The use of a hand-powered microcentrifuge for haematocrit determination in cattle and equidae in field conditions.
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Animals↗
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[Occasional parasitoses and toxoplasma antibodies in Equidae in Belgium. Special reference to coccidiosis].
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Animals↗
Phenylbutazone toxicosis in equidae: a biochemical and pathophysiological study.
Toxic effects of phenylbutazone (PBZ) in ponies and horses were studied, using a variety of biochemical, pathophysiologic, and pathologic methods. At dosage levels of 10 to 12 mg/kg of body weight/day for 8 to 10 days, ponies frequently developed clinical signs of toxicosis characterized by hypoproteinemia. Studies using 51CrCl3 demonstrated that PBZ caused a protein-losing gastroenteropathy. The plasma loss was usually associated with gastrointestinal ulceration, but sometimes occurred without obvious lesions in mildly affected animals. Similar studies (8.2 mg/kg/day for 13 days) in Thoroughbreds indicated that they were less susceptible to PBZ toxicity; however, a degree of hypoproteinemia occurred in 4 of 6 treated Thoroughbreds.
Animals↗
[Renal cystic involvement in equidae].
Four types of abnormalities has been recorded on a study about cystic diseases of donkey's kidneys, collected at the Madrid Slaughter-house. These four categories are as follows: a) simple isolated renal cysts; b) multiple renal cysts; c) adult polycystic kidneys; and d) focal renal cystic dysplasia and hypoplasia. From a total of 26 cases macroscopically and histopathologically studied, 7 exhibed unilateral and 19 bilateral lesions. Different combinations of the four types above mentioned were found when both kidneys were affected. The evidence of some of the cysts being communicated with normal tubulus or with other cysts, suggests that some of them could represent simple dilatations involving segments of nephrone or collecting system. These findings do not fit with the previous explanation of the no occurrence of communication between the metanephric blastema and the ureteral bud or with the obstructive theory, and suggest the occurrence of various etiopathologic factors as responsible for the three first types of cystic abnormalities above mentioned.
Abattoirs↗
Biting flies and Trypanosoma vivax infection in three highland districts bordering lake Tana, Ethiopia.
An epidemiological study was conducted to determine the prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle, small ruminants and Equidae, and to identify biting flies; potential mechanical vectors of trypanosomes in the three districts of Bahir Dar Zuria, Dembia and Fogera, bordering lake Tana, Ethiopia. About 1509 cattle, 798 small ruminants and 749 Equidae were bled for the prevalence study using the buffy-coat method and the measurement of the hematocrit value. Sixty-six NGU and 20 monoconical traps were deployed for the fly survey. The results indicated the presence of trypanosomes in 6.1% (92/1509) of the cattle with a maximum during the late rainy season (9.6%) than the early dry season (3.6%) at Fogera district. Prevalence at the district level varied from 4% to 9.6%. Only one sheep (1/122) and one goat (1/676) were found positive for T. vivax-like trypanosomes and none of the Equidae was positive. All the trypanosomes encountered in cattle belong to the single species of T. vivax. The PCV was negatively associated with detection of T. vivax (21.6% in infected versus 25.4% in non-infected cattle). A total of 55,398 biting flies were caught of which 49,353 (89.08%) belong to Stomoxys, 4715 (8.51%) to horse flies and 1330 (2.4%) to Chrysops species. There was no tsetse fly. Species identification has indicated the presence of Atylotus agrestis, Chrysops streptobalia, Stomoxys calcitrans, S. nigra, S. pulla, S. pallida, S. sitiens, S. taeniata, S. uruma, Haematopota lasiops and Hippobosca variegata. The overall apparent density was 214.7flies/trap/day. Seasonal comparison showed higher fly catches in the late rainy season than the early dry season. This study indicated that T. vivax infections culminate in cattle at the same time as mechanical vectors such as Stomoxys sp. and Atylotus agrestis. Therefore, attention towards T. vivax infection in cattle is essential to control the impact of the disease on productivity. A further study on biting flies is recommended.
Animals↗
Enzymatic repair of selected cross-linked homoduplex molecules enhances nuclear gene rescue from Pompeii and Herculaneum remains.
