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PubMed1993

Breed comparisons for growth traits adjusted for within-breed genetic trend using expected progeny differences.

Records (2,910) of birth (BWT), weaning (WW), and yearling weight (YW) of F1 calves produced in a top-cross experiment involving Angus, Hereford, Pooled Hereford, Charolais, Limousin, Simmental, Gelbvieh, Maine-Anjou, Chianina, Tarentaise, Shorthorn, and Salers bulls mated to Hereford and Angus cows and records (4,592) of WW on three-breed-cross calves out of 986 F1 females of the same breed crosses were used in this study. The purposes were to estimate how much of the EPD of the sires was realized in crossbred calves and to estimate sire breed effects for the traits adjusted for genetic trend and sire sampling. Published EPD for BWT, WW, YW, net maternal ability (MLK), and maternal WW (MAT) were used. Average regressions (kilograms/kilogram +/- SE) of BWT, WW, and YW of F1 calves on EPD of the sire were 1.04 +/- .10, .88 +/- .11, and 1.40 +/- .11, respectively. The regressions (b, kilograms/kilogram) were similar to the expected values of 1.0 except for YW. For WW of three-way-cross calves on MLK EPD of the maternal grandsire, b was 1.02 +/- .11, which was not different from the expected value of 1.0. Estimated sire-breed means were adjusted to a 1982 genetic base by adding b times the difference of the 1982-breed-mean EPD and mean EPD of sires used in the study. Three different adjustments were compared using the b pooled across breeds, a separate b for each breed, and the expected b of 1.0. In general, the adjustments tended to regress breed of sire means toward the average of all breeds, particularly for BWT and WW of F1 calves, and for WW of three-breed crosses. The effect of type of adjustment varied among breeds, but in most cases small differences resulted from using average or expected b. For WW, the range for net maternal effects among breeds was larger than that for direct breed effects.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Prevalence of postpartum depression in Spanish mothers: comparison of estimation by mean of the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Our objectives were: To estimate the prevalence of postpartum depression (PD) by two evaluation methods: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID), and self-report Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and to identify the EPDS cut-off to provide an unbiased estimation of PD prevalence. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We report data from all women (n = 1191) attending to postnatal routine checking visits at six weeks postpartum during one year in the Gynaecology and Obstetrics Department of the Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (Spain). A two-stage method was used. In the first stage, all women selected completed the EPDS. In the second stage, all women with an EPDS score >= 9 (probable PD cases) and a randomized sample of 16% with a score < 9 were evaluated by a psychiatrist using the SCID interview to establish a psychiatric diagnosis of major and minor depression. 402 postpartum women were offered the SCID interview; 68 of them refused to participate. RESULTS: The prevalence of depression according to the SCID interview was 10.15% (CI 95%, 8.43-11.87). The prevalence of major depression was 3.6% (CI 95%, 2.55-4.67) and it was 6.5% (CI 95%, 5.14-7.95) for minor depression. An EPDS cut-off of 11/12 provided an unbiased estimation of the postpartum depression prevalence rate. CONCLUSIONS: Our results justify the need to use different EPDS cut-offs. A cut-off of 10/11 is effective for identifying the population at risk and a cut-off of 11/12 is useful to estimate the prevalence in epidemiological studies.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A qualitative study of the acceptability of routine screening of postnatal women using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.

