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PubMedDate not supplied

Characteristics, employment status, and scope of duties of community health representatives: a survey of graduates.

Alberta Vocational College in Lac La Biche started the Community Health Representative (CHR) program in 1973 to train public health para-professionals to act as community health educators in aboriginal communities. A follow-up study of graduates of the program was undertaken in 1993 to determine the extent to which the program meets its stated objectives. Study results show that employment status, location of employment and scope of duties of responding CHR graduates are consistent with the original purpose of the program.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Employment status and heart disease risk factors in middle-aged women: the Rancho Bernardo Study.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, an increasing number of women have been entering the labor force. It is known that in men, employment is related to heart disease risk, but there are few studies examining this association among women. METHODS: The relation between employment status and heart disease risk factors including lipid and lipoprotein levels, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting and postchallenge plasma glucose and insulin levels, was examined in 242 women aged 40 to 59 years, who were participants in the Rancho Bernardo Heart and Chronic Disease Survey. At the time of a follow-up clinic visit between 1984 and 1987, 46.7% were employed, primarily in managerial positions. RESULTS: Employed women smoked fewer cigarettes, drank less alcohol, and exercised more than unemployed women, but these differences were not statistically significant. After adjustment for covariates, employed women had significantly lower total cholesterol and fasting plasma glucose levels than unemployed women. Differences on other biological variables, although not statistically significant, also favored the employed women. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study suggest that middle-aged women employed in managerial positions are healthier than unemployed women.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Employment status of Finnish cancer patients in 1997.

We explored the impact of cancer diagnosis on the employment status of 46 312 working-aged people with cancer, alive on 31 December 1997 in Finland, and an equal number of age- and gender-matched referents. In general, 50% of the cancer patients were employed, in comparison to 55% of their referents. People with cancer were slightly less often employed, mainly because of their higher retirement rate: 34% of the cancer patients and 27% of the referents had retired. People with lung cancer as well as those with cancer of the nervous system were less likely to be employed. Our results suggest that cancer diagnosis does not usually lead to unemployment or early retirement, even though the employment rate of the people with cancer varied greatly according to the cancer site. Early retirement is common among people with highly disabling cancer or poor prognosis, but in general, the employment of cancer survivors seems optimistic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Employment status and health after privatisation in white collar civil servants: prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether employment status after job loss due to privatisation influences health and use of health services and whether financial strain, psychosocial measures, or health related behaviours can explain any findings. DESIGN: Data collected before and 18 months after privatisation. SETTING: One department of the civil service that was sold to the private sector. PARTICIPANTS: 666 employees during baseline screening in the department to be privatised. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Health and health service outcomes associated with insecure re-employment, permanent exit from paid employment, and unemployment after privatisation compared with outcomes associated with secure re-employment. RESULTS: Insecure re-employment and unemployment were associated with relative increases in minor psychiatric morbidity (mean difference 1.56 (95% confidence intervals interval 1.0 to 2.2) and 1.25 (0.6 to 2.0) respectively) and having four or more consultations with a general practitioner in the past year (odds ratio 2.04 (1.1 to 3.8) and 2.39 (1.2 to 4.7) respectively). Health outcomes for respondents permanently out of paid employment closely resembled those in secure re-employment, except for a substantial relative increase in longstanding illness (2.25; 1.1 to 4.4). Financial strain and change in psychosocial measures and health related behaviours accounted for little of the observed associations. Adjustment for change in minor psychiatric morbidity attenuated the association between insecure re-employment or unemployment and general practitioner consultations by 26% and 27%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Insecure re-employment and unemployment after privatisation result in increases in minor psychiatric morbidity and consultations with a general practitioner, which are possibly due to the increased minor psychiatric morbidity.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The relation of family violence, employment status, welfare benefits, and alcohol drinking in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the contribution of employment status, welfare benefits, alcohol use, and other individual and contextual factors to physical aggression during marital conflict. METHODS: Logistic regression models were used to analyze panel data collected in the National Survey of Families and Households in 1987 and 1992. A total of 4,780 married or cohabiting persons reinterviewed in 1992 were included in the analysis. Domestic violence was defined as reporting that both partners were physically violent during arguments. RESULTS: Unemployed respondents are not at greater risk of family violence than employed respondents, after alcohol misuse, income, education, age, and other factors are controlled for; however, employed persons receiving welfare benefits are at significantly higher risk. Alcohol misuse, which remains a predictor of violence even after other factors are controlled for, increases the risk of family violence, and satisfaction with social support from family and friends is associated with its decrease. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol misuse has an important effect on domestic violence, and the potential impact of welfare reform on domestic violence needs to be monitored.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Alcohol, employment status, and social benefits: one more piece of the puzzle.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the role of employment status and the receipt of social benefits in the prediction of alcohol use. METHODS: Logistic regression models were used to analyze panel data from the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) 1987-88 and 1991-92. A total of 7,599 respondents who were older than 16 years of age in 1987 and did not have a physical or mental condition were included in the analysis. The alcohol measures were (a) total number of drinks in the past 30 days; and (b) having 5 or more drinks in a day, 4 or more days in the past 30 days. RESULTS: Employed welfare recipient women have a greater likelihood of heavy drinking than other full-time employed. We do not find evidence of an association between not being employed (with or without benefits) and greater likelihood of engaging in heavy drinking behaviors. Alcohol drinking among other employment groups is not significantly different, with the exception of retired men who drink less. CONCLUSION: It is important to focus attention on women working while receiving welfare, and who may need help maintaining their jobs.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Felt stigma and impact of epilepsy on employment status among Estonian people: exploratory study.

