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PubMed1994

Dynamin I is a Ca(2+)-sensitive phospholipid-binding protein with very high affinity for protein kinase C.

Depolarization-induced Ca2+ influx into rat brain synaptosomes induces dephosphorylation of dephosphin, a 96-94-kDa protein kinase C (PKC) substrate recently identified as dynamin I, a protein associated with endocytosis. We characterized purified dynamin I to better understand regulation of its phosphorylation in nerve terminals. Purified dynamin I possessed a very high affinity for PKC but did not fit Michaelis-Menten kinetics. It had an optimum phosphorylation rate of 1.42 +/- 0.02 mumol/mg/min and a concentration giving half-maximal activity (S0.5) of 0.14 +/- 0.02 microM, the highest affinity reported for a PKC substrate protein. Concentrations of dynamin greater than 0.5 microM inhibited phosphorylation. The stoichiometry was 1.5, indicating more than one phosphorylation site. Dynamin was predominantly associated with the brain particulate fraction under conditions of low ionic strength, and this prevented its phosphorylation by PKC until released by moderate increases in ionic strength (Na+, K+, and Mg2+) or by GTP or ATP. In intact synaptosomes the largest dynamin pool was associated with the particulate fraction, while a smaller pool was cytosolic or extracted with 150 nM NaCl and contained all the phosphorylated protein. Purified dynamin also bound to phospholipid-coated controlled-pore glass beads, but poorly in the presence of NaCl, Mg2+, GTP, or ATP. Ca2+ induced a reversible translocation from the cytosol to the particulate fraction (50% at 183 microM Ca2+) in brain homogenates, and the purified protein also underwent Ca(2+)-sensitive translocation to phospholipid-coated controlled-pore glass beads. We conclude that dynamin I is a nerve terminal Ca(2+)-sensitive phospholipid-binding protein with very high substrate affinity for PKC. We propose that phosphorylation by PKC occurs in the nerve terminal soluble compartment and that Ca2+ may mediate its binding to the particulate fraction, thereby blocking the PKC phosphorylation sites. These properties may contribute to the lack of PKC phosphorylation during depolarization, despite the presence of activated PKC.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Unique biochemical and behavioral alterations in Drosophila shibire(ts1) mutants imply a conformational state affecting dynamin subcellular distribution and synaptic vesicle cycling.

Dynamin is a GTPase protein that is essential for clathrin-mediated endocytosis of synaptic vesicle membranes. The Drosophila dynamin mutation shi(ts1) changes a single residue (G273D) at the boundary of the GTPase domain. In cell fractionation of homogenized fly heads without monovalent cations, all dynamin was in pellet fractions and was minimally susceptible to Triton-X extraction. Addition of Na(+) or K(+) can extract dynamin to the cytosolic (supernatant) fraction. The shi(ts1) mutation reduced the sensitivity of dynamin to salt extraction compared with other temperature-sensitive alleles or wild type. Sensitivity to salt extraction in shi(ts1) was enhanced by GTP and nonhydrolyzable GTP-gammaS. The shi(ts1) mutation may therefore induce a conformational change, involving the GTP binding site, that affects dynamin aggregation. Temperature-sensitive shibire mutations are known to arrest endocytosis at restrictive temperatures, with concomitant accumulation of presynaptic collared pits. Consistent with an effect upon dynamin aggregation, intact shi(ts1) flies recovered much more slowly from heat-induced paralysis than did other temperature-sensitive shibire mutants. Moreover, a genetic mutation that lowers GTP abundance (awd(msf15)), which reduces the paralytic temperature threshold of other temperature-sensitive shibire mutations that lie closer to consensus GTPase motifs, did not reduce the paralytic threshold of shi(ts1). Taken together, the results may link the GTPase domain to conformational shifts that influence aggregation in vitro and endocytosis in vivo, and provide an unexpected point of entry to link the biophysical properties of dynamin to physiological processes at synapses.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Molecular and cellular analysis of Grb2 SH3 domain mutants: interaction with Sos and dynamin.

