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PubMed1986

The carry-over effects of triazolam compared with nitrazepam and placebo in acute emergency driving situations and in monotonous simulated driving.

Eighteen healthy volunteers of both sexes, aged 20-34, were tested in the morning while undertaking real car driving avoidance manoeuvres and during monotonous simulated driving after 1 and 3 nights of medication with triazolam 0.25 mg, nitrazepam 5 mg or placebo. The study was a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study, where a minimum of 7 days wash-out separated the 3 treatment periods. Nitrazepam was found to impair performance in the simulated task after 1 but not after 3 nights of medication. Performance in the triazolam condition was not significantly different from the other conditions on this task on either day. However, after one night of medication triazolam tended to score worse than placebo but better than nitrazepam. In real car driving a tendency was noted for nitrazepam to score worst, whereas the difference between placebo and triazolam was hardly noticeable. The same tendency appeared on both days.

Automobile Driving↗
PubMed2001

Lowered legal blood alcohol limits for young drivers: effects on drinking, driving, and driving-after-drinking behaviors in 30 states.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effects on drinking and driving of lowered allowable blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits for drivers younger than 21 years in 30 US states between 1984 and 1998. METHODS: Outcome measures were based on self-reports from a cross-sectional sample of more than 5000 high school seniors in 30 states surveyed before and after BAC limits were implemented in their states. RESULTS: Frequency of driving after any drinking and driving after 5 or more drinks declined 19% and 23%, respectively. Lower BAC limits did not affect overall amount of drinking or total number of miles driven. CONCLUSIONS: Significant beneficial effects of lowered youth BAC limits have appeared despite limited publicity and enforcement of the new laws.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Driving characteristics of electric-powered wheelchair users: how far, fast, and often do people drive?

OBJECTIVES: To determine the driving characteristics of electric-powered wheelchair users during unrestricted community activities and to compare the activity levels among an active group and a group of regular users. DESIGN: Multisite engineering evaluation of electric-powered wheelchair driving activity during unrestricted community mobility. SETTING: Data were collected in the communities of Pittsburgh, PA, and the National Veterans Wheelchair Games (NVWG) in San Antonio, TX. PARTICIPANTS: Seventeen people participated, all of whom used electric-powered wheelchairs as their primary means of mobility. INTERVENTION: Each subject was asked standarized questions about self and wheelchair use. Data logger and sensor installed on wheelchair. Data downloaded from logger. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Speed, distance traveled, and the time that each subject's personal wheelchair was being driven were recorded for 24hr/d over approximately 5 days for each subject by using a custom-built data logger. RESULTS: The NVWG group traveled faster than the Pittsburgh group, but this difference was only statistically significant on the first day. The NVWG group was more likely to travel longer than the Pittsburgh group with significant differences seen in day 4 (P = .03) and day 5 (P = .05). Total distance traveled during the 5-day period and average distance traveled per day were also significantly different between the groups (P = .02 for both 5-day distance and daily distance), with the NVWG group traveling longer (17,164 +/- 8708m) when compared with the Pittsburgh group (8335 +/- 7074m) over the 5-day period. Both distance traveled and speed increased during afternoon and evening hours. The maximum distance traveled by any subject for each hour across the 2 groups was used to create the theoretic maximum distance day, which resulted in 7970m of driving. CONCLUSION: Drivers of electric-powered wheelchairs are most active during the afternoon and evening hours. Over the 5-day period of this study, there was little variation in the speed or distance driven per day. The subjects participating in the NVWG were more active than their counterparts during a typical week at home. The maximum theoretic distance that a wheelchair user in our group would travel is less than 8km. The range of current electric-powered wheelchairs appears adequate, if not generous, for the subjects in our study.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1985

Are problem drinkers dangerous drivers? An investigation of arrest for drinking and driving, serum gamma glutamyltranspeptidase activities, blood alcohol concentrations, and road traffic accidents: the Tayside Safe Driving Project.

Serum gamma glutamyltranspeptidase activity was measured in 440 drivers at the time of arrest for driving under the influence of alcohol. The results were compared with information gathered by the arresting police officer. One third of drivers over the age of 30 had abnormal gamma glutamyltranspeptidase activities at the time of arrest. Among drivers who required a driving license for their work, and older drivers, a disproportionately high number had raised gamma glutamyltranspeptidase activities indicating problem drinking. In drivers over the age of 30 a strong association was found between gamma glutamyltranspeptidase activities and road traffic accidents but not alcohol concentrations or previous convictions. These findings argue against the Department of Transport's criteria for high risk offenders and indicate a clear need for new measures against problem drinkers among drinking and driving offenders.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1997

Neuropsychological aspects of driving after brain lesion: simulator study and on-road driving.

