of Flavobacterium.

Adenine↗
PubMed1997

Reappraisal of the antimicrobial susceptibilities of Chryseobacterium and Flavobacterium species and methods for reliable susceptibility testing.

Several Flavobacterium species, comprising a heterogeneous group of gram-negative bacilli that are capable of causing opportunistic infections in humans, have recently been reclassified as Chryseobacterium or Myroides species. Intrinsically resistant to a number of antibiotics, these organisms have been reported to be susceptible to vancomycin and certain other drugs that are normally active against gram-positive bacteria. By using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) broth microdilution procedure, 58 clinical isolates of former flavobacteria (36 Chryseobacterium meningosepticum isolates, 11 C. indologenes isolates, 3 C. gleum isolates, 4 unspeciated former members of Flavobacterium group IIb, and 4 Myroides odoratum isolates) were tested with 23 antibiotics, including conventional and investigational agents. In addition, the broth microdilution results were compared to those generated by agar dilution, E-test, and disk diffusion for vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam. Compared to the NCCLS microdilution results, there were 7.1 and 17.9% very major errors with piperacillin-tazobactam by agar dilution and E-test, respectively. In addition, there were from 12.1 to 48.3% minor errors with both procedures with vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam. The very major and minor error rates were unacceptably high with disk testing of piperacillin-tazobactam; the use of enterococcal vancomycin disk breakpoints (zone diameter of > or =17 mm = susceptible) resulted in >20% minor errors but only one very major error. All of the isolates were susceptible to minocycline; over 90% were susceptible to sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, and clinafloxacin; and 88% were susceptible to rifampin. None was susceptible to vancomycin. When Chryseobacterium or Myroides species are isolated from serious infections, susceptibility testing by broth microdilution should be performed and therapy should be guided by those results.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2002

Chromosome-encoded beta-lactamases TUS-1 and MUS-1 from Myroides odoratus and Myroides odoratimimus (formerly Flavobacterium odoratum), new members of the lineage of molecular subclass B1 metalloenzymes.

Myroides odoratus and Myroides odoratimimus (formerly designated in a single species as Flavobacterium odoratum) are gram-negative aerobes and sources of nosocomial infections in humans. They have variable susceptibility to beta-lactams and a decreased susceptibility to carbapenems. Using genomic DNAs of M. odoratus CIP 103105 and M. odoratimimus CIP 103073 reference strains, shotgun cloning of beta-lactamase genes was performed, followed by protein expression in Escherichia coli. The deduced amino acid sequences of these beta-lactamase genes revealed that TUS-1 and MUS-1 from M. odoratus CIP 103105 and M. odoratimimus CIP 103073, respectively, shared 73% amino acid identity. Mature proteins TUS-1 and MUS-1, with pI values of 7.8 and 5.2, respectively, had relative molecular masses of ca. 26 kDa. These beta-lactamases are members of the subclass B1 of metallo-beta-lactamases and are distantly related to other metalloenzymes, being most closely related to IND-1 from Chryseobacterium indologenes (42% amino acid identity). However, phylogenic analysis showed that TUS-1 and MUS-1 belong to the same phylogenic lineage of subclass B1 enzymes that groups the subclass B1 beta-lactamases of Flavobacterium species. Kinetic parameters of purified beta-lactamases TUS-1 and MUS-1 detailed their hydrolysis spectra, which encompass most beta-lactams except aztreonam. beta-Lactamases TUS-1 and MUS-1 were classified in functional subgroup 3a of metalloenzymes. This work further characterizes chromosome-encoded metalloenzymes from Flavobacteriaceae species that explain at least part of their intrinsic resistance to beta-lactams.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

A mutation in Flavobacterium psychrophilum tlpB inhibits gliding motility and induces biofilm formation.

