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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Pulmonary retention of particulate matter is associated with airway inflammation in allergic rats exposed to air pollution in urban Detroit.

A collaborative research study was conducted in order to improve our understanding of the source-to-receptor pathway for ambient fine particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter < or = 2.5 mu m; PM2.5) and subsequently to investigate the identity and sources of toxic components in PM2.5 responsible for adverse health effects in allergic humans. This research used a Harvard fine particle concentrator to expose Brown Norway rats, with and without ovalbumin-induced allergic airway disease, to concentrated air particles (CAPs) generated from ambient air in an urban Detroit community where the pediatric asthma rate was three times higher than the national average. Rats were exposed to CAPs during the exposure periods in July (mean = 676 microg/m3) and September (313 microg/m3) of 2000. Twenty-four hours after exposures lung lobes were either lavaged with saline to determine cellularity and protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), or removed for analysis by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to detect ambient PM2.5-derived trace element retention. PM2.5 trace elements of anthropogenic origin, lanthanum (La), vanadium (V), manganese (Mn), and sulfur (S), were recovered from the lung tissues of CAPs-exposed rats. Recovery of those pulmonary anthropogenic particles was further increased in rats with allergic airways. In addition, eosinophils and protein in BALF were increased only in allergic animals exposed to CAPs. These results demonstrate preferential retention in allergic airways of air particulates derived from identified local combustion sources after a short-term exposure. Our findings suggest that the enhancement of allergic airway responses by exposure to PM2.5 is mediated in part by increased pulmonary deposition and localization of potentially toxic elements in urban air.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1992

Delayed detection of an increase in resistant Acinetobacter at a Detroit hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To study an increase of antimicrobial-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and to assess reasons for the delayed detection of this increase. DESIGN: Review of medical, laboratory, and infection control records. Plasmid profile analysis of available A baumannii isolates. SETTING: A 340-bed trauma and intensive care hospital in Detroit, Michigan. RESULTS: The number of hospitalized patients with resistant A baumannii increased during late 1989 and early 1990: 4 in September, 10 in October, 12 in November, 18 in December, and 23 in January (chi square for trend = 14.6, p = .0001). Forty-four (66%) of the 67 patients culture-positive for resistant A baumannii had respiratory tract colonization or infection. Of 11 resistant isolates, 6 had a similar plasmid profile and 5 had no plasmids. Under the hospital's targeted surveillance system, only positive cultures from blood or wounds were investigated; this largely respiratory increase of resistant A baumannii went unrecognized until January 1990. CONCLUSIONS: Antimicrobial resistance in A baumannii is an important concern. Such resistance is not necessarily plasmid mediated. Targeted surveillance for this and other agents of nosocomial infection should be used with caution, particularly in hospitals with many debilitated patients.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bacteremia in narcotic addicts at the Detroit Medical Center. II. Infectious endocarditis: a prospective comparative study.

For one year all narcotic addicts admitted to the Detroit Medical Center with infectious endocarditis (74 cases) were compared with a control group of bacteremic addicts who had other infections (106 cases). Endocarditis was caused by Staphylococcus aureus (60.8% of cases), streptococci (16.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.5%), mixed bacteria (8.1%), and Corynebacterium JK (1.4%). S. aureus endocarditis most frequently involved the tricuspid valve; streptococci infected left-sided valves significantly more often than other organisms (P = .001). Biventricular and multiple-valve infections were commonest in patients with pseudomonas endocarditis (P = .05). Two-dimensional echocardiography, when combined with an abnormal chest roentgenogram, was highly predictive of endocarditis. Bacteremia in the absence of endocarditis was associated with primary skin and soft tissue infection, mycotic aneurysm at the site of narcotic injection, septic arthritis, septic thrombophlebitis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, mediastinal abscess, and unclassified infection. Polymicrobial bacteremia in the nonendocarditis group was associated with markedly increased morbidity. Mild hyponatremia occurred in 41% of all patients and was also associated with significantly increased morbidity. Analysis of the two groups disclosed similarities and differences with implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of addicts with bacteremic infection.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Parity and blood pressure among four race-stress groups of females in Detroit.

