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Results for “Ethical Analysis”

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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Ethical analysis of arguments supporting the use of certain exclusion criteria in organ transplantation.

The author analyses the arguments put forward by Eike Henner Kluge, in a paper entitled "Drawing the Ethical Line Between Organ Transplantation and Lifestyle Abuse" (CMAJ, 150 (5), 1994), supporting the idea that nicotine and alcohol abusers should not have an equal access to organ transplantation. Referring to an egalitarian justice, Kluge argues that one who has caused one's bad health condition should not be permitted to compete on the same basis as other candidates in order to have access to a scarce health care resource because in doing so one penalizes those who are not responsible for their bad health condition, diminishing their own chances of obtaining an available organ. After considering certain empirical facts in scarce health care resources, particularly in organ transplantation, the author defines the main characteristics of a just treatment in terms of an equal access to health care and demonstrates that Kluge's arguments are not supported by an egalitarian conception of justice. In fact, the proposed distribution of services is based on individual merit.

Ethics, Nursing↗
PubMed2005

If pneumonia is the "old man's friend", should it be prevented by vaccination? An ethical analysis.

Because pneumococcal disease is a major problem among the elderly, pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination is widely promoted. However, Sir William Osler called pneumonia the friend of the aged, leading to an ethical discussion. Mortality from pneumonia is higher with increasing degrees of underlying illness, outweighing the age effect. Although some symptoms are less common in the elderly, other symptoms are not and the duration may be longer. Problematic criteria for limiting pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination include age, social value, and quality of life. Recommended criteria for limiting vaccination include autonomous patient refusal, imminent death, and lack of medical benefit, as would be seen in hospice cases.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Acting without asking: an ethical analysis of the Food and Drug Administration waiver of informed consent for emergency research.

This article summarizes the current requirements for a waiver of informed consent for emergency research and analyzes ethical issues that are involved. Researchers who intend to apply for a waiver of informed consent for emergency research must understand that they are asking for the major protector of human subjects, the informed consent process, to be removed. In its absence, other protections are required. These include communication with the community, family members, and others close to the patient. It is unlikely that even these additional protections can equal that afforded by an adequate consent process. With this understanding, investigators' actions must be in accordance with the highest ethical standards. It is therefore necessary for investigators to know the ethical implications of conducting controlled research without the subjects' consent.

Community-Institutional Relations↗
PubMed1995

Reflection and critical incident analysis: ethical and moral implications of their use within nursing and midwifery education.

Despite the dearth of rigorous empirical investigation, reflection and reflective practice have become buzz words in nursing and midwifery education. Reflection and critical incident analysis may be tools which can facilitate the integration of theory and practice. It is proposed that in the absence of explicit and thorough preparation of lecturers and students, together with very careful curriculum planning, these activities may be counter-productive or even harmful. In the absence of structure, reflection and associated critical incident analysis may lead to student disaffection or, worse, the potential for actual psychological disturbance. Empirical studies on the use of identified models of reflection and critical incident analysis are urgently needed to assist nursing and midwifery lecturers and students to achieve predictable learning outcomes for this potentially valuable activity.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

Informal medicine: ethical analysis.

CONTEXT: Doctors have been known to treat or give consultation to patients informally, with none of the usual record keeping or follow up. They may wish to know whether this practice is ethical. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether this practice meets criteria of medical ethics. DESIGN: Informal medicine is analysed according to standard ethical principles: autonomy, beneficence and non-maleficence, distributive and procedural justice, and caring. SETTING: Hospital, medical school, and other settings where patients may turn to physicians for informal help. CONCLUSION: No generalisation can be made to the effect that informal medicine is or is not ethical. Each request for informal consultation must be considered on its own merits. GUIDELINES: Informal medicine may be ethical if no payment is involved, and when the patient is fully aware of the benefits and risks of a lack of record keeping. When an informal consultation does not entail any danger to the patient or others, the physician may agree to the request. If, however, any danger to the patient or others is foreseen, then the physician must insist on professional autonomy, and consider refusing the request and persuading the patient to accept formal consultation. If a reportable infectious disease, or other serious danger to the community, is involved, the physician should refuse informal consultation or treatment, or at least make a proper report even if the consultation was informal. If agreeing to the request will result in an unfair drain on the physician's time or energy, he or she should refuse politely.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1986

Nursing home placement and the demented patient. A case presentation and ethical analysis.

The decision to seek nursing home placement will be faced with increasing frequency as the population over age 65 continues to grow. Although this is a difficult juncture under any circumstances, the ethical issues accompanying such a move for persons of diminished competence are unusually complex and require involvement of many concerned parties. In a typical case presentation, the social context informing these decisions is described, including bias against the aged, perceptions of scarce resources in health care, and the problematic role of the courts. The perspectives and moral obligations of the patient, family, and health professionals are discussed and contrasted to clarify the sometimes conflicting roles and needs of those three parties. A stepwise process of decision making before nursing home placement is offered in an effort to choose the least restrictive alternative for the patient while respecting the needs of concerned persons.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed1991

Organ donation and transplantation: an ethical analysis.

The experience of developing and implementing an organ procurement program for a health care agency is most rewarding. Being so deeply involved in the program development forces one to look at the ethical issues head on in an attempt to deal with them personally. Rather than just study the ethical issues at hand, participation in a program allows one to examine the issues in practice. It is likely that medical technology will continue to advance in scope. Health care professionals must keep abreast of the rapid changes that are occurring and confront the ethical issues involved. Only by confronting these issues can health care professionals begin to realistically resolve concerns and provide support for advances that will ultimately allow for growth in practice.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

[Intervening between brain and mind: an ethical analysis of the new possibilities of the neurosciences].

The fast progress in neuroscience opens up unprecedented opportunities of research and intervention. Due to their far-reaching medical, social and anthropological implications they raise new ethical issues regarding their goals and legitimacy. The "neuroethical evaluative matrix", which is presented in this article, provides an ethical orientation in neuroscientific research and clinical interventions. Its practicability is demonstrated for the following central neuroethical fields: neuroscientific research, neural grafting, psychopharmacology, neuroimaging, neuro- and psychosurgery, and allocation in neuroscience. It will turn out that the neuroethical matrix provides a systematic and practical possibility to obtain a normative reference frame in neuroscience and neurology.

Brain↗