Ancient DNA (aDNA) samples extracted from the bone remains of six equids buried by the Vesuvius eruption in 79 AD were investigated to test pre-amplification and enzymatic repair procedures designed to enhance the rescue of nuclear genes. The extracts, which proved all positive for Equidae mtDNA amplification, proved positive only four times out of 18 when tested for single-copy Equidae nuclear genes (epsilon globin, p53 and gamma interferon). Pre-amplification did not change the number of retrieved aDNA sequences but 10 times out of 14 enzymatic repair restored the amplifiability of the genes analysed, proving that repair increases the rate of successful rescue from 22 to alpha(lambda)mu(omicron)sigma(tau) 80%. These findings support the hypothesis that some of these cross-linked aDNA molecules, which are not completely separated when DNA is extracted under denaturing conditions, become homoduplex substrates for Pol I and/or T4 ligase action upon renaturation. aDNA authenticity is proved by the homology of the nucleotide sequences of loci tested to the corresponding modern Equidae sequences. Data also indicate that cross-linked homoduplex molecules selected by denaturation of the extract are repaired without any chimera formation. The general features of aDNA amplification with and without denaturation and enzymatic repair are discussed.
Animals↗
Legislative requirements for the identification and traceability of farm animals within the European Union.
European Community (EC) legislation requires identification and registration of bovine, ovine, caprine and porcine animals. For intra-Community trade, bovine animals must be accompanied by a passport and the required health certificate, and identified by a tag on each ear. The principles of active identification of bovine animals (by ear tags) and of ovine, caprine and porcine animals (by ear tags or tattoos) are harmonised within the EC. International passports are issued and recognised only for registered Equidae. The life-number was introduced as an instrument to allow uninterrupted identification of Equidae using passports. The principles of issuing and recording such numbers have been outlined by the affected industries, but require official approval. Active identification of Equidae using electronic devices is not regulated by EC legislation, but research in livestock is underway.
Animal Husbandry↗
The caroticobasilar artery in species of order Perissodactyla.
The caroticobasilar artery was investigated in animals of order Perissodactyla, in species of Equidae family, and in lowland tapir of Tapridae family. It was found that the caroticobasilar artery forms homolateral or bilateral anastomosis between the basilar and internal carotid arteries or in horse and other species of Equidae family between basilar and caudal intercarotid arteries. The caroticobasilar artery was found in all species of Equidae family, in all zebras and in one tapir.
Animals↗
Polymorphisms of the equine major histocompatibility complex class II DRA locus.
The full extent of the polymorphism of ELA-DRA in Equidae is not yet known. Given the apparent differences in DRA polymorphisms between Equidae and other species, the aims of this study were to more fully characterize ELA-DRA, determine the extent of gene polymorphism and establish the allele-frequency distribution. An allele reference panel for the second exon of ELA-DRA was established by sequence-based typing of 69 equine DNA samples consisting of various breeds of domestic horse (Equus caballus), together with donkeys (Equus asinus), Grant's zebras (Equus boehmi) and one onager (Equus hemionus). Five of the six previously reported alleles detected using single-strand conformation polymorphism were found: ELA-DRA*0101, ELA-DRA*0201, ELA-DRA*0301, ELA-DRA*0501 (Albright-Fraser DG et al. Polymorphism of DRA among equids. Immunogenetics 1996: 43: 315-7) and ELA-DRA*0601 (GenBank accession number AF5419361). In addition to the previously reported alleles, five novel ELA-DRA alleles were detected within the ELA-DRA allele reference panel. One of these was identified in E. caballus (ELA-DRA*JBH11), one in E. boehmi and E. hemionus (ELA-DRA*JBZ185) and three in E. asinus (ELA-DRA*JBD3, ELA-DRA*JBD17 and ELA-DRA*JBH45). A total of 565 equine DNA samples were screened using reference-strand-mediated conformation analysis, a double-stranded conformation-based mutation detection system that can be used to type existing ELA-DRA alleles and identify new variants. Based on our findings, at least 11 ELA-DRA alleles are now known to exist, and this level of polymorphism at the DRA locus appears to be unique to the genus Equus. Both the previously reported alleles and the new alleles displayed a species-specific distribution.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Chromosome homologies between man and mountain zebra (Equus zebra hartmannae) and description of a new ancestral synteny involving sequences homologous to human chromosomes 4 and 8.