This article examines the impact of epilepsy and its treatment on employment status and the extent of stigma among patients with epilepsy. Clinical and demographic data concerning patients examined during a recent epidemiological survey were obtained from medical notes and postal self-completed questionnaires. Information was collected from 90 patients aged 16-70 years. A third of the respondents had been seizure-free during the last year. Thirty-nine percent were working full-time, 24% were working part-time and 11% were unemployed. Sixty-three percent from those working part-time or unemployed considered their epilepsy to be a significant reason for this. Overall, 55.4% believed they had been treated unfairly at work or when trying to get a job. Fifty-one percent of respondents felt stigmatized by epilepsy, 14% of them highly so. The level of employment among epileptic people was not lower than in the general population. The percentage of stigmatization in general and the percentage of the severely stigmatized was as high or even higher than in other studies. Occurrence of stigma and its severity depended first and foremost on the type of seizures. The frequency of seizures was not clearly related to this.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Firefighters' blood pressure and employment status on hazardous materials teams in Massachusetts: a prospective study.

We evaluated the association between hypertension and changes in employment status in 334 hazardous materials firefighters. Firefighters were categorized by blood pressure (BP) at baseline (1996 or 1997) and subsequent follow-up examinations (1997, 1998, and 1999). They were followed up for a maximum of 4 years for possible adverse outcomes (death, placement on "injured-on-duty" status, termination of duty, resignation, retirement, or incident cardiovascular disease). In several analytic models, we found that firefighters with stage II hypertension (BP > or = 160/100 mm Hg) were consistently 2 to 3 times more likely to experience an adverse outcome compared with those with normal BP. Cox proportional-hazards regression was used to adjust for age, body mass index, smoking, cholesterol, and antihypertensive medication. In these models, the hazard ratio for stage II hypertension was 3.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.50 to 7.04, P = 0.003) and for untreated stage II hypertension, it was 4.6 (95% CI, 2.08 to 10.11, P = 0.0002). Firefighters with a BP > or = 160/100 mm Hg should receive further evaluation and demonstrate improved BP control before being determined fit for duty.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Predictors of employment status of treated patients with DSM-III-R diagnosis. Can logistic regression model find a solution?

To investigate the predictors of employment status of patients with DSM-III-R diagnosis, 55 patients were selected by a simple random technique from the main psychiatric clinic in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Structured and formal assessments were carried out to extract the potential predictors of outcome of schizophrenia. Logistic regression model revealed that being married, absence of schizoid personality, free or with minimum symptoms of the illness, later age of onset, and higher educational attainment were the most significant predictors of employment outcome. The implications of the results of this study are discussed in the text.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Employment status after coronary artery bypass surgery.