Blood pressures (BPs) of 755 Detroit, Michigan, area females have been analyzed in relation to parity, race and residential stress. Mean BP values have been adjusted by standard methods of covariance analysis for differing effects of age and body size among various groups being compared. Adjusted systolic and diastolic BPs are found to be significantly different for black and white females. A residential stress effect is also seen for systolic BP among white females. However, none of the regression relationships between BP and parity is found to be significant in the race-stress groups included in the study. Thus, neither the consideration of race and stress nor adjustments for age and body size appear to add new information to the complex subject of BP as it relates to childbearing.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Family risk index as a measure of familial heterogeneity of cancer risk. A population-based study in metropolitan Detroit.

A family risk index was developed that compares the distribution of an endpoint in all families (regardless of disease status) with multiple, random, internal comparison groups. This index incorporates the person-time approach to adjust for risk due to age, birth cohort, sex, and race. It was validated and applied to a population-based sample of 51,714 individuals in 3,277 families from metropolitan Detroit to evaluate the role of familial risk factors in the development of cancer. Interviews took place between June 1973 and July 1977. A measure of familial heterogeneity of risk was used to determine whether cancer risk in families differed from cancer risk in randomly generated comparison groups of the same age, sex, race, birth cohort, and size distributions. For cancers of all sites combined, familial heterogeneity of risk was expressed in the study sample both as lower risk than expected among some families and as higher risk than expected among some families. It is estimated that 27% of the variability in cancer occurrence in the families is due to familial factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease in Detroit, Michigan.

In the December 1952 smog disaster in London, a substantial increase in mortality was closely associated with the increase in air pollution. Deaths from cardiovascular causes were elevated as well as respiratory deaths. The increase was greatest in the elderly. Hospital admissions were increased for both respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Since then, many studies have reported associations between lower concentrations of air pollution and daily mortality. Little attention has been paid to the question of hospital admissions for cardiovascular illness, however. This study examined the association between air pollution and cardiovascular hospital admissions for persons aged 65 years and older in the Detroit, Michigan, metropolitan area during the years 1986-1989. After controlling for seasonal and other long-term temporal trends, temperature, and dew point temperature, the particulate matter with an aerodiameter of < or = 10 microns (PM10) was associated with daily admissions for ischemic heart disease (relative risk (RR) = 1.018, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.005-1.032 for an interquartile range (32 micrograms/m3) increase in pollution). SO2, CO, and ozone made no independent contribution to ischemic heart disease admissions. Both PM10 (RR = 1.024, 95% CI 1.004-1.044) and CO (RR = 1.022, 95% CI 1.010-1.034 for an interquartile range (1.28 ppm) increase in pollution) showed independent associations with heart failure admissions. These results were robust to alternate methods of estimation and weather control.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characteristics of bacterial endocarditis in heroin addicts in Detroit.

Over 24 months (January 1972-December 1973) 48 intravenous heroin users were admitted to Detroit General Hospital with 50 episodes of bacterial endocarditis (B.E.). Staphylococcus aureus (25 cases), enterococci (13 cases), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5 cases) were the usual pathogens, accounting for 86 per cent of these illnesses. Occasional episodes were due to other streptococci or diphtheroids which were susceptible to penicillin G. Staphylococcal and pseudomonas endocarditis usually involved the tricuspid valve, while enterococci affected aortic or mitral valves. Pre-existing valvular heart disease was not the sole determinant of the site of infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Non-traumatic gram-negative bacillary meningitis in the Detroit Medical Center, 1964-1974; (with special mention of cases due to Escherichia coli).

Clinical and autopsy records of eight adults with non-traumatic gram-negative bacillary meningitis who were admitted to the hospitals of the Wayne State University--Detroit Medical Center during the years 1964 to 1974 were reviewed. There were five community-acquired cases, and five patients died. Escherichia coli was the causative enteric bacillus in six cases. Community-acquired infections were due to Esch. coli in four of the patients. Each of the patients with a community-acquired infection was a chronic alcoholic. Esch. coli bronchopneumonias, urinary infections, and bacteremias seeding the meninges were usual. Shunting contaminated portal venous blood through the liver in patients with Laennec's cirrhosis, or bypassing the liver with similar infected blood from a genitourinary source by way of Batson's perivertebral plexus draining into the cerebral dural sinuses may be important in the pathogenesis of these infrequent cases of nontraumatic gram-negative bacillary meningitis. Spontaneous gram-negative bacteremias, peritonitis, bronchopneumonias, and now "meningitis" may be a constellation of special complications of the alcoholic. Mortality among 25 patients with Esch. coli meningitis reported from 1922 to 1974 is approximately 50%, and has not changed appreciably during the antibiotic era. Mortality, however, is significantly higher in nosocomially acquired cases. Early and more recent cases have had bloody, xanthochromic pleocytoses indicative of leptomeningeal arterial and venous vasculitis, and far advanced disease. Since causative/enteric bacilli have been susceptible to antimicrobial agents employed, another mode of antibacterial administration, perhaps utilizing parenteral plus intraventricular dosing, particularly for patients acquiring their infections in the hospital, may be required.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The Detroit Community-Academic Urban Research Center: development, implementation, and evaluation.

