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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Chemonucleolysis of lumbar disc herniation with ethanol.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the efficiency of the treatment of the lumbar disk herniation (LDH) with absolute alcohol. MATERIALS/METHODS: From June 1997 to September 2000, 118 patients with 126 LDH, 69 males and 49 females, aged 19 to 77 (mean age: 51.1 years) were treated with absolute alcohol nucleolysis. In 75 cases, the LDH were parasagittal, in 30 foraminal, in 17 medial and in 4 extraforaminal. In most cases, the sensitive symptoms and motor or reflex abnormalities corresponded to the lumbar disc herniation level. Nucleolysis was made in ambulatory condition and each patient underwent general anesthesia. All procedures were performed in surgical conditions and controlled under digital fluoroscopy. The disc puncture was laterally made at the junction of middle and posterior thirds of the disc, under strict lateral fluoroscopic control. A discogram was obtained before ethanol injection. Injection dose of absolute alcohol was 0.4 ml. The realization time was about 15 minutes. RESULT: Total improvement of symptoms was obtained in 97.55% of cases. Two patients remained with low-back pain and the failure treatment rate was 0.84% (1 case). CONCLUSION: Nucleolysis with ethanol is a very effective, safe and low cost treatment for any kind of LDH, that allows to treat several levels during the same procedure, and can be repeated several times. Nucleolysis with ethanol can be made in ambulatory condition and be proposed to patients who refuse surgical treatment and have allergic background.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Morphological study of the Golgi tendon organ in equine superficial digital flexor tendon.

The Golgi tendon organ (GTO) is an encapsulated fusiform mechanoreceptor siding in the musculo-tendinous junction of many animal species. Inhibitory function of afferent nerve fibers distributed from nearby motor units, the organ responds to active tension exerted onto the muscle. The morphological features of the equine GTO have not yet been elucidated. Additionally, there is some controversy regarding to the existence of the GTO in the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). Therefore, immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy using alcian blue (pH 2.5) staining and the silver-enhanced colloidal gold method were carried out to determine both the location and characteristics of the GTO at the musculo-tendinous junction of the SDFT. A GTO with a fusiform structure of approximately 3 mm in length was found in the tendinous part. The lumen of the GTO was divided into compartments by septal cells. Each compartment contained collagen fibrils, nerve fibers and Schwann cells. This is the first report of the equine GTO.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Changes in intracellular calcium during the development of epithelial polarity and junctions.

The "Ca2+ switch" model with cultured Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells is useful in studying the biogenesis of epithelial polarity and junction formation and provides insight into early steps in the morphogenesis of polarized epithelial tissues. When extracellular Ca2+ in the medium is changed from less than 5 microM to 1.8 mM, MDCK cells rapidly change from a nonpolarized state exhibiting little cell-cell contact (with the apical membrane and junctional proteins largely within the cell) to a polarized state with well-formed tight junctions and desmosomes. To examine the role of intracellular Ca2+ in the development of polarity and junctions, we made continuous spectrofluorimetric measurements of intracellular Ca2+ during the "switch," using the fluorescent indicator fura-2. Intracellular Ca2+ increased greater than 10-fold during the switch and gave a complex pattern of increase, decrease, and stabilization. In contrast, intracellular pH [monitored with 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(and 6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF)] did not change during the period studied. When intracellular Ca2+ curves in several cells were compared, considerable heterogeneity in the rate of increase of intracellular Ca2+ levels and in peak levels was evident, perhaps reflecting the heterogeneity among cells in establishing junctions and polarity. The heterogeneity of the process was confirmed by digital imaging of intracellular Ca2+ and was present even in a "clonal" line of MDCK cells, indicating the heterogeneity was intrinsic to the process and not simply a function of slight genetic variation within the population of MDCK cells. In pairs of cells that had barely established cell-cell contact, often one cell exhibited a much greater increase in intracellular Ca2+ than the other cell in the pair. At the site of cell-cell contact, an apparent localized change (an increase over the basal level) in intracellular Ca2+ was frequently present and occasionally appeared to extend beyond the point of cell-cell contact. Since the region of cell-cell contact is also the site where junctions form and where vesicles containing apical membranes fuse during the development of polarity, we postulate a role for global and local changes in intracellular Ca2+ in these events.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effect of axial length on retinal vascular network geometry.