Quantitative analysis of Grb2/dynamin interaction through plasmon resonance analysis (BIAcore) using Grb2 mutants showed that the high affinity measured between Grb2 and dynamin is essentially mediated by the N-SH3 domain of Grb2. In order to study the interactions between Grb2 and either dynamin or Sos in more detail, Grb2 N-SH3 domains containing different mutations have been analysed. Two mutations were located on the hydrophobic platform binding proline-rich peptides (Y7V and P49L) and one (E40T) located in a region that we had previously shown to be essential for Grb2/dynamin interactions. Through NMR analysis, we have clearly demonstrated that the structure of the P49L mutant is not folded, while the other E40T and Y7V mutants adopt folded structures that are quite similar to that described for the reference domain. Nevertheless, these point mutations were shown to alter the overall stability of these domains by inducing an equilibrium between a folded and an unfolded form. The complex formed between the peptide VPPPVPPRRR, derived from Sos, and the E40T mutant was shown to have the same 3D structure as that described for the wild-type SH3 domain. However, the VPPPVPPRRR peptide adopts a slightly different orientation when it is complexed with the Y7V mutant. Finally, the affinity of the proline-rich peptide GPPPQVPSRPNR, derived from dynamin, for the Grb2 N-SH3 domain was too low to be analyzed by NMR. Thus, the interaction between either Sos or dynamin and the SH3 mutants were tested on a cellular homogenate by means of a far-Western blot analysis. In these conditions, the P49L mutant was shown to be devoid of affinity for Sos as well as for dynamin. The Y7V SH3 mutant displayed a decrease of affinity for both Sos and dynamin, while the E40T mutant exhibited a decrease of affinity only for dynamin. These results support the existence of two binding sites between dynamin and the Grb2 N-SH3 domain.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed1996

Expression of dynamin immunoreactivity in experimental pancreatic tumors induced in rat by mancozeb-nitrosomethylurea.

Dynamins are GTPases which support receptor-mediated endocytosis and bind to several tyrosine kinase receptor-associated proteins known to mediate cell proliferation and differentiation. We have recently established that dynamin expression correlates with normal neuronal (Torre et al., J. Biol. Chem., 269 (1994) 32411-32417) and acinar pancreatic cell differentiation (Cook et al., Mol. Biol. Cell, 6 (1995) 405a). To begin to understand the role of dynamin in neoplastic pancreatic cell differentiation, we have followed the expression of this protein by immunohistochemistry during the development of pancreatic tumors in a mancozeb-nitrosomethylurea (NMU)-based carcinogenesis model recently developed in our laboratory (Monis and Valentich, Carcinogenesis, 14 (1993) 929-933). After a single intraperitoneal injection (50 mg/g body wt) of this carcinogen, rats fed with mancozeb develop pancreatic focal acinar hyperplasia (FACH), dysplastic foci (DYF) displaying acinar-like and ductular-like structures, and ductular-like carcinoma in situ (CIS). After histochemical staining using a monoclonal anti-dynamin antibody, high levels of this protein are consistently observed in well-differentiated acinar tumors (FACH). In contrast, dynamin immunoreactivity is almost undetectable in more advanced lesions showing a ductular-like phenotype (ductular-like DYF and CIS). This change in the expression pattern of dynamin during the progression of acinar into ductular-like DYF and CIS lesions correlates with recent findings from our laboratory showing a differential expression pattern for dynamin in pancreatic cells during embryonic development, with ductular-like precursor cells expressing low levels of this protein. Based upon these results, we conclude that more advanced ductular-like neoplastic cells induced by the carcinogen NMU in rat pancreas behave phenotypically like pancreatic precursor cells in their pattern of expression for dynamin.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Stimulation of dynamin GTPase activity by amphiphysin.

Dynamin functions in the fission of endocytic pits in the process of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Dynamin GTPase activity is essential for its fission activity, and it is stimulated by self-assembly as well as by interacting with its binding partners, such as microtubules, SH3 domain containing proteins, or inositol phospholipids. Amphiphysin 1, SH3 domain-containing binding partner of dynamin 1, is proposed to cooperatively function in endocytosis. Amphiphysin 1 is essential for dynamin-dependent synaptic vesicle recycling in the synapse, and it enhances dynamin-dependent vesicle formation in vitro. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the amphiphysin's effect, we measured dynamin GTPase activity in the presence of both amphiphysin 1 and lipid membranes. We describe here in detail the procedure of the dynamin GTPase assay and the results demonstrating stimulatory effect of amphiphysin on dynamin GTPase activity, which is highly dependent on the liposome size.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Dynamin inhibits phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in hematopoietic cells.