Using human chromosome painting probes, we looked for homologies between human and mountain zebra (Equus zebra hartmannae, Equidae, Perissodactyla) karyotypes. Except for two very short segments, all euchromatic regions were found to have a human homologous chromosome segment. Conserved syntenies previously described in various mammalian orders were detected. Each synteny corresponded to a chromosomal region homologous to two parts of human chromosomes: HSA3 and HSA21, HSA7 and HSA16, HSA12 and HSA22, and HSA16 and HSA19. Chromosomal segments homologous to a part of HSA11 and HSA19p are found syntenic in zebra, horse and donkey, suggesting that this group of synteny has been inherited from an Equidae or Perissodactyla common ancestor. A synteny of segments homologous to parts of HSA4 and HSA8 was observed in zebra and horse. It also exists in the rabbit (Lagomorpha) and several Carnivora species. A second group of taxa which does not have this region of synteny is composed of primates, Chiroptera and Insectivora, and possibly also Cetacea and Scandantia. Thus, the presence or absence of this region of synteny may separate two groups of eutherian mammals.
Animals↗
Clinical anatomy of the equine sphenopalatine sinus.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Disorders of the equine sphenopalatine sinus, including empyema and neoplasia, have been reported to cause damage to cranial nerves II and V. However, the clinical anatomy of these sinuses is not well described in horses. OBJECTIVE: To examine the anatomy of the sphenopalatine sinuses in a range of equidae and, in particular, to examine the relationship of these sinuses to adjacent major nerves and vessels. METHODS: The anatomy of the sphenoidal and palatine paranasal sinuses was examined in 16 equidae, primarily using transverse skull sections. Relevant structures were documented and photographed. RESULTS: There was much variation between individual horses in sphenopalatine sinus anatomy. The sphenoidal sinuses were small in young horses and appeared to become larger and more complex with age. Variation was present in the extent that the sphenopalatine sinus extended into the basisphenoid bone. The septum dividing left and right sphenoidal sinuses was frequently not midline, but was intact in all cases. The sphenoidal and palatine sinuses communicated in most horses. In such cases, what could accurately be termed the (combined) sphenopalatine sinuses usually drained directly into the caudal maxillary sinuses. Additionally, in 5 out of 16 cases, some compartments of the sphenoidal sinus also drained into the ethmoidal sinus. The dorsal and lateral walls of the sphenoidal sinus were very thin and directly adjacent to cranial nerves II, III, IV, V and VI and major blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS: The equine sphenoidal and palatine sinuses are very variable in their anatomy, but are always in close proximity to multiple cranial nerves and major blood vessels. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Many cranial nerves and blood vessels could be damaged with disorders involving the sphenopalatine sinus, potentially causing major and variable neurological syndromes, haemorrhage and extension of sepsis.
Age Factors↗
Haptoglobin concentration in blood sera of hoofed mammals in captivity.
There were 151 serum samples of the zoological species of hoofed animals from the Bovidae, Cervidae and Equidae families examined for the presence of haptoglobin (Hp). In the majority of samples the Hp levels were close to the ones defined in the related species of domestic animals (86.49, 52.38 and 69.7% in particular families, respectively). In females (13.94% in the Bovidae family, 63.64% in the Cervidae, 15% in the Equidae) more often than in males (11.11, 26.32 and 0%, respectively) the increased Hp concentrations were found. What is striking it is the relatively high frequency of the raised Hp concentrations occurrence in the Cervidae sera, which may be connected with the higher responsiveness to the factors inducing Hp rise in this family. The contribution of infectious, parasitic, stress-inducing factors and injuries is taken into consideration as the main cause of the raised levels occurrence in the sera of animals kept in zoological gardens. The obtained results suggest the potential usefulness of the Hp estimation as a routine examination in the diagnostics of the inflammation in wild species of Bovidae and Cervidae as well as in monitoring the animal well being in the zoological gardens.
Animals↗
Plasma lipids and lipoproteins of some members of the order Perissodactyla.
1. The plasma lipoproteins of various members of the order Perissodactyla have been examined by electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation. 2. In the Equidae, high density (alpha) lipoprotein was the major component (80-90%) and low density (beta) lipoprotein (10-20%) the minor component. 3. In the Tapiridae represented by the Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus), high density and low density lipoproteins were present in approximately equal amounts. 4. In the Rhinocerotidae, the high density lipoprotein characteristic of the Equidae and Tapiridae was absent, and the plasma lipoproteins consisted of a complex group having beta mobility on electrophoresis and a flotation pattern usually associated with low density lipoprotein. 5. The fatty acid composition of plasma lipids was remarkably similar in all members of the Perissodactyla examined, with very high percentages of linoleic acid (greater than 70%) being found in the cholesteryl esters.
