Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Databases as Topic”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Trial summary software.

Medical practice is most strongly founded when based on the results of well conducted clinical trials. Clinical trial results normally enter the domain of medical knowledge and practice through their publication in scientific journals. This in itself poses problems of accessibility and selection. The results of this is a slow and selective diffusion of new medical facts which has a consequent cost in human lives and human suffering. In an attempt to shorten this information path initiatives such as the Cochrane collaboration produce and maintain systematic reviews by speciality of the current state of knowledge. The ability to store a representation of a clinical trial in a standard form seems to us to be a necessary condition for the efficient and reproducible preparation of systematic reviews. Furthermore the consequent increased accessibility of research results due to the existence of the summaries would itself be of great use. In this aim a relational database client server system was developed and we publish here the results of our preliminary findings, including the data model, which we feel is an important contribution to the future discussion and development of computer based representations of clinical trial protocols and results and their use in clinical decision making.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1999

Description of the Genetic Analysis Workshop 11 Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism.

Problem 1 of Genetic Analysis Workshop 11 consists of data from a family study of the genetics of alcoholism and related traits contributed by the six centers making up the National Institute for Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism sponsored by the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). The family data included 1,214 members of 105 pedigrees ascertained for having three or more individuals affected with alcoholism. Data available to workshop participants included clinical phenotypes, personality measures, smoking behavior, event-related potentials, platelet monamine oxidase B activity, and a genome scan of 296 markers.

Alcoholism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Establishment of a uniform common data set for pediatric oncology. Applied Informatics Study Group of the GPOH (Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology)].

Large multicenter trials have made a major contribution to the improvement of treatment results in childhood malignancies. Coordination and central documentation ensure the quality of treatment and permit clinical and scientific investigations. This kind of cooperation requires a vast amount of documentation, which by itself has become a critical factor in answering important medical questions. The problems result from non-standardized documentation systems in different studies, from insufficient integration of clinical work and documentation and from a lack of application of modern computer based data management systems. The working group "Applied Informatics" of the German "Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Onkologie und Hämatologie (GPOH)" has started a project to create an uniform basic data set for the German pediatric oncology group. Relevant initial diagnostic data, information about planned and realized treatment as well as data concerning negative event had to be standardized. A minimal common data set with a substantially reduced documentation, which is applicable for all patients and trials, would have failed to fulfil the clinical as well as the research needs. The data set presented here is a detailed information structure introduced as a basic tool for the improvement of data management in the German pediatric oncology group. This first version of the basic data set will need further development, since some of the problems still need to be resolved and the requirements for such data pools are changing. Based on this data set new computer software and clinical information systems have to be developed to enable documentation and processing of all clinical and study related data.

Child↗
PubMed1999

[Arterial hypertension and systolic left ventricular dysfunction: therapeutic approach].

Arterial hypertension is a cardinal precursor of congestive heart failure, and diastolic dysfunction is the most frequent mechanism for it. Systolic left ventricular dysfunction, although less frequent, has a worse prognosis. Most cases of systolic dysfunction in patients with hypertension is due to acute myocardial infarction, although other mechanisms can be involved. In some studies, non-ischemic hypertensive systolic dysfunction is the etiology of chronic heart failure in up to 10% of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Diastolic dysfunction and left ventricular hypertrophy are also associated with a higher risk of heart failure and systolic dysfunction. Given the poor prognosis of patients with congestive heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy, it is fundamental to try to prevent the development of left ventricular dysfunction by means of a correct control of blood pressure, regression of left ventricular hypertrophy and prevention of coronary artery disease. When systolic dysfunction is established, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are the treatment of choice; diuretics and digoxin can be added in patients with overt congestive heart failure. Recent studies suggest that other drugs, such as carvedilol and losartan, can be beneficial, but current evidence is still scarce.

Amlodipine↗
PubMed2000

Human immunodeficiency virus on the web: a guided tour.