PURPOSE: To explore the association between axial length and retinal vascular network geometry (arteriovenous diameter ratio [AVR], arteriolar branching angles, and junctional exponents). DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional study. METHODS: Patients were recruited from a pseudophakic population that had preexisting axial length measurements. Mean arterial blood pressure and previous medical history were recorded. Fundal photographs were taken. Digital image analysis was used to determine the AVR, mean arteriolar bifurcation angle, and junctional exponent for each subject. RESULTS: In total, 52 subjects were analyzed. Axial length had no association with AVR (R = -0.01, P = .941), mean angles at arteriolar bifurcations (R = -.134, P = .342), or junctional exponents (R = .003, P = .982). However, increased axial length was associated with a trend for lower measured retinal venular and arteriolar diameters (R = -.28, P = .04 and R = -.23, P = .10, respectively). Junctional exponents correlated with both the AVR (R = .32, P = .019) and vascular bifurcation angles (omega) (R = .317, P = .022). CONCLUSIONS: Increased axial length is associated with narrowing of both arteriolar and venular diameters, but not on the AVR, or vessel junctions. Future studies exploring the influence of systemic disease on retinal vascular topography do not need to consider axial length as a potential confounding variable when utilizing measures such as AVR or vessel junctions. Vascular arteriolar junctional exponents may serve as a good measure of overall altered retinal vascular geometry in cardiovascular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Interactions between growth factors and gap junctional communication in developing systems.

In the vertebrate limb bud fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 4 secreted by cells of the posterior apical ectodermal ridge controls digit pattern, which is directed by polarizing cells in the posterior mesenchyme at the tip of the bud. FGF4 also controls the expression of gap junctions in the limb. Both chick and mouse limb bud mesenchyme express connexin 32 (Cx32; beta 1) and Cx43 (alpha 1), although not in the same gap junction plaques. Quantitative analysis reveals two gradients of gap junctions: from posterior to anterior in the subapical mesenchyme and from distal to proximal along the bud. The highest gap junction density is associated with the polarizing region. Micromass cultures of chick and mouse posterior and anterior mesenchyme cells were used to assess the ability of FGF4 to modulate gap junctional communication. Posterior mesenchyme (polarizing region) cells express a population of gap junctions that are highly sensitive to FGF4, whereas gap junctions between anterior mesenchyme cells are completely insensitive to FGF4. FGF4 doubles gap junction density, intercellular communication and the polarizing capacity of posterior mesenchyme cells, restoring polarizing capacity to in vivo levels. We conclude that gap junctional communication and polarizing capacity are intimately linked. Interactions between signalling molecules and junctional communication may play an important role in controlling development.

Amphibians↗
PubMed1990

The role of gap junctions in patterning of the chick limb bud.

The role of gap junctional communication during patterning of the chick limb has been investigated. Affinity-purified antibodies raised against rat liver gap junctional proteins were used to block communication between limb mesenchyme cells. Co-injection of the antibodies and Lucifer yellow into mesenchyme cultures demonstrated that communication was inhibited almost immediately. When antibodies were loaded into mesenchyme tissue by DMSO permeabilization, [3H]nucleotide transfer was prevented for at least 16 h. Polarizing region tissue from the posterior limb bud margin causes digit duplications when grafted to the anterior margin. Quail polarizing region cells were loaded with gap junction antibody and grafted into chick wing buds. The antibody had no effect on growth or survival of the grafted cells. As very few polarizing region cells are required to initiate duplications, the number of polarizing region cells in the grafts was reduced by diluting 1:9 with anterior mesenchyme tissue. When either polarizing region or anterior mesenchyme tissue in the graft was loaded separately with antibody, there was little effect on respecification of the digit pattern. However, loading both tissues in the graft caused a significant decrease in duplications. This indicates that a major role of gap junctions in limb patterning may be to enable polarizing region cells to communicate directly with adjacent anterior mesenchyme. A role for gap junctional communication between anterior mesenchyme cells cannot be excluded. The results are discussed in relation to the role of retinoic acid as a putative morphogen.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Clinical diagnosis of pigmented lesions using digital epiluminescence microscopy. Grading protocol and atlas.

