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PubMed1990

[Surveillance of acute respiratory diseases in the 1988/1989 season in Czechoslovakia].

The authors submit an analysis of results of surveillance of acute respiratory diseases during the 1988/1989 season in the CSSR. The influenza epidemic took place between the 4th and 11th calendar week with a peak in the 7th week. During the epidemic 19.7% of the population in the CSR contracted the disease. The influenza epidemic was preceded by a high incidence of infections caused by a respiratory syncytia virus. As to the aetiology, influenza viruses subtypes A/H1N1/, A/H3N2/ and type B participated practically equally in the epidemic. The authors discuss the observed changes in the influenza epidemiology in recent years in Czechoslovakia and neighbouring countries.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

[The identification of Borrelia isolated in the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia from Ixodes ricinus (L.) ticks].

Seven strains of the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis have been isolated from ticks of the species Ixodes ricinus (L.) obtained at the territories of Leningrad Province, Lithuania and Czechoslovakia. The strains have been studied in reactions with 5 types of monoclonal antibodies. All isolated strains belong to serotype II according to Barbour's system and are typical for European strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Epidemiologic aspects of the spread of HIV in Czechoslovakia].

The author evaluates the present favourable epidemiological situation as regards AIDS in Czechoslovakia. He submits some suggestions for discussion and practice AIDS--control for epidemiologists as well as doctors of other medical disciplines: routine examination of anti-HIV in the population, "denominator" data (numbers and estimates, resp.) of different population groups at increased risk, notification of homosexuals, prevention of HIV infection by means of condoms, psychological problems of affected, public opinion.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1990

[The history of medicine in Czechoslovakia].

The author analyzes the role of history of medicine in Czechoslovakia. Based on its past and present state, perspectives of its further development are outlined. The author emphasizes the role of its founders and creators (Schrutz, Spilka, Matousek, Sinkulová). He has a critical attitude to the present state which does not correspond to the possible role of history of medicine. Suggestions and tasks as well as their implementation are outlined: in particular effective organizational collaboration, a defined place among other scientific disciplines, integrated research, training at medical faculties and schools for health workers and a creative, active function in the thinking and recognition of health workers.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1990

[Methodical approach to a survey of general morbidity in Czechoslovakia].

The author analyzes the method of general morbidity surveys conducted in Czechoslovakia between 1951 and 1985. The method of direct medical examinations was used as well as the method of "attended morbidity", but as a rule a combination of both these methods. During the mentioned period the procedure was not unified to make comparison of results possible.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1990

Francisella tularensis from ixodid ticks in Czechoslovakia.

A total of 26,478 ixodid ticks (935 pools) were examined by intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice. Six species of ticks were tested: Ixodes ricinus (23,470 individuals), I. trianguliceps (12), Haemaphysalis punctata (831), H. concinna (39), Dermacentor reticulatus (69) and D. marginatus (2,057). The ticks were collected largely by flagging vegetation, a substantial minority (4%) from animals. Three strains of Francisella tularensis were isolated, one each from I. ricinus (males, district Breclav, southern Moravia), D. reticulatus (males, district Breclav) and D. marginatus (engorged females collected from sheep in Roznava district, eastern Slovakia). D. marginatus and D. reticulatus represent new vector species for Czechoslovakia.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Emergency conditions and surgery in Czechoslovakia].

Urgent surgical operations account for cca 28% of all surgical activities in Czechoslovakia. Their lethality is by cca one third higher than in other operations. The period of treatment is, however, shorter, no doubt, because before operation there is not time for complicated examinations. A great proportion of urgent operations is formed by acute abdomen, cca 60%. So far even prolonged efforts did not succeed to achieve earlier hospital admission. The operations are, however, made at an earlier stage and thus the lethality declined. As to age, a great proportion of urgent conditions occur in older children and adolescents, old patients above 65 years and in particular above 75 years. Men are affected more frequently. Interregional comparisons indicate a varied incidence but in particular a varied lethality. It is high specially in Prague and the South Bohemian region although the two regions have a relatively low relation of incidence. In the conclusion the authors emphasize that it is important to make an effort to improve care of urgent patients by health education and by convincing doctors of the importance of the time factor.

Abdomen, Acute↗
PubMed1990

[The present status and trends in health care expenditures throughout the world and in Czechoslovakia].

Expenditure on health services on a world-wide scale have an ever increasing trend. The trends in advanced countries where nowadays the expenditure on health services is cca 10% of the national gross product is to restrict a further rise and to make maximum use of available resources. In Czechoslovakia the position is different, as expenditure on health services is roughly half as compared with advanced countries. Provisions thus will be specific and funds from other sources than the stage budget will be increased and there will be efforts to achieve a maximum effectiveness as regards the use of available resources. At the same time it will be, however, necessary to make an effort to increase the total volume of financial resources for the health services. The importance of these efforts ensues from the present health status of the population.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1979

The spread of rhinoviruses in the Soviet Union (USSR) and in Czechoslovakia (CSSR) and the role of their pathology.