BACKGROUND: Screening for postnatal depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) has been widely recommended and implemented in primary care, although little is known about how acceptable it is to women. AIM: To explore the acceptability to women of postnatal screening by health visitors with the EPDS. DESIGN OF STUDY: Qualitative interview study. SETTING: Postnatal patients from 22 general practices within the area of Oxford City Primary Care Group. METHOD: Thirty-nine postnatal women from a purposive sample were interviewed, chosen on the basis of different general practices, EPDS results at eight weeks and eight months postnatal, and whether 'listening visits' were received. The interviews were analysed using the constant comparative method. RESULTS: Just over half of the women interviewed found screening with the EPDS less than acceptable, whatever their postnatal emotional health. The main themes identified were problems with the process of screening and, in particular, the venue, the personal intrusion of screening and stigma. The women interviewed had a clear preference for talking about how they felt, rather than filling out a questionnaire. CONCLUSION: For this sample, routine screening with the EPDS was less than acceptable for the majority of women. This is of concern, as universal screening with the EPDS for the detection of postnatal depression is already recommended and widespread in primary care.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Congenital penile deviation: an integral diagnostic approach to correction].

A comparative analysis of diagnostic examination of 130 men with isolated congenital erectile penile deviation (EPD) aged 14-22 years (mean age 17 years) has demonstrated that true EPD can be determined objectively only at adequate erection. Therefore, the diagnosis should be based not on subjective opinion of the patient but on the results of artificial pharmacological erection or viagra-test in combination with visual erotic and genital stimulation. Vacuum erection test is not justified. In patients with congenital EPD rigidity depends much on correlation between perfusion volume and functional volume of the penis (cavernous volume). The problem of congenital EPD can be formulated as the problem of "long penis". Measurements of the penis in the group of 54 patients with congenital EPD registered a low penile coefficient in 67% cases while a mean length of the penis in all the examinees was longer than a mean standard one and was about 13 cm in relaxed condition. EPD patients often suffer from asthenodepressive disorders deteriorating the copulative function. Psychotherapy and medication of the depressive syndrome result in stabilization of the psychological condition improving quality of life 1.3 times. Thus, an integrative diagnostic and therapeutic approach, due selection of the patients for operative correction of penile deviation can improve quality of the treatment aimed both at correction of erectile malformation and psychosexual adaptation of the patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Basic and clinical studies of angiotensin II pressor responsiveness in pregnancy-induced-hypertension].

This paper shows the basic and clinical evaluations of pressor responsiveness to angiotensin II (A II) using A II sensitivity test (AST) in normotensive and hypertensive pregnant women. The results are as follows: I. Basic findings of A II pressor responsiveness 1. AST was performed sequentially from as early in gestation as possible throughout the remainder of pregnancy. At clinic visit the patients received A II infusions sufficient to raise baseline diastolic blood pressure by 20 mmHg. The dose (ng/kg/min) of A II required to elevate 20 mmHg of diastolic blood pressure was recorded as the EPD. Increased EPD indicates the dullness of refractoriness to A II. The EPD in normotensive women (non-PIH) increased as early as midpregnancy, but EPD in women destined to develop pregnancy-induced-hypertension (PIH) decreased significantly after the 20th week of gestation. 2. Plasma angiotensin level in non-PIH increased significantly compared to that of PIH. There exists a definite correlation between EPD in pregnant women and plasma angiotensin level. 3. The plasma TxB2/6-keto-PGF1 alpha ratio increased significantly in PIH compared with that of non-PIH because of the increase in the amount of TxB2. In the 2nd trimester, the ratio in women destined to developed PIH showed a significantly higher value than that of the non-PIH. 4. In healthy men and castrated rats the EPD significantly increased after the administration of progesterone. At 20 and 30 weeks' gestation, the plasma progesterone/estrogen ratio in women destined to develop PIH decreased significantly compared to that of the non-PIH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed1997

The validity of the Arabic Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.

For the purpose of this study, a consecutive sample of 95 postpartum women were assessed at 1 week postpartum with the (EPDS) and at 8 +/- 2 weeks postpartum using the Present State Examination (PSE). A moderate correlation between PSE total score and EPDS score was found (r = 0.57). A moderate agreement between EPDS and Catego diagnosis of depression was also found (Kappa = 0.52). Using a cut-off score of 12 on EPDS and Catego diagnosis as a criterion variable, the sensitivity and specificity of the scale were 73% and 90%, respectively. However, using a cut-off score of 10, the sensitivity of the scale rose to 91% without much fall in its specificity (84%). The internal reliability of the scale was 0.84 (alpha Cronbach). We conclude that the Arabic version of the EPDS is a reliable and valid screening tool for depression in postpartum women.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Intermediate results of extended pancreaticoduodenectomy. Verona experience.