BACKGROUND AND DESIGN: Epiluminescence microscopy (ELM) is a clinical technique that permits in vivo visual inspection of pigmented anatomic structures of the epidermis, dermoepidermal junction, and papillary dermis. A protocol is proposed for systematic visual inspection of pigmented lesions. Seventy pigmented lesions were imaged with a digital ELM camera system. Images were visually inspected for eight "global" ELM features, 23 "local" ELM features, and 18 network features. An atlas of the most clinically significant ELM features is presented with pilot estimates of their sensitivity and specificity for detecting melanoma. RESULTS: Preliminary data suggest that ELM features that may be most specific for melanoma include multicomponent pattern, nodular pattern, pseudopods, radial streaming, blue-gray areas, whitish veil (milky way), and sharp network margins. Epiluminescence microscopic features that may be most sensitive for melanoma include pigment dots, peripheral erythema, peripheral dark network patches, marked mean network irregularity, network line thickness variability, radial streaming, blue-gray areas, and whitish veil (milky way). Epiluminescence microscopic features that may be most sensitive for severe melanocyte atypia include pigment dots, peripheral erythema, hypopigmented network patches, peripheral dark network patches, marked mean network irregularity, and focal absence of network. In addition, features that may have a very high specificity for benign lesions include saccular pattern (suggests hemangioma), globular pattern (suggests a compound or dermal nevus), and multiple comedolike openings (suggests seborrheic keratosis). CONCLUSIONS: Features most sensitive for severe atypia and melanoma could form the basis for a screening test for considering biopsy. Features most specific for melanoma then could be applied to further triage management of pigmented lesions that meet initial screening criteria. In addition, features with very high specificity for benign lesions may help develop ELM criteria to avoid unnecessary surgery.

Atlases as Topic↗
PubMed1975

A single unit digital flexor tendon prosthesis.

Historically, the surgical repair of serious injuries to the flexor tendons of the hand have met with less than satisfactory clinical results. In an attempt to solve this problem, studies have been made on the design and testing of a Dacron polyester tendon prosthesis for complete replacement of the digital flexor tendon. The prosthesis attaches proximally at the anatomical musculotendon junction via collagen ingrowth into a fabric structure and in similar manner distally via bone ingrowth at the anatomical insertion site. These fabrics are continuous with the tendon body of the prosthesis consisting of an inextensible braided cord which is silicone rubber coated to prevent tissue adherence in the glide zone of the tendon bed. An added benefit of the prosthesis is a simple means of length adjustment which can easily be carried out on the operating table. Studies have been performed in both dogs and chickens which indicate that sufficient tissue ingrowth occurs at both the distal and proximal anastomoses for retention of full load bearing capability in these animals and that postoperative adhesions are negligible, if present at all. Full prostheses have been implanted in dogs for periods of over 1 year and chickens for 2 months. The chicken is the preferred animal model as a tendency for extensive scar tissue generation was shown in the dog. Both in vivo mechanical testing and histological characterization have been made on sacrificed animals which have received the full prostheses.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Alveolar bone height and postcranial bone mineral density: negative effects of cigarette smoking and parity.

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to test the association between cemento-enamel junction, alveolar-crest distance (CEJ-AC, as measured on digitized vertical bite-wing radiographs) and postcranial bone mineral density (BMD) relative to clinical, dietary, and demographic variables. METHODS: Data were collected in a cross-sectional study of 134 postmenopausal women. CEJ-AC distances were determined from digitized vertical bite-wing radiographs. Lumbar spine and proximal femur BMDs were determined from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometric scans. Correlation analysis and Student t tests were used to identify those variables most associated with CEJ-AC distance. The selected variables were modeled with a backward stepwise regression analysis, with CEJ-AC distance as the dependent variable. RESULTS: Parity (number of pregnancies to term), cigarette smoking, and the interaction of lateral spine BMD with cigarette smoking were independent predictors of CEJ-AC distance (P < or =0.05). Statistical models containing these variables accounted for 19% of the variation in CEJ-AC distances. CONCLUSIONS: CEJ-AC distance in postmenopausal women is the result of a complicated interaction of many effects, including but not limited to, parity, cigarette smoking, and skeletal BMD.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1998

Embryo transfer--can we learn anything new from the observation of junctional zone contractions?