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) plays a role in late stages of endocytosis as well as in cellular proliferation and transformation. The SH3 domain of its regulatory p85 subunit stimulates the GTPase activity of dynamin in vitro. Dynamin is a GTPase enzyme required for endocytosis of activated growth factor receptors. An interaction between these proteins has not been demonstrated in vivo. Here, we report that dynamin associates with PI 3-kinase in hematopoietic cells. We detected both p85 and PI 3-kinase activity in dynamin immune complexes from IL-3-dependent BaF3 cells. However, this association was significantly reduced in BaF3 cells transformed with the BCR/abl oncogene. After transformation only a 4-fold increase in PI 3-kinase activity was detected in dynamin immune complexes, whereas grb2 associated activity was elevated 20-fold. Furthermore, dynamin inhibited the activity of both purified recombinant and immunoprecipitated PI 3-kinase. In BaF3 cells expressing a temperature-sensitive mutant of BCR/abl, a significant decrease in p85 and dynamin association was observed 4 h after the induction of BCR/abl activity. In contrast, in IL-3-stimulated parental BaF3 cells, this association was increased. Our results demonstrate an in vivo association of PI 3-kinase with dynamin and this interaction regulates the activity of PI 3-kinase.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Dynamin is membrane-active: lipid insertion is induced by phosphoinositides and phosphatidic acid.

Dynamin is a large GTPase involved in the regulation of membrane constriction and fission during receptor-mediated endocytosis. Dynamin contains a pleckstrin-homology domain which is essential for endocytosis and which binds to anionic phospholipids. Here, we show for the first time that dynamin is a membrane-active molecule capable of penetrating into the acyl chain region of membrane lipids. Lipid penetration is strongly stimulated by phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate. Though binding is more efficient in the presence of the phosphoinositides, a much larger part of the dynamin molecule penetrates into PA-containing mixed-lipid systems. Thus, local lipid metabolism will dramatically influence dynamin-lipid interactions, and dynamin-lipid interactions are likely to play an important role in dynamin-dependent endocytosis. Our data suggest that dynamin is directly involved in membrane destabilization, a prerequisite to membrane fission.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Mnb/Dyrk1A phosphorylation regulates the interaction of dynamin 1 with SH3 domain-containing proteins.

Mnb/Dyrk1A is a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase implicated in Down's syndrome. Mnb/Dyrk1A was shown to phosphorylate dynamin 1 and alter its interactions with several SH3 domain-containing endocytic accessory proteins. To determine the mechanism of regulation, we mapped the Mnb/Dyrk1A phosphorylation sites in dynamin 1. Using a combination of deletion mutants and synthetic peptides, three potential Mnb/Dyrk1A phosphorylation sites (S778, S795, and S857) were first identified. Phosphorylation at S795 and S857 was confirmed in full-length dynamin 1, and S857 was subsequently determined to be the major Mnb/Dyrk1A phosphorylation site in vitro. Phosphorylation at S857 was demonstrated to be the basis for altering the binding of dynamin 1 to amphiphysin 1 and Grb 2 by site-directed mutants mimicking phosphorylation. Furthermore, S857 of dynamin 1 is phosphorylated by the endogenous kinase in brain extracts and in PC12 cells. In PC12 cells, the state of S857 phosphorylation is dependent on membrane potentials. These results suggest that S857 phosphorylation is a physiological event, which regulates the binding of dynamin 1 to SH3 domain-containing proteins. Since S857 is unique to dynamin 1xa isoforms, Mnb/Dyrk1A regulation of dynamin 1 is expected to be specific to these spliced variants.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed1997

The dynamins: redundant or distinct functions for an expanding family of related GTPases?

In the 7 years since dynamin was first isolated from bovine brain in search of novel microtubule-based motors, our understanding of this enzyme has expanded significantly. We now know that brain dynamin belongs to a family of large GTPases, which mediate vesicle trafficking. Furthermore, this enzymatic activity is markedly increased through association with microtubules, acidic phospholipids, and certain regulatory proteins that contain Src homology 3 (SH3) domains. From functional, genetic, and cellular manipulations, it is now generally accepted that dynamin participates in the endocytic uptake of receptors, associated ligands, and plasma membrane following an exocytic event. These observations have confirmed at least one function of dynamin that was predicted from seminal studies on a pleiotropic mutant, shibire(ts) (shi(ts)) in Drosophila melanogaster. Of equal interest is the finding that there are multiple dynamin gene products, including two that are expressed in a tissue-specific manner, and they share marked homology with a larger family of distinct but related proteins. Therefore, it is attractive to speculate that the different dynamins may participate in related cellular functions, such as distinct endocytic processes and even secretion. In turn, dynamin could play an important role in cell growth, cell spreading, and neurite outgrowth. The purpose of this review is to enumerate on the expansive dynamin literature and to discuss the nomenclature, expression, and putative functions of this growing and interesting family of proteins.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed1999

Intermolecular and interdomain interactions of a dynamin-related GTP-binding protein, Dnm1p/Vps1p-like protein.

