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PubMed2002

Effect of seawater immersion on plasma osmotic pressure and electrolyte balance following open chest trauma.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of seawater immersion on serum osmotic pressure and electrolytes balance following chest trauma in dogs. METHODS: Twenty-five healthy adult dogs were used in the experiment. A canine model of right open pneumothorax was established by chest puncturing on all animals. Animals were divided into three groups: a control group (n=10) with chest trauma without any immersion; a seawater group (n=10) immersed in seawater after chest trauma and a normal saline group (n=5) immersed in normal saline solution following chest trauma. Blood samples were taken at different time intervals to determine plasma osmotic pressure and electrolytes. The hemodynamic changes were also recorded. RESULTS: Mortality in the seawater group was much higher than that of the control group and the normal saline group. The mean survival time in the seawater group lasted only 45 minutes, while in the control group and the normal saline group the average survival time was more than 4 hours (P<0.01). One of the most important causes of death was hypernatremia and high osmolality. Severe electrolytes imbalance was observed in seawater group. Hypernatremia and high osmolality were the most significant factors of high mortality in the seawater group. CONCLUSIONS: Seawater immersion after chest trauma appears to be associated with severe electrolyte imbalance as well as high osmotic pressure. These may be the risk factors leading to fatal outcome.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Participation of the serotonergic system in the regulation of water and electrolyte balance.

To determine the possible participation of the serotonergic (5-HT) system in the regulation of water and electrolyte balance, rats were submitted to two sessions of water overloading and the 5-HT agonist MK 212 was administered intracerebroventricularly (icv) in 1.0 microliters 20 min after the second session. Urine volume and sodium and potassium excretion were then measured over a period of 120 min. Microinjection of MK-212 (1 micrograms/animal) caused a significant reduction (24 to 57%; mean, 43%) in natriuresis throughout the experimental period, and the administration of 10 micrograms/animal caused a 26-41% reduction (mean, 33%) in kaliuresis. At 20 micrograms/animal, MK-212 did not change any of the parameters investigated. No significant change in urine volume was detected after any of the treatments used.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Three levels of dietary calcium-effects on blood pressure and electrolyte balance in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

The effects of three levels of calcium intake on blood pressure (BP) and electrolyte balance were studied for 12 weeks in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR): the chow of the SHR-1 group contained 1.1% calcium, and that of the supplemented groups 2.1% (SHR-2) and 3.1% (SHR-3) calcium. Wistar-Kyoto rats on a 1.1% calcium diet (WKY-1) served as normotensive controls. After 10 and 12 weeks BP was significantly lower in both calcium-supplemented groups than in the SHR-1 group, the SHR-2 and SHR-3 groups not deviating from each other. Platelets and lymphocytes were used as experimental cell models to study the effects of the calcium diets on intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) level, which was measured by the fluorescent indicator quin-2. At the end of the study [Ca2+]i was lower in both cell types in SHR-2 and SHR-3 than in SHR-1, the supplemented groups being comparable to each other. In platelets [Ca2+]i still remained higher in the calcium-treated than the WKY-1 group, while in lymphocytes the levels were similar between SHR-2, SHR-3 and WKY-1. Plasma sodium, calcium and magnesium levels did not differ in the SHR groups, but plasma potassium was higher in both supplemented groups than in SHR-1. Plasma renin activity was comparable in SHR-1, SHR-2 and WKY-1, but was suppressed in the SHR-3 group. Creatinine clearance in the SHR-3 group was higher than in SHR-1 and SHR-2, but still remained lower than in WKY-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effects of high calcium diet on arterial smooth muscle function and electrolyte balance in mineralocorticoid-salt hypertensive rats.

