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PubMed2000

Growth and emigration of third-stage larvae of Hysterothylacium aduncum (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in larval herring Clupea harengus.

The growth and emigration of Hystherothylacium aduncum in laboratory-reared herring larvae Clupea harengus was studied. Experimental infections of 36-day-old herring larvae resulted in 126 hosts infected with 306 H. aduncum larvae. Regression analyses showed a significant worm emigration from the rectum to the head of the fish, accompanied by an increase in worm body length. The emigration was independent of worm intensity, which suggests an ontogenetic process. Some worms departed from this pattern by moving posteriorly or by penetrating into the muscle, and in 5 cases, the larvae were observed to leave living fish. This individual variation has not been observed in previous studies and might be explained by host signals related to condition or development stage. Indirect evidence suggested parasite-induced mortality in the tanks due to the emigrations because only 4 of the 126 infected fish survived 8 days postinfection; the emigration of H. aduncum affected vital organs, such as the heart and brain, and the larvae penetrating or leaving the host's tissues can cause extensive damage to the delicate herring larvae.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

L-selectin facilitates emigration and extravascular locomotion of leukocytes during acute inflammatory responses in vivo.

L-selectin has been shown to be important in mediating leukocyte recruitment during inflammatory responses. Although there are numerous in vitro studies demonstrating that engagement of L-selectin leads to the activation of several signaling pathways potentially contributing to subsequent adhesion, emigration, or even migration through the interstitium, whether this actually induces cellular events in vivo is completely unknown. Therefore, we used intravital microscopy to visualize the role of L-selectin in downstream leukocyte adhesion, emigration, and interstitial migration events in wild-type and L-selectin-deficient (L-selectin(-/-)) mice. The cremaster muscle was superfused with the chemotactic inflammatory mediators platelet-activating factor or KC. Leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and emigration in postcapillary venules were examined, and the migration of emigrated leukocytes was recorded continuously using time-lapse videomicroscopy. Platelet-activating factor increased leukocyte adhesion to a similar level in both wild-type and L-selectin(-/-) mice. In contrast, both the number of emigrated leukocytes and the distance of extravascular migration were significantly reduced in L-selectin(-/-) mice. A similar pattern was observed in response to the superfusion of KC. Because superfusion of these mediators induced chemokinesis, we developed a new in vivo chemotaxis assay using slow release of KC from an agarose gel positioned 350 microm from a postcapillary venule. These experiments showed that L-selectin(-/-) leukocytes were also severely impaired in their ability to respond to a directional cue. These findings indicate that L-selectin is important in enabling leukocytes to respond effectively to chemotactic stimuli in inflamed tissues.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

Antigen challenge inhibits thymic emigration.

T cell development in the thymus involves a series of TCR-mediated control points including TCR-beta selection and positive and negative selection. Approximately half of the thymic sojourn is spent in the medulla, where thymocytes undergo final maturation before emigrating to the periphery. Although it is acknowledged that thymic emigration is an active process, relatively little is known about how this is regulated, why it takes so long, and whether TCR-mediated signaling can influence this step. Using wild-type and TCR transgenic mice, we found that Ag injected i.v. or intrathymically led to a striking reduction in the number of recent thymic emigrants (RTE) in the periphery. This was caused by inhibition of T cell export rather than peripheral deletion, because a cohort of RTE that was already released before in vivo Ag challenge was not depleted, and similar results were observed in Bim-deficient mice, which have impaired T cell deletion. Within the thymus, the loss of RTE was associated with retention of medullary thymocytes rather than increased negative selection. In addition to Ag-specific inhibition of export, some TCR-independent suppression of emigration was also observed that appeared to be partly the result of the inflammatory cytokine TNF. Thus, in addition to its accepted role in intrathymic selection events, TCR signaling can also play an important role in the regulation of thymic emigration.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Chronic inflammatory disease alters adhesion molecule requirements for acute neutrophil emigration in mouse skin.