Dnm1p/Vps1p-like protein (DVLP) is a mammalian member of the dynamin GTPase family, which is classified into subfamilies on the basis of the structural similarity. Mammalian dynamins constitute the dynamin subfamily. DVLP belongs to the Vps1 subfamily, which also includes yeast Vps1p and Dnm1p. Typical structural features that discriminate between members of the Vps1 and dynamin subfamilies are that the former lacks the pleckstrin homology and Pro-rich domains. Dynamin exists as tetramers under physiological salt conditions, whereas under low salt conditions, it can polymerize into spirals that resemble the collar structures seen at the necks of constricted coated pits. In this study, we found that DVLP is also oligomeric, probably tetrameric, under physiological salt conditions and forms sedimentable large aggregates under low salt conditions. The data indicate that neither the pleckstrin homology nor Pro-rich domain is required for the self-assembly. Analyses using the two-hybrid system and co-immunoprecipitation show that the N-terminal region containing the GTPase domain and a domain (DVH1) conserved across members of the dynamin and Vps1 subfamilies, can interact with the C-terminal region containing another conserved domain (DVH2). The data on the interdomain interaction of DVLP is compatible with the previous reports on the interdomain interaction of dynamin. Thus, the self-assembly mechanism of DVLP appears to resemble that of dynamin, suggesting that DVLP may also be involved in the formation of transport vesicles.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Differential role of actin, clathrin, and dynamin in Fc gamma receptor-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis.

Clustering of macrophage Fc gamma receptors by multimeric immunoglobulin complexes leads to their internalization. Formation of small aggregates leads to endocytosis, whereas large particulate complexes induce phagocytosis. In RAW-264.7 macrophages, Fc gamma receptor endocytosis was found to be dependent on clathrin and dynamin and insensitive to cytochalasin. Clathrin also associates with nascent phagosomes, and earlier observations suggested that it plays an essential role in phagosome formation. However, we find that phagocytosis of IgG-coated large (> or =3 microm) particles was unaffected by inhibition of dynamin or by reducing the expression of clathrin using antisense mRNA but was eliminated by cytochalasin, implying a distinct mechanism dependent on actin assembly. The uptake of smaller particles (< or =1 microm) was only partially blocked by cytochalasin. Remarkably, the cytochalasin-resistant component was also insensitive to dominant-negative dynamin I and to clathrin antisense mRNA, implying the existence of a third internalization mechanism, independent of actin, dynamin, and clathrin. The uptake of small particles occurred by a process distinct from fluid phase pinocytosis, because it was not inhibited by dominant-negative Rab5. The insensitivity of phagocytosis to dominant-negative dynamin I enabled us to test the role of dynamin in phagosomal maturation. Although internalization of receptors from the plasma membrane was virtually eliminated by the K44A and S45N mutants of dynamin I, clearance of transferrin receptors and of CD18 from maturing phagosomes was unaffected by these mutants. This implies that removal of receptors from the phagosomal membrane occurs by a mechanism that is different from the one mediating internalization of the same receptors at the plasma membrane. These results imply that, contrary to prevailing notions, normal dynamin and clathrin function is not required for phagocytosis and reveal the existence of a component of phagocytosis that is independent of actin and Rab5.

Actins↗
PubMed2005

Evidence that dystroglycan is associated with dynamin and regulates endocytosis.

Disruption of the dystroglycan gene in humans and mice leads to muscular dystrophies and nervous system defects including malformation of the brain and defective synaptic transmission. To identify proteins that interact with dystroglycan in the brain we have used immunoaffinity purification followed by mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) and found that the GTPase dynamin 1 is a novel dystroglycan-associated protein. The beta-dystroglycan-dynamin 1 complex also included alpha-dystroglycan and Grb2. Overlay assays indicated that dynamin interacts directly with dystroglycan, and immunodepletion showed that only a pool of dynamin is associated with dystroglycan. Dystroglycan was associated and colocalized immunohistochemically with dynamin 1 in the central nervous system in the outer plexiform layer of retina where photoreceptor terminals are found. Endocytosis in neurons is both constitutive, as in non-neural cells, and regulated by neural activity. To assess the function of dystroglycan in the former, we have assayed transferrin uptake in fibroblastic cells differentiated from embryonic stem cells null for both dystroglycan alleles. In wild-type cells, dystroglycan formed a complex with dynamin and codistributed with cortactin at membrane ruffles, which are organelles implicated in endocytosis. Dystroglycan-null cells had a significantly greater transferrin uptake, a process well known to require dynamin. Expression of dystroglycan in null cells by infection with an adenovirus containing dystroglycan reduced transferrin uptake to levels seen in wild-type embryonic stem cells. These data suggest that dystroglycan regulates endocytosis possibly as a result of its interaction with dynamin.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Induction of mutant dynamin specifically blocks endocytic coated vesicle formation.

