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PubMed1976

[The use of an integrable mobile full text processing systems (author's transl)].

A mobile full text processing system is reported which is independent of a computer, yet can be completely integrated into a data processing system and is purely a storage and retrieval system for data files and data banks which, with relatively little activity ratio of the individual items of information stored, still have an unusually large, widely ramified indexing depth. Acquisition of material, storage and retrieval of information are so simplified in favor of the user, that they can be carried out without specially qualified data processing personnel, but by normal office staff and one's own colleagues after a simple short instruction. The favorable cost makes the system an alternative worth considering in many cases, because fully automatic documentation or system concepts which need digital storage of large quantities of text demand so much intellectual expense and electronic storage capacity, that they are already prohibitive on grounds of cost alone.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1991

Time interval gating for analysis of cell function using flow cytometry.

We propose a method which significantly shortens the time required for both the collection and analysis of data derived from multiple sample, flow cytometric kinetic assays. We have defined the term Time Interval Gating (TIG) to describe this method. TIG effectively allows one flow cytometer to concurrently monitor several samples over the course of a kinetic assay. Data for all samples are stored in a single FCS 2.0 compatible listmode data file which we refer to as the TIG data file. TIG is adaptable to most commerical flow cytometers. Standard listmode analysis software can be used to analyze the TIG data files and correlate any combination of tubes and/or time intervals from the assay. Results for the entire assay can be displayed on a single two parameter plot. This paper describes how TIG is applied to neutrophil oxidative burst measurement using a standard EPICS Elite flow cytometer. In this assay, 11 samples were each monitored for 30 min to identify the extent to which volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) inhibited the oxidation of DCFH in stimulated neutrophils. TIG makes the oxidative burst assay practical for high volume screening by reducing the overall flow cytometer and analysis time required by a factor of ten. In addition, TIG provides an organized approach to managing data acquisition on instruments equipped with automated sampling systems.

Flow Cytometry↗
PubMed1993

Automatic lineage assignment of acute leukemias by flow cytometry.

A method for automatic lineage assignment of acute leukemias was developed. Input are eight list mode data files acquired with a FACScan flow cytometer. For each cell, four parameters are measured: forward light scatter, orthogonal light scatter, fluorescein fluorescence, and phycoerythrin fluorescence. Eight data files are acquired in the following sequence: unstained, isotype controls, CD10/CD19, CD20/CD5, CD3/CD22, CD7/CD33, HLADR/CD13, and CD34/CD38. First, each of the data files 3 to 8 are clustered independently employing an algorithm based on nearest neighbors. Next, the clusters are associated across the data files to form cell populations, using the assumption of light scatter invariance across tubes for each population. The mean positions of each cell population are fed into a decision tree. The decision tree first identifies normal cell populations, i.e., monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, NK cells, T-lymphocytes, and B-lymphocytes. After elimination of the normal cell populations from the data space, the residual cell populations are classified as B-lineage ALL, T-lineage ALL, AML, AUL, B-CLL, or unknown. The effectiveness of this novel approach is shown with case studies of B-lymphoid, T-lymphoid, and Myeloid acute leukemias.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed2000

TRITON: in silico construction of protein mutants and prediction of their activities.

MOTIVATION: One of the objectives of protein engineering is to propose and construct modified proteins with improved activity for the substrate of interest. Systematic computational investigation of many protein variants requires the preparation and handling of a large number of data files. The type of the data generated during the modelling of protein variants and the estimation of their activities offers the possibility of process automatization. RESULTS: The graphical program TRITON has been developed for modelling protein mutants and assessment of their activities. Protein mutants are modelled from the wild type structure by homology modelling using the external program MODELLER. Chemical reactions taking place in the mutants active site are modelled using the semi-empirical quantum mechanic program MOPAC. Semi-quantitative predictions of mutants activities can be achieved by evaluating the changes in energies of the system and partial atomic charges of active site residues during the reaction. The program TRITON offers graphical tools for the preparation of the input data files, for calculation and for the analysis of the generated output data. AVAILABILITY: The program TRITON can run under operating systems IRIX, Linux and NetBSD. The software is available at http://www.chemi.muni.cz/lbsd/triton.ht ml.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1978

Analysis of the registry of toxic effects of chemical substances (RTECS) files and conversion of the data in these files for input to the environmental chemicals data and information network (ECDIN).