Mutant mice triply deficient in ICAM-1, E-selectin, and P-selectin did not develop the neutrophilic skin lesions that spontaneously arise in mutants doubly deficient in E-selectin and P-selectin. Thus, ICAM-1 is essential to skin disease resulting from endothelial selectin deficiency. During experimental dermatitis, acute neutrophil emigration was completely prevented in young mice deficient in both selectins (E/P and E/P/I mutants). However, older E/P mutants with spontaneous skin lesions displayed an endothelial selectin-independent pathway for acute neutrophil emigration. In contrast, emigration remained compromised in E/P/I mutants and CD18 mutants regardless of age or lesions. Experimentally induced chronic lesions elicited this pathway for acute emigration in young E/P mutants. Thus, an endothelial selectin-independent pathway for acute neutrophil emigration is induced in E/P mice by chronic inflammation at distant sites, and this pathway may contribute to skin disease resulting from endothelial selectin deficiency.

Aging↗
PubMed1989

Protein synthesis dependent and independent mechanisms of neutrophil emigration. Different mechanisms of inflammation in rabbits induced by interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha or endotoxin versus leukocyte chemoattractants.

Inflammation constitutes the body's principal mode of defense against infection and other harmful agents. Neutrophil leukocytes are the primary effector cells in this process. The role of protein synthesis in neutrophil emigration into acute inflammatory lesions was examined. Local intradermal injections of actinomycin D, cycloheximide or puromycin could inhibit in a dose- and time-dependent manner neutrophil emigration induced by interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha or endotoxin, but not by the leukocyte chemoattractants C5a des arg (zymosan-activated plasma), n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine or leukotriene B4. Maximal inhibition, measured at the time of peak emigration, was greater than 90%. The onset of neutrophil emigration induced by the cytokines or by endotoxin was delayed by 30 to 60 minutes in comparison to the leukocyte chemoattractants. These results demonstrate at least two mechanisms of neutrophil emigration: one with a slower onset and dependence on local RNA transcription and translation and the other rapid in onset and independent of protein synthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Neutropenic responses to intradermal injections of Escherichia coli. Effects on the kinetics of polymorphonuclear leukocyte emigration.

Killed Escherichia coli organisms injected intradermally into rabbits induced significant neutropenia and provoked a rapid rise in body temperature. Both the magnitude and the duration of the neutropenia were dose-dependent. After recovery from neutropenia, the rabbits became refractory to its redevelopment when subsequently given an equivalent dose of E coli. The influence of neutropenia and the subsequent refractory period on the rate of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) emigration into inflammatory sites was examined. Killed E coli organisms (6 X 10(8) per site) were injected into two groups of 20 intradermal sites in each rabbit. The first group (Group F) preceded the second (Group S) by 6 hours. The kinetics of PMN emigration, quantitated with 51Cr-labeled cells, differed in the two groups. In Group S sites an intense PMN influx was measured at 0-4 hours, and subsequently the extent of PMN emigration rapidly declined. In Group F sites a minute PMN influx was detected during the first 4 hours, coinciding with a marked neutropenia. The maximal PMN influx into Group F sites was measured between 6 and 10 hours. Microscopic sections at 4 hours showed a scanty PMN infiltrate and numerous bacteria in the dermis of Group F sites, while extensive phagocytosis of bacteria by PMNs was apparent in Group S sites. By comparing the extent of bacterial phagocytosis in 4-hour-old sites with the magnitudes of PMN emigration between 6 and 10 hours in both groups, we concluded that the phagocytic elimination of killed E coli was not a major mechanism regulating the cessation of local PMN emigration. Instead, we propose that tachyphylaxis or desensitization of sites to inflammatory factors released from E coli is the responsible mechanism.

Agranulocytosis↗
PubMed1986

Development of neural tube basal lamina during neurulation and neural crest cell emigration in the trunk of the mouse embryo.