Through the efforts of thousands of individuals, the World Wide Web has become a gold mine of information about HIV. In this article, we describe approximately 90 Web sites that are among the most useful to clinicians and researchers with regard to HIV. Web sites were classified according to their content and target audience and were judged according to their adherence to accepted standards of medical Internet publishing. Selected Web sites were categorized into the following groups: (1) sites with comprehensive coverage of HIV treatment and its management, (2) on-line peer-reviewed journals, (3) proceedings of scientific meetings, (4) sites with HIV-related textbooks, manuals, and guidelines, (5) government publications, (6) research databases, (7) information on clinical trials, (8) sites with comprehensive information for laypersons, and (9) sites with information related to specific medical complications of HIV infection.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2000

Fish oil supplementation in type 2 diabetes: a quantitative systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of fish oil supplementation on lipid levels and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A comprehensive search of Medline, Embase, Lilacs, the Cochrane Clinical Trials Registry bibliographies of relevant papers, and expert input updated through September 1998 was undertaken. All randomized placebo-controlled trials were included in which fish oil supplementation was the only intervention in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Three investigators performed data extraction and quality scoring independently with discrepancies resolved by consensus. Eighteen trials including 823 subjects followed for a mean of 12 weeks were included. Doses of fish oil used ranged from 3 to 18 g/day The outcomes studied were glycemic control and lipid levels. RESULTS: Meta-analysis of pooled data demonstrated a statistically significant effect of fish oil on lowering triglycerides (-0.56 mmol/l [95% CI -0.71 to -0.41]) and raising LDL cholesterol (0.21 mmol/l [0.02 to 0.41]). No statistically significant effect was observed for fasting glucose. HbA1c total cholesterol, or HDL cholesterol. The triglyceride-lowering effect and the elevation in LDL cholesterol were most marked in those trials that recruited hypertriglyceridemic subjects and used higher doses of fish oil. Heterogeneity was observed and explained by the recruitment of subjects with baseline hypertriglyceridemia in some studies. CONCLUSIONS: Fish oil supplementation in type 2 diabetes lowers triglycerides, raises LDL cholesterol, and has no statistically significant effect on glycemic control. Trials with hard clinical end points are needed.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1997

Formulating questions and locating primary studies for inclusion in systematic reviews.

Much time and effort are spent on designing primary research studies. Similar care must be given to planning systematic reviews. The review should be based on an important, well-focused question that is relevant to patient care. By formulating the question properly, the criteria that primary studies must meet to be included in the review become clear. These criteria, which comprise the types of persons involved, exposure, control group, outcomes, and study designs of interest, can then be refined so that they are clinically relevant, sensible, and workable. Inclusion criteria that are too narrow will limit the amount of data in the review, thereby increasing the risk for chance results and making the review less useful for the reader. Reviews should include studies whose designs offer the least biased answer to the question being asked. To maximize available data and reduce the risk for bias, as many relevant studies as possible need to be identified, regardless of publication status or language. Multiple overlapping search strategies should therefore be used and must be carefully planned. Strategies include searching the many electronic databases available (after careful consideration of which terms to enter), manually searching journals and conference proceedings, searching bibliographies of articles, searching existing registers of studies, and contacting companies or researchers. The time taken to formulate the question adequately and develop appropriate searches will increase the chance of producing a high-quality, meaningful review.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1994

Summary of combined clinical analysis of controlled clinical trials with tizanidine.

Data from three placebo-controlled and 11 active-controlled studies of tizanidine were combined to permit analysis of the subsets, which were too small to evaluate within the individual studies. Overall analysis of placebo-controlled data confirms the effectiveness of tizanidine in reducing muscle tone in patients with spasticity of spinal cord origin. Subset analyses suggest that patients with more severe spasticity are more likely to respond, but age, sex, and race were not predictive of response. Comparisons of tizanidine with active controls showed no differences in efficacy compared with baclofen or diazepam. However, when compared with controls, patients treated with tizanidine did not experience increased weakness. Furthermore, patients tolerated tizanidine better than the control medications. More patients experienced adverse events during tizanidine treatment than did patients receiving placebo. The most common adverse events reported were dry mouth, somnolence, asthenia, and dizziness. Mild elevations in liver function tests were noted occasionally, but improved in all patients with dose reduction or withdrawal. Three patients from the double-blind database reported formed visual hallucinations. All three cleared; two continued tizanidine, and one discontinued.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The relational database model and multiple multicenter clinical trials.

The Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) chose to use a relational database management system (RDBMS) for the management of data from multiple clinical trials because of the underlying relational model's inherent flexibility and the natural way multiple entity types (patients, studies, and participants) can be accommodated. The tradeoffs to using the relational model as compared to using the hierarchical model include added computing cycles due to deferred data linkages and added procedural complexity due to the necessity of implementing protections against referential integrity violations. The SWOG uses its RDBMS as a platform on which to build data operations software. This data operations software, which is written in a compiled computer language, allows multiple users to simultaneously update the database and is interactive with respect to the detection of conditions requiring action and the presentation of options for dealing with those conditions. The relational model facilitates the development and maintenance of data operations software.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1999

Systematic reviews of strategies to prevent motor vehicle injuries.

BACKGROUND: Information on which strategies have been shown to be effective, which are ineffective, and which strategies have been inadequately evaluated is important for both public policy and future research. OBJECTIVE: To provide systematic reviews of the literature on important strategies to prevent motor vehicle injuries. METHODS: The Injury Control Research Centers (ICRCs) funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identified 9 important motor vehicle injury prevention strategies. A systematic review of the literature in 9 different computerized databases was conducted to identify relevant controlled trials. These were critically reviewed and summarized. RESULTS: A total of 54,078 citations were reviewed; 1,111 met initial screening criteria. The reports for these citations were obtained and critically reviewed by the ICRCs. Standard criteria for inclusion of articles in the review and for evaluating the methodological quality of the articles were applied. Few randomized controlled trials were found; most controlled studies were either comparisons over time and/or across different populations. Nevertheless, these studies were able to be summarized to provide meaningful conclusions about the effectiveness of various interventions to decrease morbidity and mortality from motor vehicle crashes. CONCLUSIONS: A large body of literature on motor vehicle injury interventions exists. The summary of this literature will provide useful information to direct policy and future research efforts.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1998

Proposed consensus for definitions and endpoints for clinical trials of acute kidney transplant rejection.

Progress in transplantation therapeutics requires validation from multicenter trials in which enrollment criteria and endpoint definitions have been standardized. A database of acute rejection was established from 19 North American, European, and Australian transplant centers and included parameters on rejection diagnosis and treatment of 50 consecutive rejection episodes from each center. Patient demographics, induction and maintenance immunosuppressive therapies, antirejection agents (drug, dose, duration), clinical signs (decrease in urine volume, presence of fever of > or =38.5 degrees C), serum creatinine concentration (nadir, at rejection, daily during antirejection therapy to 15 days, and days 30, 90, 180, and 365 after rejection date), rejection biopsy findings, morbidity, recurrence of rejection, and renal function at 1 year were recorded for 953 rejection episodes. From these data, three definitions were proposed. Acute rejection was defined as an immunologic process resulting in a serum creatinine increase of > or =0.4 mg/dL, with or without clinical signs, and should include a biopsy confirmation that has been standardized to the Banff criteria. Corticosteroid-resistant rejection was defined as a rejection episode in which a minimum of 250 to 1000 mg of methylprednisolone administered as initial therapy fails to result in stabilization or reduction of the serum creatinine after 3 days of corticosteroid treatment. Successful response to therapy was defined as a serum creatinine level < or =110% of the serum creatinine on the day of the rejection diagnosis and a return of the serum creatinine to or below the rejection creatinine level by 5 days of therapy with maintenance of this response for a minimum of 30 days. The work represented in the Efficacy Endpoints Database provides a step toward improving definitions in clinical trials. Continuity in clinical trial design should lead to improvements in evaluation of outcomes and, thereby have an effect on clinical practice.

Acute Disease↗