1. The effects of a high calcium diet (2.5%) on blood pressure, electrolyte balance, plasma and tissue atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), and arterial smooth muscle responses were studied in one-kidney deoxycorticosterone (DOC)-NaCl hypertensive Wistar rats. 2. Calcium supplementation for 8 weeks markedly attenuated the development of DOC-NaCl hypertension and the associated cardiac hypertrophy, and prevented the DOC-NaCl-induced sodium-volume retention as judged by reduced plasma Na+, and decreased plasma and ventricular ANP concentrations in high calcium-fed DOC-NaCl rats. However, calcium supplementation did not affect the DOC-NaCl-induced rise in platelet [Ca2+]i. 3. Smooth muscle contractions of isolated mesenteric arterial rings in response to depolarization by K+ (20-30 mM) were enhanced in DOC-NaCl-treated rats, this enhancement being abolished by concurrent oral calcium loading. The Ca2+ entry blocker nifedipine (10 nM) inhibited the contractions induced by K+ (30-125 mM) more effectively in DOC-NaCl rats than in controls, while the inhibition in calcium-loaded DOC-NaCl rats was significantly greater than in controls only with 30 mM K+. 4. The contractions of mesenteric arterial rings induced by omission of K+ from the organ baths were used to evaluate cell membrane permeability to ions. In chemically denervated rings the onset of the gradual rise in contractile force in K(+)-free medium occurred earlier, and the rate of the contraction was faster in DOC-NaCl-treated rats than in controls and high calcium-fed DOC-NaCl rats. Smooth muscle relaxation induced by 0.5 mM K+ upon K(+)-free contractions was clearly slower in DOC-NaCl rats than in controls and calcium-supplemented DOC-NaCl rats. 5. The functions of arterial smooth muscle Na+, Ca2+ exchange and Ca(2+)-ATPase were evaluated by the aortic contractions elicited by low Na+ medium, and the subsequent relaxation responses induced by Ca(2+)-free solution (in the presence of 5 mM caffeine, 1 microM nifedipine and 10 microM phentolamine). The rate of aortic low Na+ contractions (evaluating Ca2+ influx via Na+, Ca2+ exchange), as well as that of subsequent relaxations was slower in DOC-NaCl-treated rats than in controls, whether the relaxation was induced in normal (144.0 mM) or low (1.2 mM) organ bath Na+ concentration (reflecting Ca2+ extrusion by both Ca(2+)-ATPase and Na+, Ca2+ exchange, and by Ca(2+)-ATPase alone, respectively). However, in calcium-supplemented DOC-NaCl rats the aortic responses did not differ from control. The difference between the relaxation rate in normal and low Na+ concentration in each aortic ring,representing the contribution of Na+, Ca2+ exchange in these relaxations, was comparable in all groups.6. In conclusion, calcium supplementation clearly attenuated the development of hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and sodium retention induced by the DOC-NaCI treatment. However, the associated rise in platelet [Ca2+], was not prevented, suggesting that in this form of experimental hypertension increased dietary calcium does not lower blood pressure by reducing [Ca2+]i. The results from vascular responses in vitro suggest that in arterial smooth muscle the DOC-NaCl treatment increased contractile sensitivity to depolarization, voltage-dependent Ca2+ entry and cell membrane permeability to ions, and attenuated relaxation responses and vascular Na+, K+-ATPase function. The results further suggest reduced ability of the cell membrane to transport Ca2+ (possibly via Ca2+-ATPase) in DOC-NaCl hypertension. The high calcium diet opposed these alterations. The present results thus provide evidence that the antihypertensive effect of a high calcium diet in mineralocorticoid-salt hypertension is mediated by its beneficial effects on systemic sodium balance and arterial smooth muscle function.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fluid and electrolyte balance during a cool weather marathon.

Changes in blood, serum, and urine parameters that are usually associated with fluid and electrolyte balance were studied in 45 volunteers who ran the 1987 Pittsburgh Marathon. There were 39 males and 6 females. The mean age was 39.3 years. Their mean fluid intake was 1650 cc and the mean finishing time was 4 hours and 1 minute. The race was run in the rain with a temperature of 46 degrees F. When the prerace and postrace values of the runners were compared, significant increases were noted in the serum sodium, potassium, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), protein, plasma renin, vasopressin, and urinary potassium. Significant decreases were found in weight, blood pressure, and urinary sodium. No significant differences were noted in serum chloride, serum glucose, and hemoglobin/hematocrit. The mean weight loss of 1.9 kg was less than weight losses reported in marathons run under warmer conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Changes in the acid-base equilibrium and the water-electrolyte balance during maximum aerobic work in patients with chronic broncho-pulmonary disease].

The Authors studied the behaviour of acid-base balance in subjects with chronic obstructive lung disease undergoing Maximal Aerobic Work following the method of Pasargiklian e Coll., 1955. For the research two different experimental pattern were adopted: 1) patients were subjected, in two different sessions, to the muscular work in room air and in hyperoxia (60%) breathing for the evaluation of acid-base balance. During hyperoxia Authors observed rising of paO2 and decrease of paCO2, pH and lactic acid concentration. 2) In the second pattern the muscular test was performed in room air only with the use of an antiphosphodiesterasic drug e.v. administration in each patient. Together with acid-base balance behaviour of plasmatic electrolytic assessment was controlled in order to evaluate adaptation to work. The data, although preliminary, show an increase of paO2 with decrease of paCO2 in both test; potassium and bicarbonates concentration increase more in the first test without theophyllin whereas this drug forbid these increments. The Authors even if the experimental program must be developed suggest that the evaluation of these data is interesting in diagnosis and prognosis in chronic lung disease for the cellular adaptation to work and offers interesting elements to carry on the rehabilitation of chronic obstructive lung disease.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1988

Hormone studies in Myxine glutinosa: failure of calcitonin to influence urine flow or plasma and urine electrolyte balance.

Hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, were used in a series of experiments to determine a possible role for calcitonin in plasma and urine electrolyte balance. Individual animals were anaesthetised and implanted with polythene cannulae for monitoring blood pressure and for infusion/injection. Urine was collected by manual palpation of the body surface whilst blood samples were withdrawn from the lateral sinus. Following injection of either 1.25 or 3.75 micrograms kg body wt-1 calcitonin, there was no significant change in either the plasma or urine composition of sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium ion levels. These results indicate that calcitonin may not be involved in electrolyte homeostasis in Myxine.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effects of distilled water and mixture of sorbitol-mannitol irrigation fluids on fluid-electrolyte balance in patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy.

This study aimed to compare two various irrigation fluids used in transurethral prostatectomy (TURP) with respect to changes in fluid-electrolyte balance and to evaluate the blood loss during TURP. TURP was performed in 50 patients using distilled water and in 42 patients using a mixture of sorbitol and mannitol solution (2.7% sorbitol and 0.54% mannitol) as irrigation fluid. Fluid-electrolyte changes and blood loss were evaluated. None of the patients had transurethral resection syndrome. Decline in serum sodium level was more significant in patients who were operated on with the sorbitol plus mannitol irrigation fluid in contrast to its clinical insignificance (p < 0.05). Decrease in serum sodium concentration in patients with more than 15 g of tissue resected was greater than in patients with less than 15 g of tissue resected (p < 0.05). Blood loss was greater in the distilled water group (p < 0.05). Blood loss was 145.5 +/- 3.4 ml in patients given a blood transfusion. In conclusion, a fluid containing mainly sorbitol must be the irrigation fluid preferred over distilled water because of its non-haemolytic nature, but although not important clinically, it can cause hyponatraemia more than distilled water. Furthermore, it is useful to determine blood loss during TURP before deciding to give a blood transfusion.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

[The activity of the neurohumoral regulatory systems, the status of the electrolyte balance and the clinical efficacy of Renitec in hypertension patients].

Hypotensive effect of renitek (enalapril maleate) was assessed by activity of some neuroregulation systems and electrolyte balance in 16 patients with essential hypertension (EH). Maximal time of treatment for the assessment was 14 days. Renitek in a single dose 20-40 mg/day produced a response in 80% of EH stage II patients with low activity of plasma renin (PR). A hypotensive effect of the drug proved more essential in patients with higher baseline urinary excretion of aldosterone, adrenaline, noradrenaline and sodium. This effect is associated with stimulation of PR activity, urinary excretion of sodium, reduction in plasma and 24-h urine of aldosterone, adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations. Renitek nonresponders exhibited high aldosterone concentration in plasma and its normal excretion with urine, diminished sodium excretion with urine. After 2 weeks of treatment blood and urine hormones were close to the initial levels while sodium excretion with urine went down.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Fluid balance, electrolyte profiles and plasma parathyroid hormone concentrations in ewes treated with epidermal growth factor.

The infusion of low doses of epidermal growth factor (EGF) into lactating ewes stimulates water intake and urine volume. The plasma concentrations and daily output of various electrolytes in milk and urine are also affected. We have investigated this further by recording the effects of EGF infusion on fluid balance, electrolyte profiles and plasma concentrations of glucose and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in non-pregnant, non-lactating ewes. Twenty-four animals (n = 8 per group) received infusions of 100 ml saline/day into the jugular vein for 10 days (days 1-10) followed by EGF at a dose rate of either 1 (low dose), 5 (medium dose) or 10 (high dose) micrograms/kg liveweight per day in 100 ml saline for 5 days (days 11-15). All ewes then received an infusion of 100 ml saline/day for 10 days (days 16-25). Most plasma and urine samples had undetectable concentrations of EGF-immunoreactive material during the periods of saline infusion. During EGF infusion, the highest amounts of EGF infusate excreted in urine were 1.6, 5.9 and 5.6% for ewes in low, medium and high dose groups respectively. Water intake increased by 17% (0.5 kg), 88% (2.5 kg) and 89% (2.3 kg) and urine volume increased by 29% (0.5 kg), 108% (2.2 kg) and 134% (2.1 kg) for the three groups respectively. Fluid balance and feed intake were not affected by EGF infusion, but the output of faecal dry matter was reduced in ewes receiving the two higher doses of EGF. All levels of EGF resulted in hypocalcaemia, increased plasma PTH concentrations and hypermagnesaemia. There was no effect of EGF on plasma concentrations of K+ and glucose or on daily urinary excretion of K+ and Mg2+. The only response to the low dose was a reduced plasma concentration of Na+ and an increased daily urinary urate excretion. The two higher doses increased the daily urinary excretion of Na+, PO4(3-) and urate, but had no effect on the respective concentrations in plasma. Urinary Ca2+ excretion was reduced only during infusion of the medium dose of EGF. The responses of most variables were similar during infusion of the medium and high doses of EGF. All three doses of EGF induced polydipsic and diuretic responses in ewes, and infusions of 5-10 micrograms EGF/kg liveweight per day affected renal excretion of Ca2+, Na+ and PO4(3-). We interpret the responses of the kidney and plasma PTH concentrations as a means of maintaining the homeostasis of plasma profiles of electrolytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Dietary electrolyte balance effects on performance and metabolic characteristics in growing steers.

