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PubMed1982

A zymodeme study of Entamoeba histolytica in a group of South African schoolchildren.

Using a biphasic culture medium, stocks of intestinal amoebae were isolated from a group of children attending school in Durban, South Africa. These were compared with stocks collected in other areas of the world already characterized using the electrophoretic patterns of four enzymes: glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), phosphoglucomutase (PGM) L-malate: NADP+ oxido-reductase (oxalacetate-decarboxylating) (ME) and hexokinase (HK). 33% of 94 samples grew Entamoeba histolytica, only one of which gave a pattern indicative of a pathogenic stock. Entamoeba hartmanni, Dientamoeba fragilis and Entamoeba coli were also grown from some samples, increasing the total positive samples for all species isolated to 40%.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Dientamoebiasis: clinical importance and recent advances.

Dientamoeba fragilis, an unusual single-celled parasite that was described first in 1918, is found worldwide in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. D. fragilis has emerged from obscurity recently because it is now recognized as a common cause of chronic diarrhoea and is treatable with drugs. Recent molecular studies have described D. fragilis as having two genotypes. Diagnostic tests, based on conventional and real-time PCR, have been developed that will provide a rapid, sensitive and specific diagnosis of D. fragilis. These tests will also aid the elucidation of the host distribution and the life cycle of this pathogen.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Enteric pathogenic protozoa in homosexual men from San Francisco.

The prevalence of enteric protozoa was studied in a survey conducted among 150 male homosexual patients in San Francisco. All patients were from a private practice in internal medicine. Each was asked to complete a questionnaire and to submit multiple stool specimens for examination. Of this group, 47% were positive for one or more potentially pathogenic intestinal protozoa; Entamoeba histolytica was found in 36%, Entamoeba hartmanni in 35%, Giardia lamblia in 5%, and Dientamoeba fragilis in 1.3%. Symptoms were unreliable as a diagnostic index of intestinal protozoan infection. Colonization rates could not be correlated with any specific sexual technique. The large number of homosexuals at risk, combined with the potential for difficulties in diagnosis and contact-tracing, indicate the possibility that enteric pathogenic protozoa will cause future health problems in this population.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Development of monoclonal antibodies which specifically recognize Entamoeba histolytica in preserved stool samples.

We report the generation of monoclonal antibodies against a recombinant 170-kDa subunit of the Gal or GalNAc lectin of Entamoeba histolytica that specifically recognize E. histolytica but not Entamoeba dispar in preserved stool samples. These antibodies do not cross-react with other bowel protozoa, including Entamoeba coli, Giardia lamblia, and Dientamoeba fragilis.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

[The intestinal parasite fauna in patients, returned from the tropics, from the Dresden district].

It is reported on the affection with intestinal parasites in 438 persons who returned from the tropics. In these test persons were also established only those species of parasites which were proved in the Dresden inhabitants. However, there were remarkable quantitative differences between the affection of the persons returning from the tropics and the Dresden inhabitants. Thus by laboratory examinations in Dresden in the persons returning from the tropics were established infections with Entamoeba histolytica (7.0%), with Dientamoeba fragilis (17.9%), with Lamblia intestinalis (9.0%) as well as with Trichuris trichiura (3.4%), where as the extensity of affection with the corresponding parasites is for the Dresden inhabitants 1.9%, 4.7%, 5.0%, and 1.6%. It is referred to the fact that all persons who returned from the tropics should parasitologically be examined for an infection with Entamoeba histolytica.

Dientamoeba↗

PubMed1988

[Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cellular proteins from parasitic flagellates of the order Trichomonadida].

Some Trichomonas hominis and Dientamoeba fragilis strains were compared by electrophoretic patterns of total proteins from trophozoites. Easily distinguished patterns divided T. hominis in different types. Significant differences were also seen comparing T. hominis and D. fragilis whilst among strains of D. fragilis electrophoretic protein patterns were mostly found to be accordant.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Giardiasis and other intestinal parasitic infections in a Manitoba residential school for the mentally retarded.

A case of severely symptomatic giardiasis in a school for the mentally retarded prompted an epidemiologic survey of the institution. The rate of parasitic infection in the children were just under 50%. Multiple infections were common and one child harboured five different protozoa. The yield included known pathogens (Giardia lamblia, Metorchis conjunctus and Diphyllobothrium sp.), protozoa of potential pathogenicity (Dientamoeba fragilis) and other protozoa, the significance of which has yet to be determined. The prevalence of G. lamblia in the index ward was significantly higher than in a control ward matched for age and mobility of the children. The epidemiologic data suggested person-to-person transmission of G. lamblia within the institution. Recommendations for the control of protozoal intestinal infections in custodial institutions are presented.

