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PubMed2004

[The goals of nursing in inpatient psychosomatic medicine - an empirical approach].

Nursing plays an essential part in the acute psychosomatic inpatient treatment. The goals, which the nurses aim at while taking care of their patients, have, however seldom been investigated. This first systematic inquiry into the goals, which care at the clinic for psychosomatic medicine bears in mind, was carried out on a sample of 84 patients. These goals were evaluated and compared with different common outcome measures. Carers, first of all, aim at goals referring to the symptom, such as improving the patients' eating habits. Apart from that they mainly focus on goals not directly connected to the patients' physical condition, such as helping to improve the patients' self esteem. In some cases the nurses' estimate concerning the success of the treatment corresponds to that of the patients' to a greater extent than to that of the patients' personal therapist. Nursing in inpatient psychosomatic medicine extends much further than the demands of care normally imply. The knowledge concerning the patients' mental condition, which the nurses have according to this inquiry, ought to be used within the treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Assessment of death attitudes: an empirical approach.

The Threat Index and the Death Anxiety Scale were administered to 228 subjects. Based on the high/low criterion scores, 105 subjects were assigned to the following four groups: (a) high death threat/high death anxiety, (b) high death threat/low death anxiety, (c) low death threat/high death anxiety, and (d) low death threat/low death anxiety. During the experimental phase of the study, subjects viewed a filmstrip on death rituals in various cultures. A recall test was then administered. Results indicated no significant group differences on recall performance. Initial no-show rates for the second part of the experiment were observed in the four groups reflecting a significant negative relationship between death anxiety and initial no-show rates. The possibility of defensive responding on the Death Anxiety Scale was suggested.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1986

Multi-sectoral urban growth in space and time: an empirical approach.

"This paper compares the distribution of growth of several economic sectors in an attempt to trace and analyse their spatiotemporal sequence of decentralization. The paper applies a polynomial regression model capable of dealing with detailed spatiotemporal series. The application of the model to the urban field of Philadelphia [Pennsylvania] shows population to be the farthest spread followed by manufacturing industries. Despite, or probably because of, their extensive spread, both sectors display low levels of growth." In addition to population and manufacturing, the patterns of growth in retail and wholesale trade, services, and the provision of financial, insurance, and real estate services are examined for the period 1960-1980. (summary in FRE, GER)

Americas↗
PubMed1998

Inferring complex phylogenies using parsimony: an empirical approach using three large DNA data sets for angiosperms.

To explore the feasibility of parsimony analysis for large data sets, we conducted heuristic parsimony searches and bootstrap analyses on separate and combined DNA data sets for 190 angiosperms and three outgroups. Separate data sets of 18S rDNA (1,855 bp), rbcL (1,428 bp), and atpB (1,450 bp) sequences were combined into a single matrix 4,733 bp in length. Analyses of the combined data set show great improvements in computer run times compared to those of the separate data sets and of the data sets combined in pairs. Six searches of the 18S rDNA + rbcL + atpB data set were conducted; in all cases TBR branch swapping was completed, generally within a few days. In contrast, TBR branch swapping was not completed for any of the three separate data sets, or for the pairwise combined data sets. These results illustrate that it is possible to conduct a thorough search of tree space with large data sets, given sufficient signal. In this case, and probably most others, sufficient signal for a large number of taxa can only be obtained by combining data sets. The combined data sets also have higher internal support for clades than the separate data sets, and more clades receive bootstrap support of > or = 50% in the combined analysis than in analyses of the separate data sets. These data suggest that one solution to the computational and analytical dilemmas posed by large data sets is the addition of nucleotides, as well as taxa.

Classification↗
PubMed2004

Effect on tumour control of time interval between surgery and postoperative radiotherapy: an empirical approach using Monte Carlo simulation.