Twenty-nine patients with brain lesion and 29 matched controls participated in the study. The patients were socially well recovered with a high rate of employment. Compared with the controls, they performed significantly worse on a neuropsychological test battery, especially on executive and cognitive functions. Patients drove as well as controls in predictable situations in the advanced simulator used. In unpredictable situations, they demonstrated longer reaction times and safety margins, as well as difficulties in allocating processing resources to a secondary task. The patients showed significantly less attention, worse traffic behavior, and less risk awareness when driving in real traffic. Forty-one percent of the patients did not pass the driving test. The neuropsychological test battery was factor analyzed into four factors: executive capacity, cognitive capacity, automatic attentional capacity, and simple perceptual-motor capacity. The second factor was the mast significant with a simultaneous capacity test predicting driving performance with 78% confidence.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A composite driving system for LVAS and IABP: practical and effective driving and weaning.

We have devised a new method, termed alternate synchronous driving (ASD), to wean patients from a left ventricular assist system (LVAS) to a pressure assist intraaortic balloon pump (IABP). We have built a new drive unit, VCT200, to apply ASD easily and automatically. After IABP insertion in the final weaning stage, this method drives the LVAS and IABP alternately, with electrocardiogram (ECG) synchronization. The pumping ratio of IABP increases while that of LVAS decreases according to recovery of natural heart function. In in vitro studies, ASD was effective when bypass flow (BF) was less than 50% of total flow (TF) (TF:BF + cardiac output [CO]), and its advantages increased under lower BF conditions. Mean aortic pressure (mAP) and CO increased 10 mmHg and 15%, respectively, with this method (IABP:LVAS = 1:1) when BF was 30% of TF. During in vivo studies, mAP increased 75.7 +/- 6.7 mmHg to 80.1 +/- 3.6 mmHg (p less than 0.001), and the CO increased from 3.1 +/- 0.5 L/min to 3.3 +/- 0.5 L/min (p less than 0.001), while the endocardial viability ratio (DPTI/TTI) increased 20-30%. This method was used in a 62-year-old man in which LVAS was applied after ventricular aneurysmectomy, BF was reduced from 2.2 L/min to 1.1 L/min by using ASD without any change in systemic perfusion. This reduction of BF could not be achieved with LVAS alone. From these data, this system could wean patients from LVAS and then switch to IABP smoothly, easily, and automatically, without hemodynamic instability.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMed1994

Psychometric properties of the Driving Practices Questionnaire: assessment of risky driving.

A national public health goal is to reduce injuries and deaths from motor vehicle crashes (MVC). The development and psychometric evaluation of the 10-item Driving Practices Questionnaire (DPQ) to measure risky driving is described. Based on responses from 297 drivers divided into safe, unsafe, and injured groups, the DPQ was evaluated using item and factor analysis, and reliability and validity measures. Principal axis factor analysis isolated one factor with 42.3% of the variance explained. The alpha coefficient for the scale was .87 and test-retest correlation was .94. High DPQ scorers were three times more likely to have prior traffic violations. The identification of driver subtypes will assist the testing of injury prevention interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Drinking and driving: pre-driving attitudes and perceptions among Brazilian youth.

The aim of this study was to investigate driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) risk profiles and predictors in a sample of pre-driving Brazilian youth, in the context of Brazil's new Traffic Code. Data were obtained in the Traffic Department in São Paulo from a sample of 2166 individuals. Subjects displayed a low level of knowledge about the laws and few believed the penalties would actually be enforced for those engaging in DUI. Findings suggest that changes in DUI laws in Brazil and elsewhere should be accompanied by enforcement and education in order to enhance levels of knowledge and credibility of the sanctions.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1978

Driving offenders and the defensive driving course--an archival study.

Two hundred and seventy-five drivers who had been required by court order to attend a Defensive Driving Course (DDC) were compared on six posttreatment driving measures obtained from archival data with 275 drivers who also had had a court appearance and standard treatment. The DDC group showed greater reductions in serious and accident-promoting convictions but no greater reduction in accidents when compared with the standard treatment comparison group.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1991

Drink-driving in the general night-time driving population, Adelaide 1989.

A roadside breath alcohol survey was conducted by the NHMRC Road Accident Research Unit in 1989 to monitor the efficacy of random breath testing (RBT) by the police. A reduction of 40 per cent in the proportion of drivers above the legal blood alcohol limit of 0.08 g/100 ml was found to coincide with a marked increase in the level of publicity of police RBT operations. Other factors may also have contributed to these large reductions in illegal drink-driving but this result was similar to that observed in 1987 when a major increase in publicity was accompanied by an increase in the level of enforcement of RBT. Although the full effect of these reductions has diminished with time, there appears to have been a decrease in illegal drink-driving in Adelaide from 1983 to 1987 and again to 1989.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Epilepsy surgery, visual fields, and driving: a study of the visual field criteria for driving in patients after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery with a comparison of Goldmann and Esterman perimetry.