To assess whether embryo transfer can alter junctional zone contractility, we studied the effect of easy and difficult mock transfers in 14 oocyte donors during in-vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. An Echovist bolus (30 microl) was used to represent embryos and transfer medium. An 'easy' transfer was judged to be an atraumatic insertion of the catheter without touching the uterine fundus. A 'difficult' embryo transfer was mimicked by deliberately touching the uterine fundus twice with the soft end of the cannula. Transvaginal scan images were recorded, digitized and converted into five times normal speed to allow us to evaluate junctional zone contractility. Easy mock embryo transfers did not change endometrial mechanical activity. Echovist remained in the upper part of the uterine cavity and was not dispersed after 45 min. A difficult procedure generated strong random waves in the fundal area and waves from fundus to cervix which relocated the Echovist in six out of seven cases. We observed movements of the transfer bolus from the upper part of the uterus towards the cervix (four cases) and into Fallopian tubes (two patients). Our study confirms that the mechanical activity of the uterus is capable of relocating intrauterine embryos and that this activity depends on physical stimulation. Junctional zone contractions can be implicated in cases of IVF/embryo transfer failure or ectopic gestation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Classification of abnormal fundus autofluorescence patterns in the junctional zone of geographic atrophy in patients with age related macular degeneration.

AIM: To describe and classify patterns of abnormal fundus autofluorescence (FAF) in the junctional zone of geographic atrophy (GA) in patients with age related macular degeneration. METHODS: Digital FAF images were recorded in 164 eyes of 107 patients using a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO; excitation 488 nm, detection above 500 nm) as part of a prospective multicentre natural history study (FAM Study). FAF images were obtained in accordance with a standardised protocol for digital image acquisition and generation of mean images after automated alignment. RESULTS: Image quality was sufficient for classification of FAF patterns in 149 eyes (90.9%) with lens opacities being the most common reason for insufficient image quality. Abnormal FAF outside GA in 149 eyes was classified into four patterns: focal (12.1%), banded (12.8%), patchy (2.0%), and diffuse (57.0%), whereby 12.1% had normal background FAF in the junctional zone. In 4% there was no predominant pattern. The diffuse pattern was subdivided into four groups including reticular (4.7%), branching (27.5%), fine granular (18.1%), and fine granular with peripheral punctate spots (6.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Different phenotypic patterns of abnormal FAF in the junctional zone of GA can be identified with cSLO FAF imaging. These distinct patterns may reflect heterogeneity at a cellular and molecular level in contrast with a non-specific ageing process. A refined phenotypic classification may be helpful to identify prognostic determinants for the spread of atrophy and visual loss, for identification of genetic risk factors as well as for the design of future interventional trials.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Carbenoxolone and mefloquine suppress tremor in the harmaline mouse model of essential tremor.

Excessive olivo-cerebellar synchrony is implicated in essential tremor. Because synchrony in some networks is mediated by gap junctions, we examined whether the gap junction blockers heptanol, octanol, carbenoxolone, and mefloquine suppress tremor in the mouse harmaline model, and performed an open-treatment clinical study of mefloquine for essential tremor. Digitized motion was used to quantify tremor in mice administered harmaline, 20 mg/kg s.c. In mice the broad-spectrum gap junction blockers heptanol, octanol (350 mg/kg i.p. each), and carbenoxolone (20 mg/kg) suppressed harmaline tremor. Mefloquine (50 mg/kg), which blocks gap junctions containing connexin 36, robustly suppressed harmaline tremor. Glycyrrhizic acid (related to carbenoxolone) and chloroquine (related to mefloquine), which do not block gap junctions, failed to suppress harmaline tremor in mice. Clinically, tremor was assessed with standard rating scales, and subjects asked to take 62.5, 125, and 250 mg mefloquine weekly for 12 weeks at each dose. None of the four human subjects showed a meaningful tremor reduction with mefloquine, likely because clinical levels were below those required for efficacy. In view of recent genetic evidence, the anti-tremor mechanism of these compounds is uncertain but may represent a novel therapeutic target, possibly involving gap junctions other than those containing connexin 36.

