Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Dependency Burden”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Intestinal pathology during acute toxoplasmosis is IL-4 dependent and unrelated to parasite burden.

The role of interleukin-4 (IL-4) during the course of Toxoplasma gondii infection was studied using IL-4-/- mice and their wild-type (WT) counterparts on a C57BL/6 background. Following oral infection with T. gondii tissue cysts an exacerbative role for IL-4 was demonstrated and IL-4-/- mice were found to be more resistant to infection than WT mice as measured by significantly reduced mortality. Furthermore pathology in the small intestine was less severe in IL-4-/- mice although conversely liver pathology was greater than in wild-type mice. Significantly, plasma IL-12 and IFN-gamma levels, which peaked at days 6 and 8, respectively, were higher in IL-4-/- mice. The exacerbatory role of IL-4 in the intestine was found by competitive RT-PCR not to be associated with increased parasite burdens but was related to comparative expression of IL-10.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

Grey horizons: who pays for old age in the 21st century?

"This article challenges pessimistic interpretations of the economic impact of population ageing that have been advanced by the World Bank and others. Common perceptions of an ¿old age crisis' are shown to result from a narrow reading of demographic data. Future changes in the age structure of the population will be no greater than those already experienced and accommodated in the last fifty years, and estimates of demographic dependency ratios provide an unreliable basis for future economic projections. Although population ageing will require a larger proportion of income to be transferred from years of work to years of retirement, this cost cannot be significantly reduced by shifting from public to private pension systems." The geographical focus is on Australia.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Filipino workers in the Middle East: social profile and policy implications.

The characteristics of international labor migrants from the Philippines are examined. "Based on an analysis of a sample of 495 Middle East workers and 1983 worker placements, this paper presents a profile of Filipino workers in the Middle East with reference to such variables as occupation, gender, age and work experience, civil status, education, Philippine residence, household size and number of dependents." (summary in FRE, SPA)

Africa↗
PubMed2002

Postprandial endothelial impairment and reduced glutathione levels in postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Postmenopausal age is characterized by a higher risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and postprandial lipemia is strictly related with the evidence of CHD. The aim of the study was to clarify the vascular effects of postprandial state in postmenopausal women. METHODS: Ten postmenopausal women (mean age 57 +/- 8 years) without vascular risk factors and history of cardiovascular disease underwent an oral fat load test. Endothelial function, expressed as brachial flow-mediated vasodilation (FMV), lipid parameters and reduced glutathione (GSH) were evaluated at baseline and 2, 4 and 6 h after the load. RESULTS: FMV showed a significant decrease at the 2nd hour (2.3 +/- 2.6%, vs. baseline 7.7 +/- 2.8%, p < 0.05) and overlapping to the basal value after 4 h. Triglycerides increased postprandially at the 2nd and 4th hour (1.6 +/- 0.6 micromol/l, 1.8 +/- 0.5 micromol/l vs. baseline 0.9 +/- 0.4 micromol/l, p < 0.05), decreasing thereafter. GSH decreased at the 2nd hour of the postprandial phase (5.1 +/- 1.9 micromol/l vs. baseline 8.4 +/- 1.9 micromol/l, p < 0.05), normalizing successively. At the univariate analysis a negative correlation was found between FMV and triglyceride changes (r = -0.37, p < 0.05) and a positive one between FMV and GSH modifications (r = 0.40, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These data demonstrated that postprandial lipemia transiently impairs endothelial reactivity by an oxidative burden, partly dependent to triglyceride increase.

Brachial Artery↗
PubMed1990

Demographic factors reshaping ties to family and place.

