Face modules, face network: the cognitive architecture of the brain revealed through studies of face processing.
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Brain↗
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The human face and the chaning face face of dentistry.
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Dentist-Patient Relations↗
[Anatomical study on the frontal view of the face of Japanese by gauged photography of the face. 1. Face with closed mouth (author's transl)].
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Adult↗
[Anatomical study on the frontal view of the face of Japanese by gauged photography of the face. 2. Face with opening mouth (author's transl)].
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Adult↗
Head and neck injuries among ice hockey players wearing full face shields vs half face shields.
CONTEXT: Speculation exists that use of a full face shield by ice hockey players may increase their risk of concussions and neck injuries, offsetting the benefits of protection from dental, facial, and ocular injuries, but, to our knowledge, no data exist regarding this possibility. OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of sustaining a head or neck injury among intercollegiate ice hockey players wearing full face shields compared with those wearing half shields. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective cohort study conducted during the 1997-1998 Canadian Inter-University Athletics Union hockey season of 642 male hockey players (mean age, 22 years) from 22 teams. Athletes from 11 teams wore full face shields and athletes from 11 teams wore half face shields during play. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Reportable injury, defined as any event requiring assessment or treatment by a team therapist or physician or any mild traumatic brain injury or brachial plexus stretch, categorized by time lost from subsequent participation and compared by type of face shield. RESULTS: Of 319 athletes who wore full face shields, 195 (61.6%) had at least 1 injury during the study season, whereas of 323 who wore half face shields, 204 (63.2 %) were injured. The risk of sustaining a facial laceration and dental injury was 2.31 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-3.48; P<.001) and 9.90 (95% CI, 1.88-52.1; P = .007) times greater, respectively, for players wearing half vs full face shields. No statistically significant risk differences were found for neck injuries, concussion, or other injuries, although time lost from participation because of concussion was significantly greater in the half shield group (P<.001), than in the group wearing full shields. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide evidence that the use of full face shields is associated with significantly reduced risk of sustaining facial and dental injuries without an increase in the risk of neck injuries, concussions, or other injuries.
Adult↗
Electrophysiological correlates of forming memories for faces, names, and face-name associations.
The ability to put a name to a face is a vital aspect of human interaction, but many people find this extremely difficult, especially after being introduced to someone for the first time. Creating enduring associations between arbitrary stimuli in this manner is also a prime example of what patients with amnesia find most difficult. To help develop a better understanding of this type of memory, we sought to obtain measures of the neural events responsible for successfully forming a new face-name association. We used event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from high-density scalp EEG recordings in order to compare (1) memory for faces, (2) memory for names, and (3) memory for face-name associations. Each visual face appeared simultaneously with a unique spoken name. Signals observed 200-800 ms after the onset of face-name pairs predicted subsequent memory for faces, names, or face-name associations. Difference potentials observed as a function of subsequent memory performance were not identical for these three memory tests, nor were potentials predicting associative memory equivalent to the sum of potentials predicting item memory, suggesting that different neural events at the time of encoding are relevant for these distinct aspects of remembering people.
Adolescent↗
Cortical substrates for the perception of face actions: an fMRI study of the specificity of activation for seen speech and for meaningless lower-face acts (gurning).
Can the cortical substrates for the perception of face actions be distinguished when the superficial visual qualities of these actions are very similar? Two fMRI experiments are reported. Compared with watching the face at rest, observing silent speech was associated with bilateral activation in a number of temporal cortical regions, including the superior temporal sulcus (STS). Watching face movements of similar extent and duration, but which could not be construed as speech (gurning; Experiment 1b) was not associated with activation of superior temporal cortex to the same extent, especially in the left hemisphere. Instead, the peak focus of the largest cluster of activation was in the posterior part of the inferior temporal gyrus (right, BA 37). Observing silent speech, but not gurning faces, was also associated with bilateral activation of inferior frontal cortex (BA 44 and 45). In a second study, speechreading and observing gurning faces were compared within a single experiment, using stimuli which comprised the speaker's face and torso (and hence a much smaller image of the speaker's face and facial actions). There was again differential engagement of superior temporal cortex which followed the pattern of Experiment 1. These findings suggest that superior temporal gyrus and neighbouring regions are activated bilaterally when subjects view face actions--at different scales--that can be interpreted as speech. This circuitry is not accessed to the same extent by visually similar, but linguistically meaningless actions. However, some temporal regions, such as the posterior part of the right superior temporal sulcus, appear to be common processing sites for processing both seen speech and gurns.