Child↗

PubMed1995

How many stool examinations are necessary to detect pathogenic intestinal protozoa?

Recent reports have suggested that examination of one stool specimen is sufficient to detect protozoa in symptomatic patients. To verify this hypothesis, we examined specimens submitted to the regional laboratory of a large, prepaid health plan that provides primary care to a membership representative of the general population in northern California. We examined the number and results of stool specimen examinations in the two-month period before detection of Entamoeba histolytica in 125 infected persons, of Giardia lamblia in 154 infected persons, and of Dientamoeba fragilis in 60 persons infected with this parasite. About 13% of the entire group had a single stool specimen examined, 19% had two examined, 65% had three examined, and 6% had more than three examined. Most infections were detected in the first specimen or specimens submitted, but many were not detected until later examination. Thirteen patients with E. histolytica (10.4%) required 4-9 examinations. The sensitivity of one examination was compared with that of three examinations; with the additional examinations, the yield increased 22.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 11.8-33.5%) for E. histolytica, 11.3% (95% CI = 6.9-81.8%) for G. lamblia, and 31.1% (95% CI = 17.7-54.4%) for D. fragilis. Our results suggest that a single stool specimen examination will miss many pathogenic protozoan infections in symptomatic persons.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Health status of pediatric refugees in Buffalo, NY.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the health status of recent pediatric refugees. RESEARCH DESIGN: Medical records of 107 pediatric refugees who underwent screening during a recent 24-month period were reviewed. SETTING: A county hospital pediatric clinic in a metropolitan area with a population of 1,189,000. The majority of pediatric refugees who come to the Buffalo, NY, area receive a health screening in this clinic. RESULTS: Most of the children were from Vietnam (67%), the Soviet Republics (19%), or Africa (14%). The median age was 8 years 2 months (range, 1 to 18 years). Only 39% of the children had evidence of adequate immunizations for age (39 of the children from Vietnam, two children from Africa, and one from the Soviet Republics). In 30%, physical examinations exposed conditions that required follow-up or referral to a medical or surgical specialist. Forty-two percent of the children required dental referral. Seven children were anemic; three had microcytic anemia. Of 81 children who underwent screening for hepatitis B, six (7%) were carriers, 35 (43%) were positive for hepatitis B surface antibody, and only four (5%) related a history of hepatitis exposure. Stool specimens were examined for ova and parasites in 87 children; 19 had pathogenic parasites with multiple organisms in two. Thirteen (24%) of 55 children who were tested from Vietnam, five (36%) of 14 children who were tested from Africa, and one (5%) of 18 children who were tested from the Soviet Republics had pathogenic parasites. Parasites included Ascaris lumbricoides (n = 8), Necator americanus or Ancylostoma duodenale (n = 5), Giardia lamblia (n = 3), Trichuris trichiura (n = 2), Dientamoeba fragilis (n = 2), and Entamoeba histolytica (n = 1). Skin testing for tuberculosis with purified protein derivative (tuberculin) was completed in 83 children, and 17 (20%) had reactive tests (21% [12/58] from Vietnam, 11% [1/9] from Africa, and 25% [4/16] from the Soviet Republics). CONCLUSIONS: Refugee children who come to the United States frequently have conditions that put them at risk of future morbidity and may require utilization of substantial health care resources. Some of these conditions represent public health concerns.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Electrophoretic isoenzyme patterns of the pathogenic and non-pathogenic intestinal amoebae of man.

Cultured stocks of Entamoeba hartmanni, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba buetschlli and Dientamoeba fragilis were compared with the four Entamoeba histolytical groups already described (SARGEAUNT et al., 1978), by the electrophoretic patterns of three enzymes: glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and L-malate: NADP+ oxidoreductase (oxalacetate-decarboxylating) (ME). All the species were easily distinguished by their characteristic patterns.

Amoeba↗

PubMed1980

The epidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica in Mexico City. A pilot survey I.

Stocks of intestinal amoebae isolated from hospital patients in Mexico City and grown in monoxenic culture were compared among themselves and with those already described (SARGEAUNT & WILLIAMS, 1979), using the electrophoretic patterns of four enzymes: glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), L-malate:NADP+ oxido-reductase (oxalacetate-decarboxylating) (ME) and hexokinase (HK). New isoenzyme groups (SARGEAUNT & WILLIAMS, 1979) of all the amoebae, including Entamoeba histolytica have been demonstrated. Amongst these have been found seven more groups of E. histolytica, two new groups of E. hartmanni, one new group of Dientamoeba fragilis and one new group of E. coli. Of the seven new groups of E. histolytica three are known to originate from patients with clinical amoebiasis whilst the remainder are from asymptomatic subjects. Only 11.2% of the 125 isolations were associated with clinical amoebiasis, and these are clearly distinguished from the isolations from asymptomatic patients by their electrophoretic isoenzyme pattern.