Virological, serological and immunofluorescence studies revealed circulation of rhinoviruses of the strains 1A, 1B, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16-23, 27, 29-33, 42, 48, 53, 56, 60 and 69 on the territory of Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union. According to virological results, type 48 predominated and was followed in frequency of occurrence by types 27, 14 and 16 in the USSR and 30, 1A and 31 in the CSSR. RV infection in adults with ARD diseases was the aetiology in 28.5% of cases. Among the causative agents of acute rhinitis, rhinosinusitis and otitis, rhinovirus infection makes up a large proportion. Interrelation has been found between rhinovirus infection and chronic inflammation of the mucosa of the nose, the accessory sinuses and the ears. Prolonged course of rhinovirus infection and isolation of the virus in the late stages of disease (1-4 months after its onset) support the presumption that rhinoviruses promote chronicity of inflammation. RV was isolated from patients with chronic pneumonia from the lower respiratory passages (bronchial secretion). Rhinoviraemia was found in a child who died of ARD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Virus neutralizing antibodies to arboviruses in birds of the order Anseriformes in Czechoslovakia.

Sera from birds of the order Anseriformes in Czechoslovakia were examined for virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies to arboviruses. VN antibodies to Sindbis, Calovo and Tahyna viruses were found in 15, 5 and 6 out of 106 greylag goose (Anser anser) sera. Out of 38 ducks, 6 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and 1 garganey (Anas querquedula) contained VN antibodies to Sindbis virus, 6 mallards to Calovo virus, 4 mallards and 1 garganey to Tahyna virus, 2 mallards and 1 garganey to tick-borne encephalitis (TE) virus and 1 mallard to West Nile (WN) virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Observations on the occurrence and maturation of the nematode Rhabdochona denudata (Dujardin, 1845) in Chub, Leuciscus cephalus (L.), of the Rokytná River, Czechoslovakia.

From October 1985 until July 1987, the seasonal dynamics of Rhabdochona denudata in its principal definitive host, the chub (Leuciscus cephalus), was studied in the Rokytná River (the Danube basin), Czechoslovakia. Prevalence (overall prevalence 77%) and intensity of infection (1-59 nematodes per fish) in the fish were high all year, with both abiotic and biotic factors influencing the fluctuations. Maximum values of prevalence (82-87%) were found in the fish with body length exceeding 20 cm; the mean intensity was highest in the size-group of fish 20-25 cm long, whereas its values gradually decreased in larger fish, this being due to the choice of food by fish of different size-groups. In contrast to the situation in other localities, an annual maturation cycle was not evident and egg-producing female nematodes were present in fish throughout the year. New infections in fish were most common in summer but occurred all year round. This life history pattern seems to be mainly due to the availability of infected ephemeropteran intermediate hosts during all seasons, in this case the nymphs of Ephemera danica, a species noted for its two-year development. In this locality, specifically not determined Rhabdochona larvae were recorded from the mayfly nymphs Ephemera danica (0.4%), Ecdyonurus aurantiacus (7%), and Caenis macrura (10%). The diet of the chub included mayfly nymphs at all seasons.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Chlorinated pesticide residues and polychlorinated biphenyls in fish from various locations in Czechoslovakia].

Samples of 14 fishes (175 samples on the whole) were examined in 1984 to 1986 for residues of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. Residues of the given substances were present in all the samples. The contents of chlorinated pesticide residues in fish are influenced mainly by the food spectrum; significant influence was also exerted by the contamination of the environment where the fish lived, by the age of the fish, and by the amount of their body fat in which the lipophile chlorinated carbohydrates are stored. No tolerance limits have been proposed in Czechoslovakia for the residues of chlorinated carbohydrates in fish bodies, except for the sum of DDT = 2.00 mg per kg of fat. When the data on the fish samples were compared with the highest admissible content of chlorinated pesticides per unit mass of fish muscle tissue tolerated in the FRG and the content of PCB tolerated in the USA, the fish from the Vltava river downstream of Prague fail to comply with these FRG and US regulations; all fish from all other places comply with them. Owing to large differences in the contents of fat in muscle between different fishes, it is more conclusive from the point of view of food hygiene to express the results as data per 1 kg of muscular tissue; these data represent real contents in fish as foodstuff.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[What is the proportion of health expenditures contributed by the population of Czechoslovakia?].