Adult↗
The fusiform face area subserves face perception, not generic within-category identification.
The function of the fusiform face area (FFA), a face-selective region in human extrastriate cortex, is a matter of active debate. Here we measured the correlation between FFA activity measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and behavioral outcomes in perceptual tasks to determine the role of the FFA in the detection and within-category identification of faces and objects. Our data show that FFA activation is correlated on a trial-by-trial basis with both detecting the presence of faces and identifying specific faces. However, for most non-face objects (including cars seen by car experts), within-category identification performance was correlated with activation in other regions of the ventral occipitotemporal cortex, not the FFA. These results indicate that the FFA is involved in both detection and identification of faces, but that it has little involvement in within-category identification of non-face objects (including objects of expertise).
Adult↗
Pulling faces: an investigation of the face-distortion aftereffect.
After adaptation to a face distorted to look unnaturally thin or fat, a normal face appears distorted in the opposite direction (Webster and MacLin 1999 Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 6 647-653). When the adapting face is oriented 45 degrees from vertically upright and the test face 45 degrees in the opposite direction, the axis of perceived distortion changes with the orientation of the face. The magnitude of this aftereffect shows a reduction of approximately 40% from that found when both adapting and test faces are tilted identically. This finding suggests that to a large degree the aftereffect is mediated not by low-level retinotopic (image-based) visual mechanisms but at a higher level of object-based processing. Aftereffects of a similar magnitude are obtained when adapting and test images are both either upright or inverted, or for an upright adapter and an inverted test; but aftereffects are smaller when the adapter is inverted and the test upright. This pattern of results suggests that the face-distortion aftereffect is mediated by object-processing mechanisms including, but not restricted to, configurational face-processing mechanisms.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Spatiotemporal analyses of the N170 for human faces, animal faces and objects in natural scenes.
We assessed the specificity to human faces of the N170 ERP component in the context of natural scenes. Subjects categorized photographs containing human faces, animal faces and various objects. Spatiotemporal topography analyses were performed on the individual ERP data. ERPs elicited by animal faces were similar to human faces ERPs but with a delayed face activity. In the N170 time window, ERPs to human and animal faces had a different topography compared with object ERPs. Such data suggest that N170 generators might process various stimuli with a coarse facial organization and show the care that must be taken in comparing scalp signal to faces and other objects as they are probably generated, at least partially, by different cortical sources.
Adult↗
Visual-field asymmetry in face recognition as a function of face discriminability and interstimulus interval.
Reaction times were measured for recognizing laterally presented faces as a function of two levels of face discriminability and three interstimulus-interval lengths between pairs of successively presented faces. Contrary to many face-recognition studies, no left visual-field/right-hemisphere advantage was observed for the recognition task. Instead, a right visual-field/left-hemisphere advantage occurred at the longest interstimulus interval (500 msec.) on trials on which faces were different and at the shortest interstimulus interval (5 msec.) on trials on which the faces were identical. It appears that visual-field asymmetries in face recognition may vary due to the characteristics of the stimuli and procedures used in face-recognition studies.
Brain↗
Difficulty with negative feedback: face-to-face evaluation of junior medical student clinical performance results in grade inflation.
HYPOTHESIS: Direct, face-to-face feedback regarding a medical students' clinical performance will not increase critical, objective analysis of their performance. METHODS: A new ward evaluation system (NS) was used concurrently with our standard written ward evaluation system (OS). The two methods were directly compared using a standard t test. The OS is a subjective written evaluation of clinical performance, with a summary grade of 1-6 given as a final grade, with 1 = fail and 6 = honors. The NS retains the 1-6 grading scale; however, students met with individual faculty and residents and received a face-to-face evaluation of their performance, as well as a written summary. Twenty-four third-year medical students rotating on general surgery at the University of Michigan Medical Center participated in the study. RESULTS: There was a significant degree of grade inflation with the NS, particularly for students with poorer performance. The average grade using the OS was 5.11 +/- 0. 11; with the NS, the average grade was 5.62 +/- 0.07 (P < 0.001). If students with grades of 5.0 or less in the OS are studied, then the average grade using the OS is 4.24 +/- 0.32, in contrast to 5.47 +/- 0.14 with the NS (P < 0.005). An additional interesting finding was noted: among the students who failed to participate in the face-to-face interviews (n = 4), the average grade using the OS was 4.36 +/- 0.29 (P < 0.05 vs OS total). CONCLUSIONS: While students desire more timely, direct feedback on their clinical performance, faculty are poor at giving direct, objective, face-to-face feedback, particularly when it involves negative feedback, with resultant grade inflation.