A data bank for environmental chemicals, ECDIN, is being developed at the Joint Research Centre of the European Communities in cooperation with universities and research institutes in the nine member states as a part of the Environmental Research Programme of the EC. During the pilot phase of the project, data from the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances have been incorporated into the data bank. Conversions of the data into ECDIN input format was necessary before inclusion of the toxicity data in ECDIN, and the computer programs used for this format conversion have produced various statistics for the contents of the RTECS files. Analyses of the data in three editions of RTECS are presented.

Environmental Pollutants↗
PubMed1998

A comparison of breeding value predictors for longevity using a linear model and survival analysis.

A comparison was made among breeding values of sires for longevity that were obtained by different methods: phenotypic averages of daughters using only uncensored records, BLUP using only uncensored records, survival analysis using only uncensored records, and survival analysis using both censored and uncensored records. Two data files were used: one contained data from small herds, and the other contained data from large herds. The results from both data files were similar. Different methods of predicting breeding values resulted in different rankings of sires. The results obtained using phenotypic averages were weakly correlated (< or = 0.46) with those results obtained using the other methods of prediction. The REML BLUP had strong correlations (< or = -0.91) with the survival analysis predictor if the same data were used, and correlations weakened (< or = -0.60) when censored records were included in the survival analysis. The correlations are negative because the linear method analyzed longevity, and survival analysis measured the risk of being culled, which has an antagonistic relationship with longevity. The results from REML BLUP and survival analysis methods differed mainly because of the different data that were used (uncensored only versus both censored and uncensored).

Aging↗
PubMed1996

CDC and ATSDR electronic information resources for health officers.

This article catalogs some of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) more important information resource offerings, which make public health information accessible via computer and automated telephone systems and on electronic media (diskette and CD-ROM). We review mechanisms for (1) finding and retrieving CDC reports, (2) querying CDC's numeric data files, (3) transmitting surveillance and other data files to CDC, (4) exchanging electronic mail with CDC staff, and (5) disseminating state and local public health information and data by using CDC tools. Each resource is followed with a section on how to obtain access to these resources.

CD-ROM↗
PubMed1996

CDC and ATSDR electronic information resources for health officers.

This article catalogues some of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) more important information resource offerings, which make public health information accessible via computer and automated telephone systems and on electronic media (diskette and CD-ROM). We review mechanisms for: (1) finding and retrieving CDC reports, (2) querying CDC's numeric data files, (3) transmitting surveillance and other data files to CDC, (4) exchanging electronic mail with CDC staff, and (5) disseminating state and local public health information and data using CDC tools. Each resource is followed with a section on how to obtain access to these resources.

CD-ROM↗
PubMed1996

A biochemical protocol for the differentiation of current genomospecies of Aeromonas.

A data file consisting of 40 biochemical and physiological tests for the differentiation of aeromonads was constructed based upon existing published data from various geographical locations and laboratories. The data file covers all the current genomospecies (or hybridisation groups) of Aeromonas and is therefore applicable to bacteriologists from a wide variety of fields. The protocol derived from the data file was adapted for use with a semi-interactive computer identification program. This program was challenged with the type strains of all the currently recognised genomospecies and each genomospecies was correctly identified, with only one strain (ATCC 7966, HG1) having an identification probability of less than 90%. The program was also tested with environmental and clinical isolates and again identifications were achieved with high probabilities. This protocol is designed for use on presumptive isolates of Aeromonas spp. and can be carried out in routine laboratories not equipped to perform the complex DNA hybridisation techniques which are currently used for the differentiation of genomospecies of Aeromonas.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed2003

[Master sample and geoprocessing: technologies for household surveys].