In the trunk of higher vertebrates, the neural crest (NC) cells remain temporarily within the dorsal portion of the neural tube after fusion of the neural folds; shortly thereafter they emigrate, invading surrounding spaces and tissues. One of the factors postulated to be important in the initiation of migration of NC cells is the disruption of the basal lamina (BL) over the dorsal portion of the neural tube. It has been assumed by many that the BL must be discontinuous in order that the NC cells can leave the neural tube; and indeed, experiments performed in our laboratory, and by others, have shown that NC cells cannot penetrate an intact BL. Therefore, we have undertaken a systematic ultrastructural study to evaluate the condition of the BL during neural fold elevation and NC cell emigration. Our results show that: (i) BL surrounding the neural epithelium (NE) becomes progressively more extensive from neural fold to migratory stages. It first forms on the lateral portion of the neuroepithelium of the neural folds and then extends ventrally into the region adjacent to the notochord; (ii) BL becomes continuous beneath the epidermal ectoderm (EE) that overlies the NC cell region only during the terminal stages of NC cell emigration; (iii) BL does not form over the dorsal portion of the neural tube until NC emigration is terminated; and (iv) the morphology of the BL changes as development proceeds. We conclude that absence of a BL over the premigratory NC cell population in the trunk of mouse embryos is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for emigration to take place.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

A comparison between the active cutaneous Arthus reaction and immune-mediated enteroluminal neutrophil emigration in pigs.

The induction of neutrophil emigration into the intestinal lumen in bovine serum albumin immune and nonimmune pigs by mucosal exposure to bovine serum albumin was studied using a ligated intestinal loop technique. In order to compare the response in the skin to that in the intestine, test materials were inoculated intracutaneously as well as enterally. Several histochemical procedures were applied to the intestinal mucosa and skin for evaluation of responses. In immune animals, mucosal exposure to bovine serum albumin evoked the emigration of neutrophils into the intestinal mucosa and lumen. The neutrophil emigration tended to occur focally. Denudation of a few epithelial cells occurred at emigration sites. Hemorrhage, thrombosis, and edema, quite obvious after intracutaneous inoculation were not apparent after enteroluminal inoculation of bovine serum albumin into immune animals. Enteroluminal inoculation of bovine serum albumin or bovine serum albumin plus anti-bovine serum albumin into nonimmune animals did not elicit neutrophil emigration or any other pathological lesion in the intestine, whereas intracutaneous inoculation of bovine serum albumin plus anti-bovine serum albumin into the same animals elicited an Arthus reaction.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Dissociation of neutrophil emigration and metabolic activity in lobar pneumonia and bronchiectasis.

In animal models of pulmonary inflammation, neutrophils exhibit a dramatic influx of glucose in periods of high metabolic activity. This information was utilized to develop a technique, involving positron emission tomography (PET) of 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18FDG), which measures neutrophil activity in situ. This technique was applied in a comparative study of neutrophil function in patients with acute lobar pneumonia or bronchiectasis. Neutrophil emigration was measured by gamma-scintigraphy of intravenously injected 111In-labelled granulocytes and neutrophil activity determined by PET of 18FDG. Neutrophil emigration was evident in 4 out of 5 bronchiectasis patients, whilst no emigration was apparent in the two pneumonia patients studied, consistent with animal studies showing maximum emigration soon after challenge. In contrast, 18FDG uptake was markedly increased in 4 out of 5 pneumonia patients but not in the patients with bronchiectasis. Localization of radioactivity to neutrophils was confirmed by microautoradiography of lavage fluid in a patient with pneumonia. These results suggest that the elevated uptake of glucose by neutrophils during the inflammatory response is a postmigratory event, most likely reflecting the respiratory burst, and that high levels of neutrophil emigration are not necessarily associated with significantly increased metabolic activity of these cells.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Elderly Japanese emigrants to Brazil before World War II: I. Clinical profiles based on specific historical background.