With a few exceptions, prevailing data on return to work after coronary artery bypass surgery indicate no net gain in employment status for at least several years after the operation. Despite the improved surgical experience and advances in the medical management of postoperative patients, only limited employment benefits occur after surgery, and no gains in work rehabilitation over the past decade have been noted. Several characteristics--preoperative work status, nonwork income, occupation, relief of symptoms, age, perception of health, education and severity of disease--appear to be important for estimating the likelihood of employment after surgery. Other influences, such as attitudes of the family, employers and physicians, undoubtedly alter the probability of return to the work force, but are less well documented. Unless constructive approaches toward work rehabilitation are made, the possibility of return to gainful employment should not be considered an indication for or a necessary consequence of coronary artery bypass surgery.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Social support at age 33: the influence of gender, employment status and social class.

This paper investigates the conceptualisation and operationalisation of social support and it's relationship to gender, employment status and social class. Clarification of these relationships is sought in order to better understand associations between social support and health. We used data from the 33-year survey of the 1958 British birth cohort study. Individual items and subscales of practical and emotional support were examined. In general, men had lower support than women and social classes IV and V had lower support than classes I and II. Emotional support, either from personal (for example, from friends or family), or combined with organisational sources of support (such as from a church or a financial institution), showed consistent gender and social class patterns. This suggests that emotional support is a robust concept across socio-demographic groups. Less consistent trends were found for practical support, in that socio-demographic trends depended on how practical support was measured. In particular, it depended on whether both personal and organisational sources of support were examined. Gender differences in social support were large and might therefore be expected to contribute to gender differences in health, whereas social class differences in social support were modest, suggesting a minor explanatory role for this factor in accounting for inequalities in health.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Employment status and women's protection against coronary heart disease. Findings from the San Antonio Heart Study.

This study examined whether currently employed women are at increased risk of coronary heart disease relative to full-time homemakers. Subjects were 1,041 Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white women aged 25-64 years, residing in households randomly selected from three socioculturally distinct neighborhoods in San Antonio, Texas. No statistically significant differences between employed women and homemakers were found for obesity, total serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, or cigarette smoking. Highly significant differences favoring employed women over homemakers were found for both Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, ratio of HDL cholesterol to total cholesterol, and triglycerides. These differences were not explained by obesity, exercise, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, use of exogenous estrogens, and use of oral contraceptives, or by the healthy worker effect, and were observed at all occupational levels. Employed women ate a less atherogenic diet than full-time homemakers, but it is not clear that this nutritional factor could explain the differences in HDL cholesterol and triglycerides found in this study. The magnitude of the employment status difference in HDL cholesterol for both ethnic groups was in a range (3-4 mg/100 ml) associated with protection against coronary heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Family violence, employment status, welfare benefits, and alcohol drinking in the United States: what is the relation?

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the contribution of employment status, welfare benefits, alcohol use, and other individual, and contextual factors to physical aggression during marital conflict. METHODS: Logistic regression models were used to analyse panel data collected in the National Survey of Families and Households in 1987 and 1992. A total of 4780 married or cohabiting persons re-interviewed in 1992 were included in the analysis. Domestic violence was defined as reporting that both partners were physically violent during arguments. RESULTS: It was found that non-employed respondents are not at greater risk of family violence in comparison with employed respondents, after controlling for alcohol misuse, income, education, age, and other factors; however, employed persons receiving welfare benefits are at significantly higher risk. Alcohol misuse, which remains a predictor of violence even after controlling for other factors, increases the risk of family violence while satisfaction with social support from family and friends decreases it. CONCLUSION: These results underscore the important effect of alcohol misuse on domestic violence, and the need to monitor the potential impact of welfare reform on domestic violence.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Activity level and employment status after coronary bypass surgery.

Questionnaires were sent to 1,100 postoperative coronary patients to evaluate their symptoms, activity level and employment status. Ninety percent considered themselves improved and more active since surgery. Many of the patients were approaching retirement age at the time of surgery, and 20 percent of the group entered retirement postoperatively. Disregarding those who were unemployed or disabled from noncardiac illness before surgery, 82 percent of the patients either retired or returned to work after coronary surgery. From an economic standpoint, the disabled patients who have been able to return to work by virtue of the operation will generate for the economy 34 percent more than the total cost of surgery for all the patients.

Coronary Artery Bypass↗
PubMed2004

Work at older ages in Japan: variation by gender and employment status.