OBJECTIVE: To reduce cost and time associated with household sampling process and to assess the feasibility of shared use of address data file of census enumeration areas in several epidemiological surveys using updated information from the National Survey of Households (PNAD). METHODS: Address data file comprising 72 census enumeration areas was kept as primary sampling units for the city of S o Paulo. During the period 1995-2000, three distinct household samples were drawn using the two-stage cluster sampling procedure. Geographic Information System (GIS) technology allowed delimiting boundaries, blocks and streets for any primary sampling unit and printing updated maps for selected sub-samples. RESULTS: Twenty-five thousand dwellings made up the permanent address data file of the master sample. A cheaper and quicker selection of each sample, plus gathering information on demographic and topographical profiles of census enumeration areas were the main contribution of the study results. CONCLUSIONS: The master sample concept, integrated with GIS technology, is an advantageous alternative sampling design for household surveys in urban areas. Using the list of addresses from the PNAD updated yearly, although limiting its application to the most populated Brazilian cities, avoids the need of creating an independent sampling procedure for each individual survey carried out in the period between demographic censuses, and it is an important contribution for planning sampling surveys in public health.

Censuses↗
PubMed1995

A computer program for the analysis of chromatograms used in pharmacokinetic studies.

An analog/digital (A/D) converter and software written in BASIC language have been developed for the analysis of chromatographic data which are needed for pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in humans and in experimental animals such as dogs and rats. Using an A/D converter, widely sold personal computers produced by NEC or EPSON are applicable to both high-performance liquid-chromatography (HPLC) data analysis and PK analysis. When chromatographic data is taken up by the computer and treated as a variable, a maximum of 12,000 data points are saved by the computer. As 10 digital data points are taken up by the computer per second through the A/D converter, the maximum run time of a chromatogram is 20 min. For the purpose of HPLC analysis, however, five digital data points per second are usually enough for routine analysis. In this software, the program is written to take and save five digital data points/s. Therefore, the maximum run time of this software increased to 40 min per chromatogram. All the digital data through the A/D converter are saved into the data file on a floppy disk or hard disk. For the chromatogram analysis, both automatic peak identification and manual peak identification, which must be selected with the use of the mouse driver, are available. All the data, peak area, peak height, etc. are also saved into the data file. After a calibration curve is produced, following the input of peak analysis data of known spiked samples, the drug concentration for each sample is estimated. These concentration-time data are also saved into the data file.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analog-Digital Conversion↗
PubMed1996

Predicting ad libitum dry matter intake and yields of Jersey cows.

Two data files were used that contained weekly mean values for ad libitum DMI of lactating Jersey cows along with appropriate cow, ration, and environmental traits for predicting DMI. One data file (n = 666) was used to develop prediction equations for DMI because that file represented a number of separate experiments and contained more diversity in potential predictors, especially those related to ration, such as forage type. The other data file (n = 1613) was used primarily to verify these equations. Milk protein yield displaced 4% FCM output as a prediction variable and improved the R2 by several units but was not used in the final equations, however, for the sake of simplicity. All equations contained adjustments for the effects of heat stress, parity (1 vs. > 1), DIM > 15, BW, use of recombinant bST, and other significant independent variables. Equations were developed to predict DMI of cows fed individually or in groups and to predict daily yields of 4% FCM and milk protein; equations accounted for 0.69, 0.74, 0.81, and 0.76 of the variation in the dependent variables with standard deviations of 1.7, 1.6, 2.7, and 0.084 kg/ d, respectively. These equations should be applied to the development of software for computerized dairy ration balancing.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1998

Managing data for a randomised controlled clinical trial: experience from the WHO Antenatal Care Trial. WHO Antenatal Care Trial Research Group.