Dynamin is the mammalian homologue to the Drosophila shibire gene product. Mutations in this 100-kD GTPase cause a pleiotropic defect in endocytosis. To further investigate its role, we generated stable HeLa cell lines expressing either wild-type dynamin or a mutant defective in GTP binding and hydrolysis driven by a tightly controlled, tetracycline-inducible promoter. Overexpression of wild-type dynamin had no effect. In contrast, coated pits failed to become constricted and coated vesicles failed to bud in cells overexpressing mutant dynamin so that endocytosis via both transferrin (Tfn) and EGF receptors was potently inhibited. Coated pit assembly, invagination, and the recruitment of receptors into coated pits were unaffected. Other vesicular transport pathways, including Tfn receptor recycling, Tfn receptor biosynthesis, and cathepsin D transport to lysosomes via Golgi-derived coated vesicles, were unaffected. Bulk fluid-phase uptake also continued at the same initial rates as wild type. EM immunolocalization showed that membrane-bound dynamin was specifically associated with clathrin-coated pits on the plasma membrane. Dynamin was also associated with isolated coated vesicles, suggesting that it plays a role in vesicle budding. Like the Drosophila shibire mutant, HeLa cells overexpressing mutant dynamin accumulated long tubules, many of which remained connected to the plasma membrane. We conclude that dynamin is specifically required for endocytic coated vesicle formation, and that its GTP binding and hydrolysis activities are required to form constricted coated pits and, subsequently, for coated vesicle budding.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Dynamin at the neck of caveolae mediates their budding to form transport vesicles by GTP-driven fission from the plasma membrane of endothelium.

The molecular mechanisms mediating cell surface trafficking of caveolae are unknown. Caveolae bud from plasma membranes to form free carrier vesicles through a "pinching off" or fission process requiring cytosol and driven by GTP hydrolysis (Schnitzer, J.E., P. Oh, and D.P. McIntosh. 1996. Science. 274:239-242). Here, we use several independent techniques and functional assays ranging from cell-free to intact cell systems to establish a function for dynamin in the formation of transport vesicles from the endothelial cell plasma membrane by mediating fission at the neck of caveolae. This caveolar fission requires interaction with cytosolic dynamin as well as its hydrolysis of GTP. Expression of dynamin in cytosol as well as purified recombinant dynamin alone supports GTP-induced caveolar fission in a cell-free assay whereas its removal from cytosol or the addition to the cytosol of specific antibodies for dynamin inhibits this fission. Overexpression of mutant dynamin lacking normal GTPase activity not only inhibits GTP-induced fission and budding of caveolae but also prevents caveolae-mediated internalization of cholera toxin B chain in intact and permeabilized endothelial cells. Analysis of endothelium in vivo by subcellular fractionation and immunomicroscopy shows that dynamin is concentrated on caveolae, primarily at the expected site of action, their necks. Thus, through its ability to oligomerize, dynamin appears to form a structural collar around the neck of caveolae that hydrolyzes GTP to mediate internalization via the fission of caveolae from the plasma membrane to form free transport vesicles.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The role of dynamin and its binding partners in coated pit invagination and scission.