BACKGROUND: Extended pancreaticoduodenectomy (EPD) with retroperitoneal lymphatic, neural, and connective clearance has been proposed to improve survival in patients with carcinomas of the head of the pancreas. The open questions are: does EPD allow better staging of the tumor? Does it reduce local recurrences? And does it improve survival? METHOD: We treated 26 patients by EPD between January 1994 and September 1996. Eighteen patients had pancreatic ductal carcinoma, 7, periampullary carcinoma; and 1, intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma. RESULTS: The pancreatic cancers were International Union against Cancer (UICC) stage I in 3 patients, stage III in 14, and stage IV in 1. Two patients with stage III disease would have been considered as having stage I without EPD. Pancreatic cancer and periampullary carcinoma patients had a 3-year actuarial survival of 32% and 86%, respectively. At a mean follow-up time of 22.5 months (range, 6-39 months), 3 pancreatic cancer patients (16.6%) had loco-regional recurrences, 6 patients (33%) had distant metastases, and 1 (5.5%) had distant and loco-regional recurrences. Only 1 of 7 patients with periampullary carcinoma had distant metastasis 20 months after resection. CONCLUSION: EPD seems to decrease the rate of local recurrences and allows more correct staging. The intermediate survival results are encouraging but a definitive conclusion awaits longer follow-up.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2003

The parent-child relationship in the context of maternal depressive mood.

The aim of this study was to examine parent-child interactions 15-18 months postpartum, in families where the mother either showed depressive symptoms two months postpartum or did not. Maternal mood was assessed with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Eleven women scoring >12 (signs of depressive mood) and 14 women scoring <10 (no signs of depressive mood) on the EPDS and their partners were videotaped in parent-child interactions, assessed by the Parent Child Early Relational Assessment (PCERA). Our results indicate that children of high EPDS-scoring mothers showed less persistence in play with, and less joy in reunion after separation from, their mothers than children of low EPDS-scoring mothers. In contrast, most fathers in families where the mothers scored high on the EPDS seemed to establish joyful relationships with their children and secure child-father attachment 15-18 months postpartum, as if the father "compensated" for the mothers' depressive symptoms.

Child Rearing↗
PubMed2005

Validation of the Maltese version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.

This paper reports the validation of the Maltese translated Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale against Diagnostic Criteria for Research (DCR-10) diagnosis for severe, moderate and mild depression during pregnancy (antenatally) and at 8 weeks postnatally. A random sample of 239 pregnant women were interviewed at booking and at 8 weeks postnatally using a detailed sociodemographic history, the Revised Version of the Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R) and Maltese translation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). The Maltese translated EPDS had good face validity and had satisfactory sensitivity and specificity for identifying depression both antenatally and postnatally. Cut-off scores of 13/14 antenatally and 11/12 postnatally are recommended when using the Maltese EPDS. Controversial issues surrounds the use of the EPDS in clinical practice. However, introducing the EPDS in pregnancy will help to identify women who are at high risk of depression so as to treat appropriately and early in the antenatal period.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Developmental changes in P-face and E-face particle densities of Xenopus cardiac muscle plasma membrane.