Flavobacterium psychrophilum is a psychrotrophic, fish-pathogenic bacterium belonging to the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides group. Tn4351-induced mutants deficient in gliding motility, growth on iron-depleted media, and extracellular proteolytic activity were isolated. Some of these mutants were affected in only one of these characteristics, whereas others had defects in two or more. FP523, a mutant deficient in all of these properties, was studied further. FP523 had a Tn4351 insertion in tlpB (thiol oxidoreductase-like protein gene), which encodes a 41.4-kDa protein whose sequence does not exhibit high levels of similar to the sequences of proteins having known functions. TlpB has two domains; the N-terminal domains has five transmembrane regions, whereas the C-terminal domains has the Cys-X-X-Cys motif and other conserved motifs characteristic of thiol:disulfide oxidoreductases. Quantitative analysis of the thiol groups of periplasmic proteins revealed that TlpB is required for reduction of these groups. The tlpB gene is part of the fpt (F. psychrophilum thiol oxidoreductase) operon that contains two other genes, tlpA and tpiA, which encode a thiol:disulfide oxidoreductase and a triosephosphate isomerase, respectively. FP523 exhibited enhanced biofilm formation and decreased virulence and cytotoxicity. Complementation with the tlpB loci restored the wild-type phenotype. Gliding motility and biofilm formation appear to be antagonistic properties, which are both affected by TlpB.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Peptidoglycan from Bacillus cereus mediates commensalism with rhizosphere bacteria from the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group.

Previous research in our laboratory revealed that the introduction of Bacillus cereus UW85 can increase the populations of bacteria from the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium (CF) group of the Bacteroidetes phylum in the soybean rhizosphere, suggesting that these rhizosphere microorganisms have a beneficial relationship (G. S. Gilbert, J. L. Parke, M. K. Clayton, and J. Handelsman, Ecology 74:840-854, 1993). In the present study, we determined the frequency at which CF bacteria coisolated with B. cereus strains from the soybean rhizosphere and the mechanism by which B. cereus stimulates the growth of CF rhizosphere strains in root exudate media. In three consecutive years of sampling, CF strains predominated among coisolates obtained with B. cereus isolates from field-grown soybean roots. In root exudate media, the presence of B. cereus was required for CF coisolate strains to reach high population density. However, rhizosphere isolates from the phylum Proteobacteria grew equally well in the presence and absence of B. cereus, and the presence of CF coisolates did not affect the growth of B. cereus. Peptidoglycan isolated from B. cereus cultures stimulated growth of the CF rhizosphere bacterium Flavobacterium johnsoniae, although culture supernatant from B. cereus grown in root exudate media did not. These results suggest B. cereus and CF rhizosphere bacteria have a commensal relationship in which peptidoglycan produced by B. cereus stimulates the growth of CF bacteria.

Bacillus cereus↗
PubMed1988

Influence of readily metabolizable carbon on pentachlorophenol metabolism by a pentachlorophenol-degrading Flavobacterium sp.

The influence of high concentrations of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and readily metabolizable carbon on the activity and viability of a PCP-degrading Flavobacterium sp. was examined in a mineral salts medium. Lags preceding PCP removal by glutamate-grown Flavobacterium cells were greatly attenuated by the addition of glutamate, aspartate, succinate, acetate, glucose, or cellobiose. The effect of these supplementary carbon sources on the apparent lag was not mediated entirely through the stimulation of growth since PCP metabolism accompanied the onset of growth. The specific activity of PCP-degrading cells in the absence of supplementary carbon was 1.51 x 10(-13) +/- 0.08 x 10(-13) g of PCP per cell per h and in the presence of supplementary carbon was 0.92 x 10(-13) +/- 0.09 x 10(-13) g of PCP per cell per h. Glutamate in combination with glucose or cellobiose partially repressed PCP metabolism. PCP removal by PCP-induced, glutamate-grown cells suspended in the presence of 4 g of sodium glutamate per liter was sensitive to shock loads of PCP, with a Ki of about 86.8 micrograms/ml. Subsequent removal rates, however, were more resistant to PCP. Optimal stimulation of PCP removal by sodium glutamate required 3.0 g/liter, about the same concentration as that which saturated growth in the absence of PCP. PCP removal rates decayed within minutes following the transfer of PCP-induced, glutamate-grown cells to media containing PCP without supplementary carbon, and increasing PCP concentrations accelerated the decay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Biodegradation, Environmental↗