Plasma membrane clathrin-coated vesicles form after the directed assembly of clathrin and the adaptor complex, AP2, from the cytosol onto the membrane. In addition to these structural components, several other proteins have been implicated in clathrin-coated vesicle formation. These include the large molecular weight GTPase, dynamin, and several Src homology 3 (SH3) domain-containing proteins which bind to dynamin via interactions with its COOH-terminal proline/arginine-rich domain (PRD). To understand the mechanism of coated vesicle formation, it is essential to determine the hierarchy by which individual components are targeted to and act in coated pit assembly, invagination, and scission. To address the role of dynamin and its binding partners in the early stages of endocytosis, we have used well-established in vitro assays for the late stages of coated pit invagination and coated vesicle scission. Dynamin has previously been shown to have a role in scission of coated vesicles. We show that dynamin is also required for the late stages of invagination of clathrin-coated pits. Furthermore, dynamin must bind and hydrolyze GTP for its role in sequestering ligand into deeply invaginated coated pits. We also demonstrate that the SH3 domain of endophilin, which binds both synaptojanin and dynamin, inhibits both late stages of invagination and also scission in vitro. This inhibition results from a reduction in phosphoinositide 4,5-bisphosphate levels which causes dissociation of AP2, clathrin, and dynamin from the plasma membrane. The dramatic effects of the SH3 domain of endophilin led us to propose a model for the temporal order of addition of endophilin and its binding partner synaptojanin in the coated vesicle cycle.

Adaptor Protein Complex 2↗
PubMed1998

Crystal structure of the amphiphysin-2 SH3 domain and its role in the prevention of dynamin ring formation.

The amphiphysins are brain-enriched proteins, implicated in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, that interact with dynamin through their SH3 domains. To elucidate the nature of this interaction, we have solved the crystal structure of the amphiphysin-2 (Amph2) SH3 domain to 2.2 A. The structure possesses several notable features, including an extensive patch of negative electrostatic potential covering a large portion of its dynamin binding site. This patch accounts for the specific requirement of amphiphysin for two arginines in the proline-rich binding motif to which it binds on dynamin. We demonstrate that the interaction of dynamin with amphiphysin SH3 domains, unlike that with SH3 domains of Grb2 or spectrin, prevents dynamin self-assembly into rings. Deletion of a unique insert in the n-Src loop of Amph2 SH3, a loop adjacent to the dynamin binding site, significantly reduces this effect. Conversely, replacing the n-Src loop of the N-terminal SH3 domain of Grb2 with that of Amph2 causes it to favour dynamin ring disassembly. Transferrin uptake assays show that shortening the n-Src loop of Amph2 SH3 reduces the ability of this domain to inhibit endocytosis in vivo. Our data suggest that amphiphysin SH3 domains are important regulators of the multimerization cycle of dynamin in endocytosis.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed2004

Dynamin- and clathrin-dependent endocytic pathway in unicellular eukaryote Paramecium.

The first evidence of dynamin presence and its colocalization with clathrin in the compartment involved in Paramecium receptor-mediated endocytosis is presented. We identified dynamin by cloning, Western blotting, and immunodetection in confocal and electron microscopy. The partial genes, which we have designated ParDyn1 and ParDyn2, are 1091 bp long, 90% identical to one another and encode the N-terminal and middle domains of Paramecium dynamin isoform 1 and isoform 2. The deduced amino acid sequences contain all three guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-binding motifs and show 67% homology to mammalian dynamins. Antibodies generated against the cloned GTPase domain revealed dynamin association with endosomes containing transferrin, the marker of receptor-mediated endocytosis. In Western blotting a strong immunoreactive polypeptide of approximately 116 kDa, which seems to be phosphorylated, was accompanied by a faint one of approximately 90 kDa in cytosolic fraction (S2). Dynamin level was correlated with internalization of transferrin and it was significantly decreased upon inhibition of this process. Immunogold labeling in electron microscopy revealed colocalization of dynamin and clathrin in coated pits and endocytic vesicles. Moreover, the polypeptide cross-reaction with 2 different antibodies against mammalian clathrin was identified by immunoblotting. These results indicate that dynamin- and clathrin-dependent pathway exists in this evolutionary ancient cell.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Dynamin and its role in membrane fission.

Dynamin, a 100-kDa GTPase, is an essential component of vesicle formation in receptor-mediated endocytosis, synaptic vesicle recycling, caveolae internalization, and possibly vesicle trafficking in and out of the Golgi. In addition to the GTPase domain, dynamin also contains a pleckstrin homology domain (PH) implicated in membrane binding, a GTPase effector domain (GED) shown to be essential for self-assembly and stimulated GTPase activity, and a C-terminal proline-rich domain (PRD), which contains several SH3-binding sites. Dynamin partners bind to the PRD and may either stimulate dynamin's GTPase activity or target dynamin to the plasma membrane. Purified dynamin readily self-assembles into rings or spirals. This striking structural property supports the hypothesis that dynamin wraps around the necks of budding vesicles where it plays a key role in membrane fission. The focus of this review is on the relationship between the GTPase and self-assembly properties of dynamin and its cellular function.

Animals↗