This article explores the broad topic of how the selective character of human migration and changing family circumstances may shape the intensity of local need among the future elderly. At origin, it is the healthier, better educated, and more affluent elderly who venture to migrate; and although people migrate from a broad spectrum of origins, they flow selectively to a narrow spectrum of destinations. At the same time, contemporary changes in family makeup and internal division of labor alter their capacity to care for elderly members. These demographic realities define a policy issue ripe for study. 1990 census data can reveal how the pressures of population aging will diffuse spatially, in terms of timing and intensity and, given the complex interaction of migration selectivity and family transformation, who will be distanced from whom, and with what consequences. Scattered evidence from earlier years casts light on certain facets of this issue: (a) the ties between elderly and their children, (b) the differing configurations of migration flows generating elderly concentration in locales, and (c) the changing nature of elderly concentration in recent decades. With 1990 census data, it will be possible to extend certain findings and consider their implications for how future aging and dependency may express themselves locally.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Immuno-epidemiology of human Schistosoma haematobium infection: preferential IgG3 antibody responsiveness to a recombinant antigen dependent on age and parasite burden.

BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis is a major parasitic disease affecting over 200 million people in the developing world with a further 400 million people at risk of infection. The aim of this study was to identify a single antigen from adult Schistosoma haematobium worms and subsequently use this antigen to study the development of schistosome-acquired immunity in a human population. METHODS: The full-length cDNA sequence of a S. haematobium protein, a putative orthologue of the S. mansoni tegumental antigen Sm13, was obtained from a cDNA library of adult S. haematobium worms and named Sh13 following a small-scale expressed sequence tags (EST) project. The recombinant Sh13 protein expressed in E. coli, was used to investigate immuno-epidemiological patterns in 147 Zimbabweans (7-18 years old) exposed to S. haematobium. RESULTS: Sequence analysis of the full-length cDNA sequence of the S. haematobium protein Sh13, indicated that the protein has an N-terminal signal peptide and encodes an 85-amino acid mature protein with a highly conserved predicted transmembrane domain (86 % identity with the S. mansoni tegumental antigen Sm13). The recombinant Sh13 protein was used in ELISA assays to determine the reactivity of sera from the study participants. Antibody responses against Sh13 were predominantly IgG3 isotype compared to responses against crude worm antigens which were predominantly IgG1 and IgG4. The relationship between anti-Sh13 IgG3 levels and infection intensity varied significantly with host age. The youngest children (7-10 years old) had relatively low levels of both infection and anti-Sh13 IgG3. In older children (11-12 years old) rising infection levels were accompanied by a significant increase in anti-Sh13 IgG3 levels. Subsequently, infection intensity declined significantly in 13-18 year olds but levels of the antibody continued to rise. The changing relationship between infection intensity and anti-Sh13 IgG3 levels with host age is consistent with the profile of a protective immune response predicted from theoretical work. CONCLUSION: We have identified and characterised a novel S. haematobium antigen Sh13, a putative tegumental protein, and shown that it is recognised predominantly by IgG3 antibodies from people infected with/exposed to S. haematobium parasites. We have also shown that, the anti-Sh13 IgG3 response is maximal in older individuals with the lowest infection intensity, and that the age profile of the relationship between anti-Sh13 IgG3 and infection intensity is consistent with that predicted by theoretical work for a protective response stimulated by and directed against adult worms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Annual cost of erectile dysfunction to UK Society.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to estimate the annual socioeconomic burden imposed by erectile dysfunction (ED) on UK society. DESIGN AND SETTING: Health service resource use attributable to ED during 1997/1998 was obtained from appropriate databases and a panel of 22 hospital specialists comprising urologists, genito-urinary physicians, diabetologists and sexual health physicians. National unit resource costs at 1996/1997 prices were applied to the resource use data to estimate the annual National Health Service (NHS) cost of managing ED. A structured questionnaire pertaining to direct costs and absenteeism from work attributable to ED was mailed to a randomly selected sample of 5000 individuals who experience ED. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES AND RESULTS: During 1997/1998, the annual NHS cost was estimated to be 43.9 Pounds million for managing 113,600 men with ED. Outpatient visits were the major cost driver, accounting for 65% of the annual cost. Drugs prescribed by general practitioners (GPs) accounted for a further 25%. GP consultations and penile prosthetic surgery each accounted for 4%. Tests initiated by GPs accounted for 2%, while other resources accounted for less than 1%. The annual cost was sensitive to the number of outpatient visits and, to a lesser extent, to the number of prescriptions for ED treatments, but insensitive to changes in use of the other resources. Completed questionnaires were received from 23% (n = 1141) of the sample of individuals who experience ED. From the survey, it was estimated that the NHS managed 35% of individuals with ED in the last year. Assuming this to be representative, the total potential population of individuals with ED in the UK was estimated to be approximately 324,600 men. The total population of individuals with ED (n = 324,600 men) was estimated to incur 7.0 Pounds million annually in direct costs attributable to ED and to lose 19,630 days a year from work as a result of their ED, costing society 2.2 Pounds million in lost gross domestic product. CONCLUSIONS: ED imposes a relatively small burden on UK society--53 Pounds million. Of this, 83% is borne by the NHS and 13% by patients. Indirect costs to society due to lost productivity account for the remaining 4%. The total NHS cost is strongly influenced by the number of hospital outpatient visits. Therefore, the future burden will depend largely on patients' eligibility to receive ED treatments on the NHS.