1-Octanol↗
PubMed2002

Computer vision and digital imaging technology in melanoma detection.

With today's treatment options, melanoma cure rates can be improved only if the diagnosis is made early enough to allow for curative surgery. Since clinical signs of malignancy in a pigmented lesion are often ambiguous and even dermatology experts may misdiagnose melanoma, diagnostic tools and procedures have been developed to assist the clinician in the diagnostic workup. Epiluminescence microscopy or dermatoscopy is widely used to inspect the melanin reticulum at the epidermo-dermal junction zone for signs indicative of early tumor growth. With the help of computer technology, digital dermatoscopy systems have entered the diagnostic arena capable of accurately assessing skin surface features modeled along the ABCD criteria already used for clinical assessment of pigmented skin lesions. Today's technically refined computer-based systems provide sophisticated functionalities for automated feature extraction and lesion assessment for quantitative analysis, and may also be used for education and training purposes.

Dermis↗
PubMed2001

Digital vision theory: Boolean logic model.

Guild (1932) stated the general requirements for processing signals in color vision system and a digital format of his paradigm is developed in this paper. The disk structure generates the digital receptor pulse. The input modalities form sets, linked by intersections, joins, and complement junctions. The synapses are elements in these junctions. Complex synapses form junctions to create Boolean logic processing. A computer program using these Boolean logic functions calculates: Light and dark adaptation responses; Color matching and spectral coordinate functions; Chromatic adaptation; Color shift responses; and Dynamic neural responses. These calculations compare favorably with the experimental data. The processing criteria for signals in the vision system are given by Guild (1932). The analysis in this paper uses his criteria to develop a model of the vision system. A computer program simulates the digital processing of signals from the external photon source to the neural output signals from the ganglion cells in the inner-plexiform layer. The responses are compared with the responses of actual vision systems.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1998

A comparison of root surface temperatures using different obturation heat sources.

This study compared root surface temperatures produced during warm vertical obturation using the System B Heat Source (SB), the Touch 'n Heat device (TH), and a flame-heated carrier (FH). The root canals of 30 maxillary incisor, premolar, and mandibular incisor teeth were prepared; divided into three groups; and obturated using each heat source. A thermocouple placed 2 mm below the cementoenamel junction transferred the temperature rise on the external root surface to a digital thermometer. SB surface temperature rise was < 10 degrees C for all experimental teeth. TH temperature rise in maxillary incisors and premolars was < 10 degrees C; however, > 10 degrees C was observed for mandibular incisors. FH produced a > 10 degrees C surface temperature rise in all experimental teeth. The critical level of root surface heat required to produce irreversible bone damage is believed to be > 10 degrees C. The findings of this study suggest that warm vertical condensation with the SB should not damage supporting periradicular tissues. However, caution should be used with TH and FH on mandibular incisors.

Body Temperature↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Morphogenetic plasticity of neuronal elements in cerebellar glomeruli during deafferentation-induced synaptic reorganization.