P- and E-face particle densities (PPD and EPD) were measured in electron micrographs of freeze-fractured cardiac sarcolemma from eight developmental stages of Xenopus laevis (stages 33/34 (33 post-otic somite embryos) to 66 (fully metamorphosed juvenile toad], using stereo-imaged replicas. We found striking progressive increases in PPD and EPD, most rapid between stages 33/34 and 37/38; that PPD was significantly greater than EPD at all stages; that both PPD and EPD of stereo-imaged replicas were about X2 greater than corresponding values not stereo-imaged; and that sarcolemmal PPD of late anuran embryonic and post-metamorphosis hearts were significantly greater than our previously determined PPD values for chick late embryo and adult mammalian sarcolemma. We suggest that PPD and EPD depend on how membrane particles segregate during freeze-fracture and on the relative contributions of membrane-spanning and non-membrane-spanning integral membrane protein complexes to each fracture face.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 2 are potential growth regulators for medulloblastomas, primitive neuroectodermal tumors, and ependymomas: evidence in support of an autocrine hypothesis.

Our previous investigations of transforming growth factor types beta 1 and beta 2 (TGF beta s) showed negative or positive autocrine growth regulation of gliomas in vitro. Near-diploid gliomas were inhibited by the TGF beta s, whereas a stimulatory response correlated with progressive anaplasia and karyotypic divergence. We have tested the hypothesis that cytogenetic aberrations may be associated with conversion of TGF beta autoregulation from inhibitory to stimulatory among other cultured neuroectodermal tumors. Anchorage-independent growth and karyotypic aberrations supported the malignant nature in vitro of two medulloblastoma (MBL), two primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), and two ependymoma (EPD) cultures. Transforming growth factor type beta 1 and/or TGF beta 2 RNA was evident by Northern blot analysis among these cell cultures. By radioreceptor assay active TGF beta was present in conditioned medium in concentrations of 0 to 14 ng/mL, whereas the total amount of active and latent TGF beta secreted was in the range of 3 to 118 ng/mL. Expression of the TGF beta radioreceptor (TGF beta-R) types I and II was shown by cross-linking assay. Responses to exogenous TGF beta were determined by [3H]-thymidine incorporation, cell counts, and anchorage-independent clonogenicity. Exogenous TGF beta was growth inhibitory for the near-diploid MBL, PNET, and EPD in vitro, as well as antagonistic to the mitogenic effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin. In contrast, MBL, PNET, and EPD with a hyperdiploid subpopulation were stimulated to proliferate in monolayer culture or soft agar by TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 2. The growth response did not correlate with TGF beta-R type. Autocrine regulation was supported by antibody neutralization experiments performed with quiescent cells in the absence of exogenous TGF beta. Anti-TGF beta antisera enhanced the growth of TGF beta-inhibited cultures, whereas the TGF beta-stimulated cultures were inhibited by the antisera. Karyotypic divergence seemed to predict response as MBL, PNET, and EPD with hyperdiploid elements exhibited autocrine TGF beta-stimulation. In contrast, the near-diploid cultures were inhibited by the TGF beta s. By analogy with the gliomas, conversion of TGF beta autocrine regulation from inhibition to stimulation may be a late progression marker of anaplasia among MBL, PNET, and EPD. Secretion of this TGF, which serves both as a mitogen and immunosuppressive agent may contribute to the adverse prognosis of hyperdiploid neuroectodermal neoplasms of the central nervous system (CNS).

Antibodies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Screening postpartum depression with the Taiwanese version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression scale.

This study is intended to develop the Taiwanese version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS-T), to evaluate its validity, and to estimate the prevalence of postpartum depressive disorders (PPD) among Taiwanese women. A prospective cohort of 203 subjects who completed the EPDS-T, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and postpartum questionnaire at 6 weeks after giving birth were assessed with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and DSM-IV to establish their psychiatric diagnoses. We tested the validity of EPDS-T against the clinical diagnoses and compared its applicability with BDI-II. We found that the Taiwanese version of EPDS-T had satisfactory sensitivity and better specificity than BDI-II, that the 12/13 cutoff point was the best for screening PPD, and that 10.3% of the study population suffered from depressive disorders at 6 weeks postpartum. Based on the findings of this study, we suggest that PPD prevalence among Taiwanese women is not lower than that among most Western populations and that the validated EPDS-T can be used for early detection and management of postpartum depression in Taiwan.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Acceptability of routine screening for perinatal depression.