OBJECTIVE: To research the demographic and clinical profiles of elderly Japanese emigrants, who arrived in Brazil before World War II, in order to give them appropriate psychogeriatric care. DESIGN: Elderly Japanese immigrants aged 65 years and over, belonging to the Miyagi Association in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, were targeted. They emigrated from Miyagi Prefecture to Brazil and are now living in the area. We were able to interview 166 respondents. All data were gathered using standardized interview methods covering (a) free interview about the immigration history, (b) demographics, and (c) physical status. RESULTS: Through the free interview, we found their immigration histories, which affected their clinical profiles. The mean age and educational level were 77.5 years and 6.3 years, respectively. Sixty per cent of them immigrated when they were younger than 14. Ninety-four per cent of them still keep Japanese nationality. Fifty-seven per cent of them usually use Japanese, while 10% of them use Portuguese. Although their emigration histories were hard, 76% of them perceived their health as being excellent or relatively good. The percentages of subjects with histories of disease were hypertension, 52.5%; cardiac disease, 20.8%; diabetes mellitus, 24.2%; and hyperlipidemia, 25.0%, which were affected by the Brazilian environment. CONCLUSION: The elderly Japanese who emigrated to Brazil before World War II have a unique historical and demographic background. Their clinical profiles cannot be fully understood without knowing their histories. They definitely need high quality international psychogeriatric care.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1995

Emigration and living standards in Ireland since the Famine.

"Ireland experienced dramatic levels of emigration in the century following the Famine of 1845-1849. The paper surveys the recent cliometric literature on post-Famine emigration and its effects on Irish living standards. The conclusions are that the Famine played a significant role in unleashing the subsequent emigration; and that emigration was crucial for the impressive increase in Irish living standards which took place during the next 100 years."

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1984

Characteristics of the distribution of emigrant Indian radiologists, pathologists and anesthesiologists in the United States.

We present the results of a questionnaire sent in the autumn of 1981 to all board certified specialists practicing radiology, pathology and anesthesiology who are graduates of Indian medical schools and now reside in the United States. Respondents were asked to indicate their Indian state of birth, the size of the community in which they were born. The location of their medical school, the size of the city in which they now reside and their reasons for emigrating to the United States. The respondents tended to settle in the larger cities of the Northeast and Midwest, filling, to some degree, positions provided by the movement of American trained physicians to the West and South. Most came from urban areas and from the more urbanized Indian states. Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and the East Indian states were underrepresented. The limited opportunities for specialty practice at home and the perception of an unmet physician demand in the United States were the twomost important reasons for emigration. Job availability largely determined locational choice in the United States. The distribution of emigrants arriving from 1965 to 1975 were similar to that of a much smaller group of early emigrants. Restrictions on entry of foreign born, foreign trained physicians as prescribed by the Health Professionals Assistance Act of 1976 (Public Law 94-284) mandates that the cohort of young specialists will not be supplemented to a significant extent by future arrivals from the Indian sub-continent. This will create an encapsulated minority of highly trained Asian-Americans. As they grow older their locational choices and integration into American society bears watching.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed2000

Schizophrenia among Surinamese in the Netherlands: high admission rates not explained by high emigration rates.

BACKGROUND: A high risk of schizophrenia has been found among Caribbean immigrants in the Netherlands and Great Britain. One hypothesis to explain these findings is that patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or patients with symptoms of psychosis not specifically diagnosed, emigrate more than the general population. Such selection might account for high rates of Surinamese patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia in Netherlands psychiatric hospitals. We examined this hypothesis. METHODS: The files of patients with schizophrenia or patients suffering from unspecified psychosis were selected from the archives of the National Psychiatric Hospital in Surinam. These patients were traced to investigate patterns of emigration. Data from the Central Bureau for Statistics in the Netherlands and from the Central Population Bureau in Surinam provided the percentage of the general Surinamese population that emigrated to the Netherlands. The difference between the two percentages was evaluated using the chi-squared test. Using the same method the percentage of remigration from the Netherlands among Surinamese patients was compared with the percentage of remigration among the general Surinamese population. RESULTS: Surinamese patients with schizophrenia or unspecified psychosis did not emigrate more frequently to the Netherlands compared with the general Surinamese population. They did remigrate significantly more frequently. CONCLUSION: High migration rates do not explain the high hospital admission rates for schizophrenia among Surinamese in the Netherlands.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The emigration of Germany's Jewish dermatologists in the period of National Socialism.