Humans↗
Telephone vs. face-to-face biofeedback for fecal incontinence: comparison of two techniques in 239 patients.
PURPOSE: Biofeedback is an effective treatment for patients with fecal incontinence, yet little is known about how it works or the minimum regime necessary to provide clinical benefit. This study compares the effectiveness of a novel protocol of telephone-assisted biofeedback treatment for patients living in rural and remote areas with the standard face-to-face protocol for patients with fecal incontinence. METHODS: A new treatment program comprising an initial face-to-face assessment and treatment with transanal manometry and ultrasound biofeedback, followed by three treatments conducted via telephone and a final face-to-face assessment, was developed. Standard treatment involved five face-to-face treatment sessions with manometry and ultrasound. Patients from rural areas were offered the telephone-assisted treatment protocol. Data gathered prospectively included incontinence scores, a quality of life index, anal manometry, and external sphincter isometric and isotonic fatigue times. RESULTS: A total of 239 consecutive patients treated between July 2001 and July 2004 were enrolled. There were no significant differences in demographic details, past history, or pretreatment measures of the two groups. Forty-six of 55 patients (84 percent) treated with the telephone protocol and 129 of 184 (70 percent) treated by the standard technique completed treatment. There were substantial, significant improvements after treatment, including 54 percent mean improvement in patient's own rating of their incontinence in both groups; a mean decrease of 3.1 and 3.2 on the St. Mark's incontinence score (from 7.9 to 4.7 and 7.4 to 4.2 of 13) and relative improvements of 128 and 130 percent in the quality of life index (from 0.29 to 0.65 and 0.3 to 0.69 of 1) for the telephone-assisted and standard groups respectively. Importantly, there were no significant differences between the telephone-assisted or standard groups in any outcome. Of patients who completed treatment, 78 percent were better or much better. CONCLUSIONS: A less intensive regime of biofeedback seems to be equally effective as the standard intensive protocol. This finding adds weight to the evolving concept that the physical aspects of biofeedback treatment, such as manometry or ultrasound, may not be necessary in the treatment of most patients with fecal incontinence. This needs to be further tested in a randomized, controlled trial.
Adult↗
Agreement between face-to-face and telephone-administered versions of the depression section of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule.
To increase the feasibility of identifying persons with depressive disorders in a large-scale health policy study, we tested the concordance between face-to-face and telephone-administered versions of the depression section of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). This section was administered over the telephone to 230 English-speaking participants of the Los Angeles site of the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program (ECA) after their completion of a face-to-face interview (Wave II) with the full DIS. Time lag between interviews was 3 months, on the average. Persons with depressive symptoms were oversampled. Using the face-to-face version as the criterion measure, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of the telephone version for identifying the presence or absence of any lifetime unipolar depressive disorder were 71, 89, and 63 percent, respectively; the kappa statistic was 0.57, and agreement was unbiased. The comparable figures for concordance between two face-to-face interviews administered one year apart to the same subjects were 54, 89, and 60 percent and 0.45 (kappa), respectively. Thus, disagreement was due primarily to test-retest unreliability of the DIS rather than the method of administration.
Adolescent↗
Refusal and information bias associated with postal questionnaires and face-to-face interviews in very elderly subjects.