BACKGROUND: To assess the acceptability of routine screening for perinatal depression. METHOD: Postnatal women (n=860) and health professionals (n=916) were surveyed after 3 years of routine perinatal (antenatal and postnatal) use of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). RESULTS: Over 90% of women had the screening explained to them and found the EPDS easy to complete; 85% had no difficulties completing it. Discomfort with screening was significantly related to having a higher EPDS score. A majority of health professionals using the EPDS was comfortable and found it useful. LIMITATIONS: The sample involved only maternity services supporting depression screening. In addition, the response rate from GPs was low. CONCLUSIONS: Routine screening with the EPDS is acceptable to most women and health professionals. Sensitive explanation, along with staff training and support, is essential in implementing depression screening.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Detection of depression in women of child-bearing age in non-Western cultures: a comparison of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire-20 in Mongolia.

BACKGROUND: This study assesses, for the first time, the validity and internal reliability of the Edinburgh Post Natal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the WHO Self-Reporting Questionnaire 20-item version (SRQ-20) in detecting depression in Mongolian women of reproductive age. METHODS: 100 women age recruited from two psychiatric units specialising in depression (n = 55) and three community-based child immunisation clinics (n = 45) in Ulaanbataar, Mongolia, were formally psychiatrically assessed by a clinician and by administering the revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R). Each woman also completed the EPDS and SRQ-20. RESULTS: Ninety four women provided complete data and identical optimal cut-off points for both the EPDS (11.5) and SRQ-20 (8.5) were determined against both the psychiatrist's and CIS-R based diagnosis using standard validation parameters. On all parameters the SRQ-20 performed better than the EPDS. The sensitivity of the SRQ-20 in detecting depression was 93% and the specificity 97% against the psychiatrist's diagnosis. Internal reliability was satisfactory. LIMITATIONS: The use of a mixed clinical and community sample for validation, and a single psychiatrist may limit the generalisability of these results. CONCLUSIONS: The SRQ-20 performed well and better than the EPDS in detecting depression in this group of Mongolian women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Early postnatal depressive mood: associations with obstetric and psychosocial factors.

The central purpose of this investigation was to detect incidence and influencing factors on early postnatal depressive mood in a large hospital sample. By means of an interview we acquired information on sociodemographic data, physical and psychiatric anamnesis, and obstetric and psychologic variables. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) served to determine the depressive mood of our patients. The interview was carried out on 1250 women at two postnatal wards 5 days after delivery. According to the results of the German validation of the EPDS, where a cutoff of 9/10 indicates at least mild depressive disorder, the whole sample was divided into group A (EPDS score < or = 9; n = 996, 79.7%) and group B (EPDS score > or = 10; n = 254, 20.3%). Early postnatal depressive mood, as assessed by the EPDS, appeared with 20% of all women taking part in our investigation on the fifth postnatal day. Subjective measurements such as high childbirth burden, elevated trait anxiety, low life satisfaction and lower social class, and low birth weight of the infant seem to be of predominant relevance for early postnatal depressive mood.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale for men, and comparison of item endorsement with their partners.

BACKGROUND: The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) has been validated and used extensively in screening for depression in new mothers, both in English speaking and non-English speaking communities. While some studies have reported the use of the EPDS with fathers, none have validated it for this group, and thus the appropriate cut-off score for screening for depression or anxiety caseness for this population is not known. METHODS: Couples were recruited antenatally and interviewed at six weeks postpartum. EPDS scores and distress caseness (depression or anxiety disorders) for 208 fathers and 230 mothers were determined using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. RESULTS: Analyses of the EPDS for fathers using distress caseness (depression or anxiety disorders) as the criterion shows that a cut-off of 5/6 has optimum receiver operating characteristics. Furthermore acceptable reliability (split-half and internal consistency) and validity (concurrent) coefficients were obtained. For mothers the optimum cut-off screening value to detect distress caseness was 7/8. Item analysis revealed that fathers endorsed seven of the ten items at lower rates to mothers, with the most significant being that referring to crying. CONCLUSIONS: The EPDS is a reliable and valid measure of mood in fathers. Screening for depression or anxiety disorders in fathers requires a two point lower cut-off than screening for depression or anxiety in mothers, and we recommend this cut-off to be 5/6.

