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PubMed2000

Ecology. Invariants, scaling laws, and ecological complexity.

There has been much debate about scaling laws in nature. It is believed that as body size increases the number of individuals in the population decreases. As Marquet explains in his Perspective, an elegant new study in two totally separate stream communities (Schmid et al.) confirms that this scaling law holds across more than 400 species of invertebrates.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Diet and feeding ecology of Ateles belzebuth belzebuth at Maracá Ecological Station, Roraima, Brazil.

The diet and feeding behaviour of habituated group of free-ranging spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth belzebuth) were studied from 1987 to 1989. Their dietary patterns were analysed in relation to the temporal and spatial distribution of food resources. The results indicate that ripe fruit was regularly eaten throughout the study period and that diet composition was significantly related to the overall availability of ripe fruit sources.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Ecological footprint calculation and development capacity analysis of China in 1999].

The ecological footprint method put forward and improved by William Rees and Mathis Wackernagel presents a methodologically simple but integrated framework for national natural capital accounting, which is capable of measuring the impact of Human's consumption on ecosystem. Based on the ecological footprint theory and calculation method, a flow network analysis method was introduced to illuminate the structure of complex ecological economic system, and the relationship among ecological footprint, diversity and development capacity was analyzed. In this paper, the ecological footprints of China and its provinces was calculated and compared with the national and local ecological carrying capacity. The results showed that the ecological footprints of China and most of its provinces were beyond the available ecological capacity, and China and its most provinces run 'national or regional ecological deficit'. In case of China, the national ecological deficit was 0.645 hm2 per cap in 1999. Secondly, we introduced a flow network analysis method, taking various ecological productive area as note, and adopted Ulanowicz's development capacity formula to analyze the relationship among ecological footprint diversity, development capacity and output. The results demonstrated that Ulanowicz's development capacity was a good predictor of economic system output. At the same time, two distinct ways to change development capacity were produced. Increasing ecological footprint or increasing ecological footprint's diversity would both increase development capacity. Due to the fact that the ecological footprints had already been beyond bio-capacities, the only way to increase development capacity was to increase ecological footprint's diversity. The positive relationship between ecological footprint diversity and resources utilization efficiency demonstrated that there was no conflict between increasing ecological footprint's diversity and reducing footprints while not comprising our quality of life.

China↗
PubMed2003

[Several problems in ecological security assessment research].

Ecological security assessment is the identification and judgment of ecosystem completeness and sustainable ability to maintain ecosystem health under all kinds of risks, the core contents of which are ecological risk assessment and ecological health assessment. Ecological risk identification and ecological vulnerability are the composing elements of ecological risk assessment, while ecological health includes three aspects, i.e., ecological completeness, ecosystem vigor, and ecosystem resilience. In the studies of ecological security assessment, the rational combination of ecological risk and ecological health, and the establishment of integrated measure index system based on confirming spatial scale are needed. At present, risk factor identification index, exposure analysis index, and influence (response) analysis index are the broader construction systems of ecological risk index. Nevertheless, on the basis of the classification of EDI, REI and IRI, the method of superimposing exposure analysis index may be the development direction of establishing index system in the future. Among the methods of quantificational assessment, exposure-response analysis was one of the most extensive method used at present, but ecological model method to assess different-scale ecological security will be the main development field, and focused on the security of ecological processes in the future. Ecological security assessment must be intergraded with ecological prediction, security guarantee and management.

Ecology↗
PubMed2006

Ethnic differences in ecological concerns: Spanish-speaking Hispanics are more concerned than others.

We postulated that environmental concern encompasses a wide range of different issues, often lumping pollution with habitat loss (or land use) and ecological resources (fish and wildlife). In this paper, we compare perceptions about a range of environmental and ecological resource issues, and explore ethnic/racial differences. We surveyed 1513 residents of New Jersey about "environmental concerns", using both general environmental questions (two questions: How serious are environmental problems in New Jersey? Are you concerned about the loss of open space?) and ecological resource questions (12 questions: e.g., how important is planting trees in your neighborhood, how concerned are you about loss of breeding and feeding habitat for fish and birds?) in New Jersey. Not all concerns were rated equally. For the ecological questions, there were no ethnic differences in concerns over preserving areas around water supplies, loss of places to hunt and fish, and loss of places for quiet walks and cycling, but there were for the other 9 ecological concerns. For eight of these nine concerns, Spanish-speaking Hispanics were more concerned than others (including English-speaking Hispanics). We divided the ecological resources into three categories: ecological services (clean water and safety), ecological resources (fish and wildlife), and recreational services. The strongest correlates of people's association with enlarging and enhancing recreational services were Spanish-speaking Hispanics, who are supportive of regulations and believe local government is not doing enough for environmental problems. People concerned about the loss of ecological resources and open space believe the federal government and the state are not doing enough for the environment, were non-Hispanic White, want continued environmental regulations, were longer-term residents, were high school graduates, and were older (45-54 years). People interested in ecological services were college-educated, non-White, not rich, females that did not trust DEP's environmental actions, and thought the state was not doing enough environmentally. There was a high correlation between general environmental concern and the ecological resource variables for the population overall, and for each ethnic group. Overall, only 39% of the subjects were very concerned about the seriousness of environmental problems in New Jersey, yet from 36% to 81% of the people were very concerned about 11 of 12 ecological issues. This indicates that people respond different to the term "environmental problems" compared to specific "ecological resource" issues. The greatest concern (81%) was for preserving areas around water supplies and cleaning up garbage in the parks, and the least concern was for the loss of places to hunt and fish (26%). Our results indicate that people distinguish between general environmental concern and ecological concerns, as well as distinguishing ecological services from ecological resources.

Asian People↗
PubMed2000

[Some comments on ecological field].

Based on the data of plant ecological field studies, this paper reviewed the conception of ecological field, field eigenfunctions, graphs of ecological field and its application of ecological field theory in explaining plant interactions. It is suggested that the basic character of ecological field is material, and based on the current research level, it is not sure whether ecological field is a kind of specific field different from general physical field. The author gave some comments on the formula and estimation of parameters of basic field function-ecological potential model on ecological field. Both models have their own characteristics and advantages in specific conditions. The author emphasized that ecological field had even more meaning of ecological methodology, and applying ecological field theory in describing the types and processes of plant interactions had three characteristics: quantitative, synthetic and intuitionistic. Field graphing might provide a new way to ecological studies, especially applying the ecological field theory might give an appropriate quantitative explanation for the dynamic process of plant populations (coexistence and interference competition).

Ecology↗
PubMed2002

[Basic theory and research method of urban forest ecology].

With the development of world economy and the increment of urban population, the urban environment problem hinders the urban sustainable development. Now, more and more people realized the importance of urban forests in improving the quality of urban ecology. Therefore, a new subject, urban forest ecology, and correlative new concept frame in the field formed. The theoretic foundation of urban forest ecology derived from the mutual combination of theory relating to forest ecology, landscape ecology, landscape architecture ecology and anthrop-ecology. People survey the development of city from the view of ecosystem, and regard the environment, a colony of human, animals and plants, as main factors of the system. The paper introduces systematically the urban forest ecology as follows: 1) the basic concept of urban forest ecology; 2) the meaning of urban forest ecology; 3) the basic principle and theoretic base of urban forest ecology; 4) the research method of urban forest ecology; 5) the developmental expectation of urban forest ecology.

City Planning↗