OBJECTIVES: This study describes the correlates of labor force participation among Japanese men and women aged 60-85 and examines differences by gender and employment status. METHODS: Using four waves of data collected from a national sample of older Japanese between 1990 and 1999, we estimate multinomial logistic regression models for three measures of labor force participation (current labor force status, labor force exit, and labor force re-entry) as a function of individual and family characteristics measured 3 years earlier. RESULTS: Labor force participation is significantly associated with socioeconomic status, longest occupation, and family structure. The strength and nature of these relationships differ markedly for men and women and for wage employment and self-employment. DISCUSSION: The emphasis on life course experiences and work-family interdependence characterizing recent research on retirement in the United States is clearly relevant in Japan as well. To better understand later-life labor force participation in Japan, subsequent research should incorporate more direct measures of life course experiences and family relationships and attempt to make explicit cross-national comparisons of these relationships.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

A help or a hindrance? The impact of job training on the employment status of disadvantaged women.

The objective of this study is to evaluate whether welfare-sponsored, government-funded job training helps participants improve their employment status. The negligible effects found in prior studies may be due to design limitations or inherent flaws in job training programs and therefore do not necessarily contradict human capital theory. The present study uses longitudinal and representative data, dynamic modeling techniques, an appropriate counterfactual, and important contextual variables to assess the likelihood of obtaining employment for job training participants and nonparticipants. It also describes the types of jobs women obtain by examining wages, industry, occupation, and labor union membership. Whereas some of the results support prior research, the focus is on the unique contributions of this study, which include a differential training effect for full- and part-time workers and a detailed analysis of macro-structural variables, which are rarely included in studies of labor supply.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Quality of life, employment status, and anginal symptoms after coronary angioplasty or bypass surgery. 3-year follow-up in the Randomized Intervention Treatment of Angina (RITA) Trial.

BACKGROUND: The Randomized Intervention Treatment of Angina (RITA) trial compares initial policies of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) in 1011 patients with angina. This report assesses the impact of these revascularization procedures on angina, quality of life (according to the Nottingham Health Profile), and employment over 3 years of follow-up. METHODS AND RESULTS: Both interventions produced marked improvement in all quality-of-life dimensions (energy, pain, emotional reactions, sleep, social isolation, and mobility) and seven aspects of daily living. Patients with angina at 2 years had more quality-of-life impairment than angina-free patients, whose perceived health was similar to population norms. This reflects the close link at baseline between angina grade and quality of life. The slightly greater impairment of quality of life in PTCA compared with CABG patients is a result of their significantly higher chances of having angina, especially after 6 months. Employment status was investigated mainly for men < or = 60 years old. PTCA patients returned to work sooner (40% at 2 months compared with 10% of CABG patients), but the latter caught up by 5 months. After 2 years, 22% and 26% of CABG and PTCA patients, respectively, were not working for cardiac reasons. Patients with angina at 2 years were much more likely to be unemployed than those without. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of angina on quality of life and unemployment is greatly alleviated by PTCA or CABG. Angina is avoided more successfully with CABG, but PTCA offers a speedier return to work. Both intervention strategies then produce similar benefits for quality of life and employment over several years.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed1989

Employment status and the frequency and causes of burn injuries in New England.

We analyzed a subset of data from the New England Regional Burn Program (NERBP) to assess the effects of employment status on the rates and causes of burn injuries in New England. The subset of the NERBP data analyzed pertained to residents of the six New England states who were hospitalized for the treatment of a burn injury sustained between July 1, 1978 and June 30, 1979 and who were aged 20 years or older at the time of the injury. Analysis of the data identified that men, particularly black men and young men, experienced higher burn rates than did their female, white, and older counterparts among both employed and unemployed persons. High burn rates were observed in Maine; low rates were observed in Rhode Island. Scalds were the most common type of burn among work-related burns to women and to men aged 20 to 54 years, and flame or flash burns were the most common otherwise. The majority of work-related burn injuries were caused by activities related to food preparation or consumption, motor vehicle repair and maintenance, and use of flammable liquids. Persons employed as operatives and laborers, or persons employed in the service occupations, appeared to have the highest risk of sustaining a burn injury while at work.

Accidents, Occupational↗