Twenty four patients who had undergone temporal lobe surgery for epilepsy were assessed to determine (a) whether or not they had developed a visual field defect and (b) if a field defect was present, were the visual field criteria, as required by the DVLA, fulfilled using the monocular Goldmann perimeter test and the automated binocular Esterman method performed on a Humphrey perimeter. A field deficit was found in 13 of 24 (54%) using the Goldmann perimeter and 11 of 24 (46%) by the Esterman method. The second was a more lenient assessment with six of 24 (25%) failing the driving criteria compared with 10 of 24 (42%) by the monocular Goldmann method. Three patients were seizure free but failed the driving criteria. This complication of surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy needs to be discussed with patients before surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of a dutch educational "Driving While Intoxicated (DWI)" prevention program for driving schools.

A DWI prevention program for driving schools consisting of a videotape, slides, a textbook, and a manual was developed and evaluated. Effects of the program on knowledge, attitude, behavior intention, and self-reported DWI behavior were measured by means of a pretest, posttest, one-year follow-up evaluation design. Two-hundred and eight driving school students followed the program and participated in all three measurements. A control group of 228 pupils followed a traditional curriculum without the DWI program and also participated in all three measurements. Principal findings were that knowledge improved, attitudes and behavior intentions were already positive at pretest, DWI was equally reported by both groups, and there was a positive effect on riding with an intoxicated driver.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Relationship of parent driving records to the driving records of their children.

Many studies have shown that young driver crash rates can be influenced by such factors as lifestyle characteristics and licensing systems. However, the influence of parents on their teenage children's crash and violation rates has not received much attention. The present study used data from the North Carolina driver history file to match the crash and violation records of young drivers between the ages of 18 and 21 with those of their parents. Results indicate that children's driving records in the first few years of licensure are related to the driving records of their parents. Children whose parents had three or more crashes on their record were 22% more likely to have had at least one crash compared with children whose parents had no crashes. Likewise, children whose parents had three or more violations were 38% more likely to have had a violation compared with children whose parents had none. Logistic regression models showed that these relationships held when controlling for household type and child gender.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1998

Putting the brake on drive: meiotic drive of t haplotypes in natural populations of mice.

Mouse t haplotypes are a 'selfish' form of chromosome 17 that show non-mendelian transmission from heterozygous +/t males. The considerable transmission bias in favour of t haplotypes should result in very high frequencies of these chromosomes in natural populations, but they seldom occur at the high frequencies expected. Recent research on this and other meiotic drive systems has shown how a variety of mechanisms have evolved to suppress drive, and to re-establish mendelian segregation.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Experience Producing Drive Theory: how genes drive experience and shape personality.

There is now a large body of evidence from twin and adoption studies linking genetic variation to phenotypic variation on virtually all human individual differences. Individuals unquestionably influence the nature of their experiences, e.g. high-sensation seekers surround themselves with like-minded peers and seek out quite different experiences than low-sensation seekers. We propose a theory called Experience Producing Drive Theory-Revised, to account for the current findings in behavior genetics. This theory is based on the Darwinian view that complex organisms are active agents "designed" by natural selection to survive in the environments in which they evolved. The theory assumes that the behavior of complex organisms can best be understood in terms of motives, preferences and emotional responses that have evolved to drive specific behavioral patterns. We propose a number of ways in which this theory might be falsified.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Comparative studies on immunogenicity of Chinese hamster ovary cell drived HB vaccine and plasma drived HB vaccine].

Chinese Hamster Ovary cell drived HB vaccine (CDV) and plasma drived HB vaccine (PDV) were separately given to two groups of 113 and 112 medical staff subjected, and the anti-HBs responses were observed for five years from the initial injection. The anti-HBs positive rate at 7 months was 96.9% (mean geometric anti-HBs concentration 588 IU/L) in CDV group and 77.8% (83 IU/L) in PDV group, and the positive rate and mean titer of anti-HBs were always higher for 5 years in CDV group. Those differences were remarkable in the subjects aged over 40 years. The decreasing curves of anti-HBs titer in the two groups were parallel from 7th. month to 60th. month. Thus, the protective efficacy was estimated to be far longer in CDV than PDV. Also, the rate of non-responder was less lower in CDV group (2.8%) than PDV group (15.2%). Above results show that CDV has a higher immunogenicity than PDV.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effects on driving performance of visual field defects: a driving simulator study.

To elucidate the possible traffic safety risks induced by visual field defects, a method was developed based on a driving simulator. The capacity to detect stimuli of different sizes appearing in 24 different positions on the screen in front of the driver was measured. Two groups of normal subjects and a number of subjects with different visual field defects were studied. In the groups of normals, the median reaction times were fairly homogenous. There was a slight difference between central and peripheral stimuli, which was somewhat larger for the older subjects. Among the subjects with field defects, the individual variations were very dominant. Very few of these showed a capacity to compensate for their deficiency. In order to gain insight into possible compensatory mechanisms of these persons, eye movement recordings were made. The results indicate that the visual search pattern may be of importance in this respect. Some comparisons with respect to detection capacity were also made with one-eyed subjects and with optically generated field restrictions (spectacles and spectacle frames).

Adult↗