Amoeba↗

PubMed1982

The epidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica in a rural and an urban area of Mexico. A pilot survey II.

Stocks of intestinal amoebae grown in monoxenic culture, were compared against each other and against those previously reported from Mexico City. These were isolated from subjects in San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas (rural area) and hospital patients in Merida, Yucatan (urban area). Electrophoretic patterns of the four enzymes: glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), L-malate: NADP+ oxido-reductase (oxalacetate-decarboxylating) (ME) and hexokinase (HK) demonstrated the presence of five groups (zymodemes) of Entamoeba histolytica already described from Mexico City, together with two new zymodemes, one of which gave a recognizable pathogenic pattern, whilst the other gave a contradictory pattern. Zymodemes of Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba hartmanni, Iodamoeba buetschlii and Dientamoeba fragilis, previously described were also isolated. One new zymodeme of D. fragilis was demonstrated.

Amebiasis↗

PubMed1983

Safety and efficacy of diphetarsone in the treatment of amoebiasis, non-pathogenic amoebiasis and trichuriasis.

Eighty-nine patients infected with Entamoeba histolytica, non-pathogenic amoebae or Trichuris trichiura were studied prospectively to determine the safety and efficacy of diphetarsone therapy. An additional 75 patients were studied retrospectively to assess further the efficacy of diphetarsone in the treatment of E. histolytica cyst passers. Side effects were noted in 9% and included gastrointestinal upset, lightheadedness and headache. Transient liver function abnormalities were recorded in 5.6%. diphetarsone was completely effective in the treatment of Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba hartmanni, Iodamoeba buetschlii and Trichuris trichiura. 99% of the patients with E. histolytica, 97% of those with E. coli and 98% of those with Endolimax nana were cured.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Parasitism and diarrhoea in children from two rural communities and marginal barrio in Honduras.

In Honduras, one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children is diarrhoea, but little is known about its aetiology and risk factors. A prospective longitudinal study of 266 children over a 12 month period in 2 rural villages and a marginal barrio revealed attack rates of 7 episodes per child per year among those less than 36 months of age. The most common parasite was Giardia lamblia, found in 61% of the children and in 29% of 848 episodes of diarrhoea. Chronic diarrhoea was noted in 46.6% of the children and 81% of them were infected with G. lamblia. Multiple infections with 5-10 different species of parasites or commensals were common (47%); no parasites or commensals were found in 17 children (6.4%). No case of acute amoebic dysentery was diagnosed either clinically or parasitologically, although 20% of the children had cysts of E. histolytica in the stools. Other potential parasitic pathogens identified were Cryptosporidium sp. (6.7%), Hymenolepis nana (8%), and Strongyloides stercoralis (2.6%). Dientamoeba fragilis was found in iron haematoxylin smears for the first time in Honduras. Important risk factors recognized included high faecal contamination of the environment, lack of potable water, education and housing in the midst of poverty. The marginal barrio was more affected than the rural villages. Should these factors not be changed or modified, diarrhoea caused by infectious agents will remain an endemic life-threatening problem.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2006

Overdiagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in Nicaragua: a microscopic, triage parasite panel and PCR study.

BACKGROUND: Based on stool microscopy, an E. histolytica/E. dispar prevalence of 18.6% was found in León, Nicaragua about 10 years ago. Since then, new non-microscopic methods have been developed to discriminate between pathogenic E. histolytica and nonpathogenic E. dispar. The main objectives of the present study were to evaluate the true prevalence of E. histolytica among individuals with diarrhea and to assess the diagnostic procedures carried out at the health center level. METHODS: A descriptive study was carried out on patients with diarrhea. Parasite detection was performed by conventional microscopy on native preparations or concentrated and stained specimens, Triage Parasite Panel and by PCR for both E. histolytica and E. dispar. RESULTS: In 134 individuals with diarrhea, the prevalence of intestinal parasites was 69% as detected by direct stool examination. E. histolytica/E. dispar was found in eight (6%) of the samples, but the health centers reported 24%. In the Triage Parasite Panel only one case of E. histolytica/E. dispar was found. Analysis by PCR showed E. dispar in ten (7.5%) and E. histolytica in two cases (1.5%). The detection of intestinal coccidia and Dientamoeba fragilis required additional staining methods. CONCLUSIONS: PCR results showed that E. histolytica is a rare finding in patients with diarrhea. At the health centers, E. histolytica, E. histolytica/E. dispar were clearly overdiagnosed, with the consequence of overtreatment.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of two methods (microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) for the diagnosis of amebiasis.