The World Health Organisation, in collaboration with four developing countries, is conducting a randomised controlled clinical trial to evaluate a new programme of antenatal care. In a city or region in Argentina, Cuba, Saudi Arabia and Thailand, 53 clinical units were randomly allocated to provide either the new programme or the programme currently in use. This paper describes the organisation of the data management system used to collect the data. Each woman participating in the trial is uniquely identified, and information such as her name, address and expected delivery date is recorded in the trial 'subject number list'. If the clinic belongs to the intervention group, information about the woman's eligibility is recorded on the classification form. Details of the outcome of the pregnancy are indicated on two additional case report forms: the antenatal hospital admission form and the summary form. When forms are completed by the investigators, they are submitted to the country data coordinating centre (CDCC). The CDCCs are responsible for the processing of the country study forms. This includes verification of the batch of forms, data capture into computer files, data verification, data validation, production of query sheets for data problems, maintenance and updating of study master files. All operations on data such as additions or modifications are performed using transaction processing. At monthly intervals, recruitment reports and transaction files are sent to the trial coordinating centre in Geneva. All transaction files are processed to accumulate data on the trial's consolidated master files. A monthly report including number of women recruited in the trial, adverse events reported by the countries, recruitment charts by clinic and analyses on eligible women in the intervention group is prepared and submitted to the data safety and monitoring committee. A workshop was organised in 1995, before the start of the trial, to introduce the data management system to the four participating countries. Annual site visits were made to each CDCC to monitor progress. Additional visits were made when major or critical problems could not be solved by the CDCC. At the closure of data collection, a visit is made to review and assess all data management procedures including form filling, maintenance of registers, computer files, query sheets, data modifications. In addition, final cleaning of the data is performed, and an analysis file is produced for inclusion in the centralised trial analyses and in the country-specific analyses. Based on the experience gained in this trial, the decentralised data management model can be advocated only if CDCCs that will be involved in the trial are already in place with competent and experienced staff. Uniformity of the data management system and of standard operating procedures across countries is also a crucial issue for the effective management of the data collection phase.

Argentina↗
PubMed1992

The development and use of industry data by the Social Security Administration.

Over the past few years the Social Security Bulletin has published a series of technical articles that describe various Social Security Administration (SSA) data files. This article provides an overview of SSA's industry-related data files and statistical systems from both a current and a historical perspective. The author begins by explaining how SSA first collected business data from employers (starting in 1937) as a by-product of the requirement that employers report employee wages for benefit computation purposes. She describes the administrative methods by which the data are collected, SSA's coordination of its activities with other agencies, the data collection forms used, the scheme by which the data are coded, and the employer files into which the data are classified. In her closing, the author provides examples of the various uses of the industry data and the ways that these data relate to SSA's statistical program needs and to those of other agencies as well.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1990

Managing clinical research data: software tools for hypothesis exploration.

Data representation, data file specification, and the communication of data between software systems are playing increasingly important roles in clinical data management. This paper describes the concept of a self-documenting file that contains annotations or comments that aid visual inspection of the data file. We describe access of data from annotated files and illustrate data analysis with a few examples derived from the UNIX operating environment. Use of annotated files provides the investigator with both a useful representation of the primary data and a repository of comments that describe some of the context surrounding data capture.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed2000

Nitric oxide for respiratory failure in infants born at or near term.