Culture↗
PubMed2004

Calculating clinically significant change in postnatal depression studies using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.

BACKGROUND: Statistical significance between test scores can sometimes be obtained even when the actual difference between the scores is very small. Because of this researchers have recommended that clinical significance also be calculated when reporting results of interventions. The calculation of clinical significance between scores on a particular test takes into account the reliability of the test, as well as normative data from clinical and non-clinical samples. Jacobson and Truax (1991) describe the calculation of the Reliable Change Index (RCI) as a method of calculating this clinical significance. RESULT: The RCI for the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is calculated to be four points. This is the size of difference between two scores which is needed for a clinician to be 95% confident that this change reflects a real change in the individual's mood, and is not likely to be due to measurement error. Using the accepted EPDS cut-off score of 12/13 for major depression (English-speaking women), examples are given of the clinical significance classification of individual's pre-post EPDS scores. A further example of reporting both statistical significance and clinical significance on the EPDS scores of 23 women is given, highlighting the improved information that is obtained when this clinical significance is calculated. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Statistical significance allows the interpretation of whether women 'on average' improve more in one condition than another. Clinical significance allows the further interpretation of how many women show improvement in each condition. This improvement can be categorised into those who recover, those who improve but are still in the distressed range, those who show no reliable change in their EPDS score, and those who deteriorate. Calculating clinical significance, using the reliable change index and cut-off classification, therefore adds to our understanding of the impact of postnatal depression treatment studies.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Postnatal depression in Japanese women. Detecting the early onset of postnatal depression by closely monitoring the postpartum mood.

OBJECTIVES: The terminology and definition of mood disturbance during the early postpartum period has yet to be clearly elucidated among clinical practitioners. Criteria for maternity blues have not been well established, and it may overlap with the beginning of a postnatal depression. The aims of the present study, are firstly to survey the symptomatic features of mood disturbance in the very early postpartum period and secondary, to develop a guideline for detecting and predicting postnatal depression during the same period using a simple screening technique. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Eighty-eight mothers recruited from a maternity ward for the prospective study completed the whole protocol. Two methods were used to survey the symptomatic features of mood disturbance; (1) interview and (2) self-report questionnaires. The interviews were carried out twice. At three weeks postpartum, the Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia (SADS)/Research Diagnostic Criteria was administered, together with an interview of the symptoms of "maternity blues". The SADS interview was re-administered at three months postnatally. Two self-report questionnaires addressing mood disturbance were administered: (1) Maternity Blues Scale; (Stein, 1980). (2) Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS; Cox et al., 1987). The Maternity Blues Scale was administered on the first five consecutive postnatal days. The EPDS was administered on the fifth day, one month and three months postnatally. In addition, the Life Event Scale (Burgha et al., 1985) was also administered at one month postnatally. Obstetric notes were also examined. RESULTS: At the first interview, 12 mothers were diagnosed with postnatal depression and 10 of these had their onset within one week. At the second interview three additional mothers were newly diagnosed with depression. In all mothers, depression was detected at one month using the EPDS, with a cut-off of 8/9. The EPDS scores on the fifth postnatal day were also higher in the depressed mothers and could detect early onset of postnatal depression. CONCLUSION: The use of the EPDS during the early postnatal days, can be a simple and useful screening instrument for the onset of early postnatal depression.

Depression, Postpartum↗