There is increasing research evidence that stressors in the social and physical environment (e.g., poverty, inadequate housing, air pollution, and racism) are associated with poor health outcomes. Given the complex set of determinants of health status, the disproportionate burden of disease experienced within marginalized communities, and the limited effectiveness of traditional prevention research, particularly within communities of color, there have been growing calls for more comprehensive and participatory approaches to public health research and practice. The purpose of this article is to describe and analyze the process of establishing, implementing, and evaluating the Detroit Community-Academic Urban Research Center (URC), a community-based participatory research (CBPR) partnership involving community-based organizations, a local health department, academia, and an integrated health care system. Lessons learned and recommendations for creating effective CBPR partnerships are presented.

Community Participation↗
PubMed2002

Racial and spatial relations as fundamental determinants of health in Detroit.

African Americans in the United States have a higher than average risk of morbidity and mortality, despite declining mortality rates for many causes of death for the general population. This article examines race-based residential segregation as a fundamental cause of racial disparities, shaping differences in exposure to, and experiences of, diseases and risk factors. The spatial distribution of racial groups, specifically the residential segregation of African Americans in aging urban areas, contributes to disparities in health by influencing access to economic, social, and physical resources essential to health. Using the Detroit metropolitan area as a case study, this article looks at the influences of the distribution of African American and white residents on access to these resources and discusses the implications for urban policies to reduce racial disparities in health status.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1990

Bioprosthetic valve replacement of aortic valve endocarditis: Detroit experience.

Bioprosthetic valve replacement for aortic valve endocarditis was reviewed in 98 patients, 39 nonaddicts and 59 addicts, from the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit. Multivariate analysis was carried out, and the bioprosthetic valve is a reasonable valve replacement device for both native and prosthetic valve endocarditis.

Abscess↗
PubMed1985

Health needs of high school students in Detroit.

This project identified the health care needs and information concerns of high school students who were potential patients for a new adolescent health clinic in Detroit. Questionnaires assessed current health problems, information needs, and factors affecting use of health services by 613 predominantly black, urban, high school students at a regional high school (n = 187, X age = 16.8) and a neighborhood high school (n = 426, X age = 15). Reported health problems included eating the proper foods, school problems, acne, depression, and headaches. Expressed health information needs included skin problems, drugs, gender, and birth control. Differences among school, age, and gender were noted. Subjects preferred continuity of provider care and receiving health information by private, direct, patient-physician contact. The findings were used in staff training and in program planning for the adolescent health clinic for high-risk youth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Tooth brushing, flossing, and preventive dental visits by Detroit-area residents in relation to demographic and socioeconomic factors.

A survey was conducted to identify (a) factors that influence preventive dental behaviors and (b) target groups for interventions. Data were collected in face-to-face interviews with a probability sample of 662 dentate adults living in the Detroit tricounty area. The interviews included questions about demographic and socioeconomic variables and about three preventive behaviors: brushing, flossing, and preventive dental visits. All behaviors were positively associated with socioeconomic status. Females were more likely than males to perform each of the behaviors at the recommended frequency. The behaviors were only weakly associated with age. Whites were more likely than nonwhites to make regular dental visits, but frequency of brushing and flossing did not vary substantially across racial groups. The impact of race on frequency of dental visits was reduced when socioeconomic status was statistically controlled. Findings suggest that socioeconomic status, race, and sex remain important considerations when planning dental health education or other interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Preventive oral health behaviors among African-Americans and whites in Detroit.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared the preventive oral health behaviors of African-Americans and whites. METHODS: Face-to-face interviews were conducted with a probability sample of 384 African-American and 358 white adults living in the greater Detroit area. Questions focused on brushing, flossing, and dental visits. RESULTS: More than 95 percent of both groups reported brushing daily; however, whites were more likely to brush all teeth, including parts that do not show. Frequency of flossing did not differ between groups. African-Americans, however, were less likely to floss all of their teeth. Whites were more likely than African-Americans to get dental check-ups at least once a year and much less likely to indicate they had never had a dental check-up. African-Americans tended to have less education and lower family income than whites and were more likely than whites to have Medicaid. Race differences in brushing thoroughness and annual check-ups were greatly reduced when income, education, and insurance were controlled statistically. CONCLUSIONS: African-Americans are less likely than whites to brush thoroughly, floss thoroughly, and get dental check-ups. These differences are partly traceable to differences in socioeconomic status and access to professional oral health care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Suicide in Detroit 1975: changes and continuities.