In the context of our investigation, we found information on 432 (76%) of the 569 Jewish dermatologists in Germany. There is evidence that 57 (10%) of the Jewish dermatologists were murdered in concentration camps, 61 (10.7%) died a natural death, 13 (2%) committed suicide, and 25 (4%) survived the Third Reich in Germany. After 1933, 276 (49%) Jewish dermatologists were able to leave Germany; the United States of America was the main destination and 107 (or 41%) emigrated there. A total of 34 (13%) Jewish dermatologists emigrated from Germany to Palestine and 16 to Latin America. Regarding emigration to other European countries, 20 of the Jewish dermatologists from Germany went to Great Britain (including Walter Freudenthal, 1893-1952, and Ernst Sklarz, 1894-1975), and 24 emigrated to other European countries, such as France (Rudolf Mayer, 1895-1962), Sweden (Carl Lennhoff, 1883-1963), and the Netherlands (Otto Schlein, 1895-1944).

Dermatology↗
PubMed1983

Catholic and Protestant emigration from the Netherlands in the 19th century: a comparative social structural analysis.

"The purpose of this paper is to describe, analyze, and compare the characteristics of three Dutch emigrant groups--Dutch Reformed, Seceders (Afgescheidenen), and Roman Catholics--in the nineteenth century. Because the Catholics are a neglected group in emigration research, the paper will focus on the Roman Catholic emigrants from the southern provinces of the Netherlands (Limburg, Noord-Brabant, and Gelderland), although the other two groups will form a reference for comparison throughout the paper." Data are from official Dutch emigration records.

Catholicism↗
PubMed1993

Ireland: an "emigrant nursery" in the world economy.

"This paper focuses on historical and contemporary aspects of Irish emigration and argues that a world-systems, comparative approach avoids the pitfalls of behaviouralism and national exceptionalism in conventional accounts of Irish emigration. It suggests that causes and consequences vary with social class, ethnic group and regional context, compares 'traditional' with 'new wave' emigration and argues that it is premature to talk of the 'Europeanisation' of Irish emigration." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Culture↗
PubMed1992

The emigration potential of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland and Russia: recent survey results.

The author reviews recent evidence concerning the emigration potential of Russia and Eastern Europe, using data from a 1991 survey of 4,269 respondents. "It is demonstrated that the proportion of adults wishing to emigrate from each of these countries in February 1991 varied from a low of 2 per cent in Lithuania to a high of 13 per cent in Poland. Total emigration potential from the region is estimated to have been between 10.2 and 16.7 million....A multiple regression analysis indicates that age and pessimism concerning democracy are the main factors that were independently associated with desire to emigrate."

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Symptoms of asthma, bronchial responsiveness and atopy in immigrants and emigrants in Europe. European Community Respiratory Health Survey.

Migration studies on asthma may provide information on its environmental causes. The European Community Respiratory Health Survey has potential advantages due to the number of countries involved, standardized collection of information, assessment of directionality of migration, and availability of physiological data on bronchial responsiveness and atopy. Prevalence rates of symptoms associated with asthma were compared for immigrants, emigrants and nonmigrants living in centres mostly in western Europe. Similar analyses were carried out for bronchial responsiveness (provocative concentration causing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second and slope) and atopy. Medication and use of health services were also explored. Overall, 1,678 (8.6%) of 19,516 participants were immigrants in the 18 countries participating in the study, of whom 581 were emigrants from one of the participating countries. Rates of asthma symptoms were higher in immigrants (odds ratio (OR): 1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00-1.51) and emigrants (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 0.96-1.51) compared to nonmigrants after controlling for area, sex, age and smoking status. However, bronchial responsiveness and atopy were equally distributed between immigrants, emigrants and nonmigrants. Use of health services was observed to be similar in migrants and nonmigrants with asthma. In the European Community Respiratory Health Survey, migrants reported more asthma symptoms, but had similar bronchial responsiveness, atopy, and use of health services when compared with the nonmigrant population.

Adult↗