BACKGROUND: This section is under preparation and will be included in the next issue. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether treatment of hypoxemic newborn infants with inhaled nitric oxide (INO) improves oxygenation and reduces the rates of death, or the requirement for ECMO. SEARCH STRATEGY: Electronic and hand searching of pediatric/neonatal literature and personal data files. In addition we contacted the principal investigators of articles which have been published as abstracts to ascertain the necessary information. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized and quasi randomized studies in term and near term infants. Administration of inhaled nitric oxide. Clinically relevant outcomes, including death, requirement for ECMO, and oxygenation. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Eight randomized controlled studies were found in term and near term infants with hypoxia. Entry criteria were reasonably consistent except for the one trial that studied only infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (Ninos 1997). MAIN RESULTS: Inhaled nitric oxide appears to improve outcome in hypoxemic term and near term infants by reducing the incidence of the combined endpoint of death or need for ECMO. The reduction seems to be entirely a reduction in need for ECMO; mortality is not reduced. Oxygenation improves in approximately 50% of infants receiving nitric oxide. The Oxygenation Index decreases by a (weighted) mean of 15.1 within 30 to 60 minutes after commencing therapy and PaO2 increases by a mean of 53 mmHg. It does not appear to affect outcome whether infants have clear echocardiographic evidence of PPHN or not. The outcome of infants with diaphragmatic hernia was not improved; indeed there is a suggestion that outcome was slightly worsened. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: On the evidence presently available, it appears reasonable to use inhaled nitric oxide in a concentration of 20 ppm for term and near term infants with hypoxic respiratory failure who do not have a diaphragmatic hernia. Longterm neurodevelopmental and pulmonary followup of surviving infants enrolled in randomized trials of INO are required to establish more firmly the role of INO in the treatment of neonatal respiratory failure.

Fetal Hypoxia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Intraoperative complications in extracapsular extraction with a posterior-chamber lens implant. Medical record data].

This scientific work includes the retrospective study of the intra-operatory complications in 150 cases of cataract operated eyes, using extracapsular implant of artificial crystalline in the posterior chamber; the study is based on the operatory data file, filled in by the surgeon immediately after the operation. The data file we are submitting to your attention can be registered on a floppy disk; it includes the most important data concerning the patient, the type of the cataract, the operatory techniques, the incidents that might occur and the most appropriate method to solve them. The registration on file of the operatory data has proven its efficiency while grouping, inventorying and processing data, but also while determining the conclusions of the prophylactic measures. The rupture of the anterior capsula till the zonular zone occurred in 0.66% of the cases; capsular rests--2%; sphincter lesions--1.33%; iris lesions--0.66%, endothelium lesions--1.33%; posterior capsula rupture--2.66%, followed by anterior vitrectomy and implant of an artificial crystalline in the anterior chamber.

Cataract Extraction↗
PubMed1995

Preparing for health care reform and an LCME site visit: addressing the generalist-non-generalist imbalance.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate primary care outcomes for the Loma Linda University School of Medicine (LLUSM), using Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) data files. The two principal objectives were to estimate the percentages of LLUSM graduates who are practicing or will practice primary care medicine and to determine what information available on application to LLUSM is useful in predicting graduates' specialty choices (i.e., primary versus non-primary care). METHOD: In 1993-94 data were taken from several AAMC data files (available to all medical schools), including the Graduate Medical Education (GME) Tracking Census and the American Medical College Application Service (AMCAS) Applicant Master File. The second and fourth years after graduation were used as points of evaluation. Primary care (generalist) was defined as taking or having completed a residency in family practice, internal medicine, or pediatrics, and not having taken any fellowship training. RESULTS: Fourth year after graduation: 42.4% of the 1,064 LLUSM graduates (1983 to 1990) were training in or had completed residencies in family practice (19.8%), internal medicine (16.2%), or pediatrics (6.4%). Second year of GME: of the 1,365 LLUSM graduates (1983 to 1992), 49.3% were in the primary care pipeline (19.8% in family practice, 21.9% in internal medicine, and 7.6% in pediatrics). Two variables available on admission to medical school were associated with being in the primary care pipeline (second-year GME generalist): being a woman and being a member of a non-underrepresented minority. One variable was associated with being in the non-primary care pipeline: having a rural county code. Undergraduate grades and Medical College Admission Test scores were not good predictors. CONCLUSION: The AAMC data files, available to all medical schools, are useful for estimating and evaluating primary care outcomes.

Career Choice↗