Cost of Illness↗
PubMed1989

Consequences of gender differentials in life expectancy for black and Hispanic Americans.

Increased survival by blacks and Hispanics is causing a widening of the sex imbalance of the elderly population much like we have observed in the general population. These demographic trends point toward greater widowhood among minority women and continuing high rates of poverty. In addition, we can expect increased rates of disability in minority elderly women, increased dependency, worsening intergenerational relationships, and higher rates of institutionalization.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1994

Determinants of the demographic impact of HIV-1 in sub-Saharan Africa: the effect of a shorter mean adult incubation period on trends in orphanhood.

Recent evidence suggests that the adult HIV-1 incubation period may be shorter in some sub-Saharan African populations than in Western populations. In this article we use mathematical-model-based simulations to show that, other things being equal, a shorter incubation period can result in smaller but more pronounced HIV-1 epidemics and faster, more acute, changes in demographic features, such as adult mortality, orphanhood and population structure. Empirical studies of orphanhood reveal similar patterns to those found in the simulations, but suggest that migration patterns and structural factors can give rise to greater concentrations of orphans in areas of relatively low HIV-1 prevalence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

America's elderly: policy implications.

Senior citizens, particularly those aged 75 or older, are the fastest growing group in the US today. 25 million strong, the elderly make up 11% of the total population, the proportion ranging from 18.1% in Florida to 2.6% in Alaska. 1/4 of the federal budget, $155 billion in 1980, now goes to their support yet many face difficulty in gaining access to the programs designed to benefit them. The elderly, especially those who rely solely on Social Security, comprise a disproportionate share of all poor households. The retirement system itself is facing financing challenges that promise to grow as the baby boom generation swells the number of senior citizens to 55 million in 2030. Plans to coordinate government programs and improve the method of financing the retirement system are receiving increasing attention. Financing Social Security from revenue funds, or with actuarial reserves, are 2 alternatives to the present pay-as-you-go system. Another area of concern to policymakers is America's health care system, which is now crisis oriented and heavily biased toward institutionalization. Health care must be made more responsive to the long-term needs of the oldest segment of the population, many of whom suffer from chronic illnesses. Impaired elderly receive most of their care from family or friends, and private organizations, but this natural support network largely has been ignored by government. New program initiatives might emphasize homemaker services, geriatric day care, compensation for families that provide for the needs of an elderly relative, and the strengthening of the informal partnership between the elderly themselves, their families and friends, community groups, private organizations, and government at the state and local as well as the federal level.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Population ageing, retirement policy and living conditions of the elderly in China.

The authors discuss economic and social aspects of the predicted rapid aging of China's population. They conclude that "its economic impact will depend on the outcome of the birth control campaign in rural areas...and on the pace of transition towards the nuclear family. In view of the very primitive nature of the retirement and health insurance systems, a rapid breakdown of family structures would constitute a major threat to the welfare of the elderly. Excepting certain middle- or upper-class pensioners in large cities, the standard of living of the elderly population remains very low and, due to the co-residence of generations, it is closely linked to trends in average income."

Adult↗