Data on 193 cases of suicide in Detroit are analyzed to assess changes and continuities in the etiology of suicide. A significant change in the correlates of suicide is a shift in the group with the highest rate of suicide from the elderly to the relatively young age cohorts. A tentative explanation for this new pattern is suggested in terms of youth culture and underemployment. Continuities in the traditional etiology of suicide included the findings that males, persons in manual occupations, whites, and immigrants had relatively high rates of suicide.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Variability in the susceptibility pattern of Bacteroides fragilis in four Detroit area hospitals.

Recent clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis selected at random from four Detroit area hospitals were collected over a 3-month period, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined within several days. The levels of antimicrobial agents used in this survey breached the concentration attainable in the patient's serum. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of these isolates to five antimicrobial agents suggest that there is a 20% variation in the resistance to clindamycin and also up to 20% variation among the other four antibiotics in the four area hospitals. The changing susceptibility pattern of B. fragilis to antibiotic resistance suggests that minimum inhibitory concentrations should be determined for all isolates from serious clinical infections.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

Occurrence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from different aquatic ecosystems within the St. Clair River and Detroit River areas.

Although the number of Escherichia coli bacteria in surface waters can differ greatly between locations, relatively little is known about the distribution of E. coli pathotypes in surface waters used as sources for drinking or recreation. DNA microarray technology is a suitable tool for this type of study due to its ability to detect high numbers of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes simultaneously. Pathotype, phylogenetic group, and antimicrobial resistance gene profiles were determined for 308 E. coli isolates from surface water samples collected from diverse aquatic ecosystems at six different sites in the St. Clair River and Detroit River areas. A higher frequency (48%) of E. coli isolates possessing virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes was observed in an urban site located downstream of wastewater effluent outfalls than in the other examined sites (average of 24%). Most E. coli pathotypes were extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) pathotypes and belonged to phylogenetic groups B2 and D. The ExPEC pathotypes were found to occur across all aquatic ecosystems investigated, including riverine, estuarine, and offshore lake locations. The results of this environmental study using DNA microarrays highlight the widespread distribution of E. coli pathotypes in aquatic ecosystems and the potential public health threat of E. coli pathotypes originating from municipal wastewater sources.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1980

Integration of the adeno-associated virus genome into cellular DNA in latently infected human Detroit 6 cells.

A clone of human cells (Detroit 6) latently infected by adeno-associated virus (AAV) has been characterized with regard to the status of the viral DNA. In both early (9 to 10) and late (118) passages of the clone, AAV-DNA was recombined with host DNA, at least in some cases as a head-to-tail tandem repeat, via the terminal sequences of the viral genome. However, it was not possible to distinguish between integration into chromosomal DNA and very large plasmids (< 20 x 10(6) molecular weight) which contain both viral and cellular DNA sequences. Although evidence for some modifications of the viral sequence was obtained, most of the integrated sequences appeared to be intact. In some cases sequences of undetermined origin separated adjacent copies of the viral genome. Free copies of the AAV genome were detectable in late passage cells, but not in early passage cells. The orientation of nucleotide sequences present in the free AAV DNA from late passage cells was indistinguishable from that of virion DNA. With the notable exception, the organization of the integrated AAV sequences as determined by restriction enzyme digestion remained constant with continued passage. Digestion with SmaI, which cleaves within the palindromic region of the terminal repetition in AAV DNA, produced reproducibly different patterns when early and late passage DNAs were compared. Several models for rescue of free copies of the genome from the integrated DNA are possible, all of which involve the terminal repetition.

Base Sequence↗