In this work, a procedure, based on Monte Carlo techniques, to analyse the effect on the tumour control probability of the time interval between surgery and postoperative radiotherapy is presented. The approach includes the tumour growth as well as the survival of tumour cells undergoing fractionated radiotherapy. Both processes are described in terms of the binomial distribution. We have considered two different growth models, exponential and Gompertz, the parameters of which have been fixed to reproduce the clinical outcome corresponding to a retrospective study for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. In the cases analysed, we have not found significant differences between the results obtained for both growth models. The mean doubling times found for residual clonogens after surgery are less than 40 days. The rate of decrease in local control is around 0.09% per day of delay between surgery and radiotherapy and the corresponding time factor is about 0.11 Gy per day.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

An empirical approach for estimating the equivalent chain length of fatty acid methyl esters in multistep temperature-programmed gas chromatography.

The equivalent chain length (ECL) has been widely accepted as an identification tool for fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). In this study, FAMEs from the seed oil of Chinese mustard (Brassica juncea) analyzed on a 0.25-mm-i.d. capillary column coated with an SA-WAX are used as an example for the calculation of the ECL in single-, two-, three-, and four-step temperature-programmed gas chromatography. The ECLs of unsaturated FAMEs tend to increase with temperature, and they agree well with those reported in the literature.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1983

Identifying the content of family medicine for educational purposes: an empirical approach.

In this article, the authors present a method to assist in curriculum planning and report an application of the method at one institution. Through interviews of 40 selected subjects, the authors identified 27 content elements appropriate for inclusion in a family medicine curriculum for medical students. These elements were organized into four areas portraying family medicine as "a synthesis of content and process," "a field of inquiry," "a career and peer group," and "a value system." A questionnaire employing the method of pair-comparisons was subsequently completed by 38 of the interview subjects, and on the basis of these responses priorities were assigned to content elements within each area. For three of the four areas, there was statistically significant consensus about the priority orderings. Over three years, the content elements themselves and their priority orderings have proved beneficial to curricular planning at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine.

Communication↗
PubMed1993

Efficiency of diagnostic criteria for attention deficit disorder: toward an empirical approach to designing and validating diagnostic algorithms.

Using structured psychiatric interviews, 73 attention deficit disorder (ADD) patients, 26 psychiatric control patients, 26 normal controls, and all available first degree relatives of these index children were examined. ADD subgroups with and without comorbid psychiatric disorders did not differ on rates of specific ADD symptoms. The construct of ADD is internally consistent as measured by Cronbach's alpha. The diagnostic efficiency of individual items is presented. A receiver operating characteristic-based procedure is used to create an ADD diagnostic algorithm that is more efficient in discriminating ADD children from controls than the DSM-III-based clinical diagnosis. Cross-validation with family study data shows this procedure to be superior to the procedure used for the DSM-III-R diagnosis. The results show that proponents of conditional probability and receiver operating characteristic analyses are correct in asserting that the examination of symptom combinations may result in better diagnostic algorithms.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1988

Frequency-dependent selection and competition: empirical approaches.

When Darwin and Wallace first formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection, they were greatly influenced by the idea that populations tend to increase geometrically and rapidly outgrow the resources available to them. They argued that the ensuing competition among individuals would be a major agent of natural selection. Since their day, competition has become almost synonymous with the idea of natural selection or survival of the fittest. In this paper we examine the relation between competition and selection by using simple competition models, consider the interaction of density and frequency in determining competitive outcome, and review the literature on frequency-dependent competitive interactions among genotypes within populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Psychology and nursing: the case for an empirical approach.

The arguments presented concern the teaching of psychology to nurses. It is noted that psychology is regarded as an important component of nurse education, though the nature of this relationship can be considered elusive. In pointing out that the effect of learning psychology has yet to be measured in nursing practice, a case is put forward proposing a different approach to its teaching. The emphasis on content-based courses in which nurses are expected simply to learn a body of knowledge and apply that to their nursing is considered. Instead it is argued that a process-based course, that is one which emphasizes the methods and approaches used in gathering psychological information, is more appropriate. This, it is felt, should contribute to the aim of the nursing profession that its members be able to adopt a critical stance and develop research mindedness in the practice of their work.

Clinical Competence↗