Diagnosis of amebiasis is usually performed on a clinical basis alone in most endemic countries having limited economic resources. This epidemiological study was conducted using modern diagnostic tests for amebiasis in the southeastern region of Turkey, an endemic area for amebiasis. The population of this study included patients with symptomatic diarrhea/dysentery attending both Yuzuncu Yil University, Van and Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey. A total of 380 stool specimens were collected and examined for Entamoeba by light microscopy (fresh, lugol, and trichrome staining) and stool antigen detection based- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA) test (TechLab Entamoeba histolytica II). 24% (91/380) of stool specimens were positive for E. histolytica/Entamoeba dispar trophozoites/cysts microscopically using trichrome staining. 13% (51/380) of the stool specimens were found to be positive for E. histolytica by the EIA test, including 15% (14/91) of microscopy (+) stool specimens and 13% (37/289) of microscopy (-) stool specimens. Enteric parasites were common in these populations with 66% (251/380) of the study population harboring more than one parasite. In addition to the 13% (51/380) of patients determined to have E. histolytica by EIA, eighty-six patients (22.6%) had Blastocystis hominis, 54 (14.2%) Entamoeba coli, 44 (11.5%) Giardia lamblia, 16 (4.2%) Chilomastix mesnili, 15 (3.9%) Iodamoeba bütschlii, 12 (3.1%) Hymenolepis nana, 9 (2.3%) Endolimax nana, 9 (2.3%) Dientamoeba fragilis, and 8 (2.1%) had Ascaris lumbricoides. We concluded that E. histolytica infection was found in 13% of the patients presenting with diarrhea in Van and Sanliurfa Turkey.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Presence of very high prevalence and intensity of infection with Fasciola hepatica among Aymara children from the Northern Bolivian Altiplano.

Coprological studies of school children from four communities in the Northern Bolivian Altiplano were carried out in order to estimate the prevalences and intensities of Fasciola hepatica infection. Single stool specimens were collected at random from 558 school children (308 boys and 250 girls) aged 5-19 years old. Nineteen different parasite species (13 protozoan and six helminths) were detected. Of the children examined, 98.7% (96.5-100%) presented infection with at least one parasite species. The mean prevalence of 27.6% by Fasciola hepatica (range, 5.9-38.2%) was the highest not only with respect to the helminth species found in the Northern Bolivian Altiplano but also among the fasciolosis prevalences reported in children in other parts of the world to date. Prevalences were significantly different among the communities surveyed and was significantly higher in the 9-12 years age group. There were, however, no significant differences between sexes. Among the 154 children presenting F. hepatica eggs in stools, intensities ranged from 24-5064 eggs per gram of faeces (epg), with arithmetic and geometric means of 474 and 201 epg, respectively. Significant differences in mean egg output were detected between communities, sexes and age groups. Individual fasciolosis infections coexisting with other pathogenic parasite species (Entamoeba histolytica and/or E. dispar, Giardia intestinalis, Balantidium coli, Dientamoeba fragilis, Cryptosporidium sp., Hymenolepis nana, Taenia spp., Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides and Enterobius vermicularis) were detected. A significant positive association with F. hepatica was only found in the case of G. intestinalis. This coprological study not only verifies the existence of high prevalences of F. hepatica among humans in the Northern Bolivian Altiplano, but also demonstrates the need to expand the Southern boundaries of this high endemic zone to include the Southeastern region of Lake Titicaca.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[Evolution in the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in the Fort de France University Hospital (Martinique)].

OBJECTIVE: Determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 1999 in the microbiology laboratory of the Fort de France University Hospital. METHOD: Retrospective study of the results of 4684 parasitological examinations of stools performed in 2704 patients between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 1999 in this laboratory. RESULTS: This survey showed the high prevalence of anguillulosis, found in 51.69% of infested patients and in 4.56% of the population studied, the ever high prevalence of non or scarcely pathogenic amoebas (Endolimax nanus, Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba coli) found in 27.19% of infested patients and 1.88% of the population studied, together with that of hookworms (12.80% of infested patients and 1.13% of the population), and the persistence of lambliasis. This study also revealed the presence of cryptosporidies (7 cases) and microsporidies (4 cases) in the patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus. DISCUSSION: These results confirm the trend of the past twenty Years and the results of surveys initiated by the national statistics board (INSERM) in 1978, 1988 and 1995-1995, with the regression of bilharziosis and the persistence of anguillulosis and hookworms. CONCLUSION: The improvement in living conditions and hygiene, the combined efforts of the health care workers and Authorities in Martinique over the past 30 Years in the fight against parasites have led to a great reduction in the prevalence of classical intestinal parasitosis. However, new parasites associated with HIV infection have appeared.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