Our objectives were (1) to analyze the refusal bias associated with postal questionnaires and face-to-face interviews and (2) to compare responses elicited from a postal questionnaire with those provided by a face-to-face interview in subjects over 75 years of age. Our methods included a postal questionnaire sent to a representative sample of community-dwelling elderly individuals (n = 842). All subjects were also invited to participate in an in-home interview conducted by a trained nurse. One hundred and six subjects (12.6%) were nonrespondents to the postal questionnaire. These nonrespondents were more cognitively impaired, more disabled, and showed a higher 1-year mortality rate (13.2 versus 5.2%) than respondents. Late respondents who needed a reminder letter were similar to nonrespondents. One hundred and eighty-seven subjects (22.2%) refused to participate in the home interview. These nonparticipants were similar to the participants on age, sex, 1-year mortality rate, and responses given to all but two postal questions. Comparison of postal questionnaire responses and face-to-face responses revealed that agreement was substantial to moderate for factual information (kappa = 0.41 to 0.80) but poor for clinical information (depression, cognitive impairment, disability). A short index including age, sex, and six questions on disability was useful in identifying disabled subjects by a postal questionnaire. Our conclusion is that nonresponse bias is evidenced when postal questionnaires are utilized in the very elderly population and caution should be used when interpreting health data obtained by this technique. Refusal bias from face-to-face interviewing is less important in this population.
Activities of Daily Living↗
An assessment of the efficacy of cancer genetic counselling using real-time videoconferencing technology (telemedicine) compared to face-to-face consultations.
There are few published studies regarding the use of telemedicine in counselling families with a history of cancer. In this study, cancer genetic counselling was evaluated when conducted via telemedicine and compared to face-to-face consultations. Participants were placed into a telemedicine group or a face-to-face group depending on their geographical location. Telemedicine consultations took place using real-time videoconferencing technology ISDN6 digital telephone lines. Sixteen participants were evaluated in the telemedicine compared to 21 in the face-to-face group and all participants were asked to complete both a precounselling and postcounselling questionnaire, which assessed their understanding of cancer genetics, anxiety levels, satisfaction levels, and allowed for personal comments. In both the telemedicine and face-to-face groups, a significant reduction in cancer related anxiety levels and high satisfaction levels were reported. There was a trend towards increased cancer genetic knowledge post genetic counselling in both groups. The results show that telemedicine is a useful alternative by which to provide cancer genetic services when geographical distance is an issue.
Adult↗
A comparison of two computer-based face identification systems with human perceptions of faces.
The performance of two different computer systems for representing faces was compared with human ratings of similarity and distinctiveness, and human memory performance, on a specific set of face images. The systems compared were a graph-matching system (Lades M, Vorbrüggen JC, Buhmann J, Lage J, von der Malsburg C, Würtz RP, Konen W. IEEE., Trans Comput 1993;42:300-311.) and coding based on principal components analysis (PCA) of image pixels (Turk M, Pentland A. J Cognitive Neurosci 1991;3:71-86.). Replicating other work, the PCA-based system produced very much better performance at recognising faces, and higher correlations with human performance with the same images, when the images were initially standardised using a morphing procedure and separate analysis of 'shape' and 'shape-free' components then combined. Both the graph-matching and (shape + shape-free) PCA systems were equally able to recognise faces shown with changed expressions, both provided reasonable correlations with human ratings and memory data, and there were also correlations between the facial similarities recorded by each of the computer models. However, comparisons with human similarity ratings of faces with and without the hair visible, and prediction of memory performance with and without alteration in face expressions, suggested that the graph-matching system was better at capturing aspects of the appearance of the face, while the PCA-based system seemed better at capturing aspects of the appearance of specific images of faces.
Adult↗
Agreement between face-to-face and telephone-administered mood ratings in patients with rapid cycling bipolar disorder.
We examined the reliability and level of agreement between the telephone and face-to-face administration of two mood-rating scales (HIGH-SAD and SIGH-SAD) in patients with rapid cycling bipolar disorder (RCBD). Two clinicians administered the HIGH-SAD and SIGH-SAD to 14 outpatients with RCBD. Patients received consecutive phone and face-to-face mood ratings in a randomized order. Using a paired t-test, no significant differences were found when comparing HIGH-SAD and SIGH-SAD scores administered face-to-face and over the phone. There was a high correlation between the face-to-face and phone administration of both scales as measured by intraclass correlation (r = 0.94 for SIGH-SAD; r = 0.85 for HIGH-SAD). Our results support the use of phone-administered mood ratings as a reliable and convenient method to monitor patients with RCBD.
Adult↗