Reorganization of the cerebellar glomerulus, the main synaptic complex within the granule cell layer, was investigated using quantitative morphological techniques. All afferents to the cerebellar cortex, including mossy-fibers, were surgically destroyed by undercutting the cerebellar vermis. Fifteen days after the operation, which resulted in the removal of the main excitatory afferent to the glomerulus, a significant reorganization of the whole synaptic complex was observed, whereas the structural integrity of the glomerulus was remarkably well preserved. This was indicated by the observation that the number of granule cell dendrites (approximately 50 per glomerulus), as well as the number of dendritic digits (approximately 210 per glomerulus) bearing most of the approximately 230 synaptic junctions per glomerulus, did not change significantly after mossy-fiber degeneration. The total number of synapses in the reorganized glomerulus did not change either, despite the disappearance of two-thirds of (excitatory) synaptic junctions caused by mossy-fiber degeneration. In the reorganized glomeruli, however, the inhibitory, GABA-containing Golgi axonal varicosities became the dominant synaptic type-about four-fifths (approximately 200) of all synapses within the glomerulus-whereas the dendritic synapses between the granule cells represented only one-fifth of all synaptic junctions. The quantitative data of the reorganized cerebellar glomerulus demonstrate both a remarkable constancy and a plasticity of the excitatory granule cells and inhibitory Golgi neurons building up this synaptic complex. Constancy (the preservation of certain specific structural features) is represented by an eventually unchanged number of dendrites and synaptic junctions within the deafferented glomerulus. Such constancy was made possible, however, by the morphogenetic plasticity of both nerve-cell types to produce new, dendro-dendritic and axo-dendritic synapses to compensate for the loss of mossy-fiber synapses.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Histologic and radiographic assessment of caries-like lesions localized at the crown margin.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS: Little is known about the impact of crown margins on the demineralization and remineralization process or on the interpretation of radiographs for the detection of early secondary caries. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to correlate the findings from 2 different radiographic techniques with the results of a histologic assessment of carieslike lesions at the crown margin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten fully impacted third molars were extracted and restored with complete metal crowns with chamfer preparations. For each tooth, the prepared margin ended in enamel on one side and extended into cementum/dentin on the other. After being thoroughly cleaned, the teeth were covered with wax except for a 2- x 3-mm window at the crown margin in each of 2 test areas localized at the interproximal enamel and cementum/dentin junction. During demineralization with 6% hydroxyethyl cellulose gel at pH 4.9, direct digital radiographs or conventional radiographs were made at baseline and after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Each radiograph was blinded and examined for the presence/absence of lesions by 3 calibrated observers who used predetermined criteria required for receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. After 28 days, the teeth were imbibed with methyl methacrylate and serially ground sectioned for assessment of the lesions in polarized light. Morphometric analysis of lesion extension included the calculation of mean values and standard deviations. Kappa and ROC analysis were applied to assess radiographs made at different demineralization time periods, localization of the crown margins in enamel or cementum/dentin, and direct digital and conventional radiographs. Data were tested for normal distribution (QQ plot), and statistical differences were calculated with Tukey's honestly significant difference post hoc test. RESULTS: Radiographic evaluation revealed only slight interexaminer agreement (Kappa) for enamel lesions (direct digital 0.19, conventional radiographs 0.2) and a fair interexaminer agreement for cementum/dentin lesions (direct digital 0.35, conventional radiographs 0.33). ROC analysis revealed no differences between the radiographic techniques. Lesions localized in cementum/dentin (direct digital 0.86 +/- 0.14, conventional radiographs 0.86 +/- 0.09) were diagnosed more reliably than those in enamel (direct digital 0.79 +/- 0.05, conventional radiographs 0.72 +/- 0.10). As microscopically assessed, the depth of lesions in enamel was less than that of lesions in cementum/dentin (49.3 +/- 7.3 microm vs 89.5 +/- 13.2 microm). Erosions were found in cementum/dentin (depth 25.2 +/- 5.3 microm). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, small artificial lesions were detected equally well by conventional and direct digital radiography. However, because of low interexaminer agreement, the radiographic assessment did not reproduce true histopathologic lesion characteristics documented by morphometry of serial ground sections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Application of spectral frequency analysis in atrial fibrillation mechanism assessment].

Recent studies have demonstrated spatio-temporal organisation in atrial fibrillation (AF), with a highest dominant frequencies (DF) at pulmonary veins ostia (PVo). We present a case of 58-year-old woman with AF evaluated by spectral frequency analysis. Simultaneous recordings at each veno-atrial junction and coronary sinus were obtained. Sequential fast Fourier transforms (FFT) of digitalized signals were performed. FFT profiles were analysed to determine DF. Low DF recorded at right inferior PVo suggested no contribution to AF process. Ablation of high DF PVo and low DF SVC with nonuniform anisotropic conduction resulted in AF termination and good clinical outcome in 1-year follow-up.

Atrial Fibrillation↗