The effects of dietary electrolyte balance (DEB; mEq of Na + K - Cl/100 g of DM) on performance and acid-base status of growing cattle consuming a corn silage-based diet were established using 120 Angus (n = 60) and Angus crossbred (n = 60) steers (247 +/- 2.4 kg). Treatments consisting of 0, 15, 30, or 45 mEq of DEB/100 g of DM were obtained by varying NH4Cl and NaHCO3. Average daily gain showed a linear increase (P < .05) with increased DEB for the first 28 d and a quadratic response (P < .05) for the remainder of the 84-d study. Average daily feed intake was not affected by DEB the first 28 d. However, feed intake over the entire feeding period showed a linear increase with increasing DEB (P < .01). On d 28, plasma Na, K, and Mg were not affected by DEB, whereas Ca followed a quadratic pattern (P < .10). On d 84, plasma Na and Mg decreased linearly with increasing DEB. Plasma Cl concentrations decreased linearly (P < .01) with increased DEB on d 28 and 84. On d 28 arterial blood pH and HCO3 increased linearly (P < .05) with increased DEB, whereas ionized Ca, pCO2, and pO2 were unchanged. On d 84, arterial blood pH (P < .10), HCO3 (P < .05), and ionized Ca (P < .10) increased quadratically, whereas pO2 and pCO2 were not affected by treatment. Ruminal pH increased linearly (P < .05) with increased DEB on d 28 but showed no differences on d 84. These data indicate that DEB affects performance and systemic values in growing feedlot cattle. A DEB in the range of 15 to 30 mEq seemed to provide normal homeostasis of growing steers fed a corn silage-based diet.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1988

Hormone studies in Myxine glutinosa: effects of the eicosanoids arachidonic acid, prostaglandin E1, E2, A2, F2 alpha, thromboxane B2 and of indomethacin on plasma cortisol, blood pressure, urine flow and electrolyte balance.

Hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, were used in an investigation of the possible effects of various eicosanoids and the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor indomethacin, on cortisol production, blood pressure control, urine flow and electrolyte balance. Cortisol levels in plasma of untreated control animals and plasma from animals 1 h following injection of 50 micrograms kg-1 prostaglandin E1, E2, A2, F2 alpha TXB2 and indomethacin were not detectable. However, plasma cortisol levels rose to between 10 and 26 pg ml-1 1 h following injection of either 50 micrograms kg-1 arachidonic acid or prostaglandin E2. This rise was similar in magnitude to that produced 1 h following administration of 50 micrograms kg-1 porcine ACTH. The resting dorsal aortic blood pressure of between 3.50 and 3.75 mmHg was reduced on average by 50% for 12-15 min when animals received 10 micrograms kg-1 arachidonic acid, prostaglandin E1, E2, A2, and TXB2 and was effectively reduced to zero for 20 min or more following 50 micrograms kg-1 of these eicosanoids. Similar doses of prostaglandin F2 alpha, however, evoked an increase in blood pressure (19-33%) whilst indomethacin was without effect. Control measurements of urine flow in Myxine were estimated to be between 540 and 660 microliters h-1 kg-1. There was a marked reduction in urine output following the arterial vasodepression induced by arachidonic acid, prostaglandin E1, E2, A2 and TXB2 in doses of 10 micrograms kg-1, an effect which became even more pronounced following injection of 50 micrograms kg-1 quantities, leading in some cases to complete anuria.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alprostadil↗