Animals↗
Equine sweating and anhidrosis Part 1--equine sweating.
Sweating has a variety of functions in mammals including pheromone action, excretion of waste products and maintenance of the skin surface ecosystem. In a small number of mammalian species, which includes humans and the Equidae, it also has an important role in thermoregulation. This review is focused specifically on the thermoregulatory role of sweat in Equidae and the causes of sweating failure (anhidrosis). The first part describes the glandular appearance, sweat composition, and output rates; and considers the latest theories on the glandular control and secretory mechanisms. It is concluded that the glands are not directly innervated but are controlled by the interplay of neural, humoral and paracrine factors. The secretory mechanism is not as simple as previously thought and is mediated by the dynamic interaction of activating pathways, including autocrine control not only of the secretory process but probably also of secretory cell reproduction, growth, and death.
Animals↗
Castration and other factors affecting the risk of equine laminitis.
The characteristics of a series of equine laminitis cases were compared with that of other Equidae examined at the University of Missouri Veterinary Hospital and Clinic during May, 1965 through December, 1971. The model age for ponies with laminitis was 7-9 years and for all other cases the model age was 4-6 years. Also the predominant age for mares was 4-6 years and for males was 7-9 years. After controlling for age and breed differences, there were significantly fewer castrated males among the affected males than expected (P small than 0.02), indicating that hormonal factors may play a role in laminitis. Ponies had a significantly greater risk of laminitis (P smaller than 0.001) and their relative risk was 4.3 times greater than all other Equidae combined. There were more laminitis cases diagnosed during May than during other months.
Age Factors↗
The caudal intercarotid artery in species of order perissodactyla.
The caudal intercarotid artery was investigated in 6 species of Equidae family and in lowland tapir of Tapiridae family. It was found that this artery connects bilateral intracranial segments of the internal carotid artery. It is located in the cavernous and intercavernous sinuses, caudal to the hypophysis. This artery being constant vessel in horse, is also permanent vessel in other species of Equidae family. It is homologous with anastomising vessel in fishes, amphibia, reptiles and birds.
Animals↗
Recommendations for African horse sickness vaccines for use in nonendemic areas.
African horse sickness (AHS), which causes mortality up to 95%, is caused by orbiviruses and is transmitted by Culicoides. The goal of a control and eradication program for AHS is to prevent the spread of the virus via the biological vector. Control measures include slaughter of infected animals, housing of suspected infected animals in insect-proof stalls, and vaccination. Vaccination has played a key role in eradication when AHS occurred outside of Africa. Both modified live vaccines (MLV) and inactivated vaccines have been used to control AHS. An acceptable vaccine should be: safe, efficacious, and available. The vaccine should not cause disease or viremia, and the vaccine virus should not revert to a virulent virus upon backpassage in susceptible Equidae. The vaccine should protect against death and clinical signs and, most importantly, should prevent viremia in vaccinated Equidae following exposure to virulent AHS virus. The challenge inoculation system for assessing immunity to AHS is discussed. The vaccine should be readily available, implying that it is either in routine production in facilities that meet internationally accepted guidelines for biological production facilities or in a vaccine bank. Banking of cryopreserved stocks of MLV or concentrates of inactivated vaccines is a means of having AHS vaccine available for future epizootics. A recently developed diagnostic test to differentiate vaccinated from naturally infected animals provides regulatory officials with useful information for the control of AHS.
African Horse Sickness↗
Application of an indirect fluorescent antibody assay for the detection of African horse sickness virus antibodies.
An indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) technique was used to screen and quantify antibodies against African horse sickness virus (AHSV) in equine sera. Results obtained with the IFA assay were compared directly with those obtained with standard complement fixation (CF) and virus neutralisation (VN) tests using horse sera from experimental studies and samples from the field. Positive fluorescent antibody titres were detected from as early as 7 days after primary vaccination and persisted for at least six months. The IFA technique offers a clear advantage over CF tests, where the antibodies are often of shorter duration and where sera from donkeys and mules are frequently anticomplementary. The sensitivity and specificity of the IFA test compared with the VN test were 98% and 83.3%, respectively. The IFA test is rapid, relatively easy to perform and inexpensive, and can be recommended as an alternative assay for screening different species of equidae in AHSV control and surveillance programmes.
African Horse Sickness↗