The paper provides information on the participation of resources in the financing of health services (nation-wide, decentralized and individual). The author informs the readers on the amount and distribution of expenses of the population for health services (indirect and direct); with their structure and ratio in relation to basic social characteristics and groups of different households. She compares Czechoslovakia and Hungary, based on household consumption data (by social groups). In the conclusion the author indicates that individual resources spent by the population on health are, and will remain in future, only supplementary.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1989

Results of arbovirological examination of birds of the family Hirundinidae in Czechoslovakia.

Migratory birds (swallow, Hirundo rustica; sand martin, Riparia riparia; house martin, Delichon urbica) caught in southern Moravia (Czechoslovakia) in 1984-87 were examined for arbovirus infections. Isolation experiments were carried out using blood samples of 183 birds (52 swallows, 107 sand martins, and 24 house martins). The results were negative. Serological examinations of 136 birds (36 swallows, 86 sand martins, and 14 house martins) were made by haemagglutination-inhibition test (HIT) using 6 arboviral antigens of the genera Alphavirus (Sindbis--SIN) and Flavivirus (tick-borne encephalitis--TBE, West Nile--WN) and of the family Bunyaviridae (Tahyna--TAH, Calovo, CVO, and Bhanja--BHA). Antibodies against all of the tested viruses were detected at different rates: SIN 2.9%, TBE 1.5%, WN 1.5%, TAH 4.4%, CVO 1.5%, and BHA 2.2%. The titres ranged from 1.20 to 1.80.

Alphavirus↗
PubMed1989

[The development of early diagnosis and treatment of congenital hip dislocation in Czechoslovakia].

The author gives an account of the early diagnosis and treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip joint in Czechoslovakia since 1918. He pays more detailed attention to the period before the Second World War and the period immediately after the war when aids now used on a world-wide scale were introduced into practice such as Hanausek's apparatus, Frejka's cushion and Pavlik's stirrups. At the same time screening of neonates in some areas was started. The author mentions also methods of preventive examinations of the entire population introduced in the fifties. He also pays attention to efforts to reduce the radiation load in X-ray screening of the population.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1989

[The status and perspectives of general pediatrics in Czechoslovakia].

Health community paediatric care in Czechoslovakia has the character of comprehensive health care ensured completely by the paediatrician who is to an increasing extent acting as the family paediatrician. He cooperates closely with other health workers concerned with child care in other areas and disciplines of nation-wide child care. His work is closely linked with other facilities and institutions of health care, in particular all types of hospitals with policlinics. In the article the main tasks and perspectives of paediatric care in the health community are given; close cooperation of the paediatrician with the child's family and the child is essential. Preventive care is closely linked with curative care, the latter must in future be mainly in the home rather than in hospital. The school health service integrated into the health community system, while respecting health and hygienic needs of all classes and the school, in relation to the teaching process, is given new tasks. The author discusses problems of postgraduate training, methodical guidance and evaluation of the effectiveness of work of the paediatrician in the first line of contact.

Child↗
PubMed1989

[The contribution of artificial heart research in Czechoslovakia to modern medical science].

A summary of the development of total artificial heart research in Czechoslovakia is presented. The experimental setting of this research was based mainly on experiments on calves and partially on goats. The original concept of the blood pump is represented by an asymmetrical type of pump with an asymmetrical diaphragm and undulating motion of the diaphragm allowing optimal washing of the blood chamber. This is the key factor of the antithrombogenic properties of the latest version of the Brno artificial heart. For the pneumatic drive of the artificial heart control and driving units of our own construction--Chirasist-TN-3--are used. In 50 completed long-term experiments the mean survival time was 117.4 days. In the group of 23 experiments with polyurethane total artificial heart (TAH) the mean survival time was 133.9 days. The longest survival was achieved in the calf "Artur", No. 121 with 293 days of pumping which is worldwide one of the three longest survival times with TAH using the calf as an experimental animal. The experiment with an intrathoracic TAH implantation in the goat with a survival time of 184 days represents a worldwide unique success. After solving a number of technical and biological problems, we focused our attention on two crucial complications, i.e. increased central venous pressure leading to severe liver damage and diaphragm calcification. The original Brno concept concerned with the pathomechanism of central venous pressure increase made efficient pathogenetic therapy feasible and resulted in a marked protection of liver functions, so that increased venous pressure is no longer a problem in our experiments that would limit the period of survival. However diaphragm calcification has remained a serious survival limiting complication and therefore prevention of calcification is in the focus od our intensive research activities. Parallelly with these activities we have been engaged in research aimed at the clinical application of the TAN to bridge the period in severely affected patients until a suitable heart transplant is available. So far we have performed four artificial heart implantations in patients in the final stage of heart failure. We could keep these four patients on the TAH from one to ten days without the slightest failure of the system, and the blood chambers of the TAH-TNS-BRNO--VII/Klin/80, removed from the patient's chest after pumping had been stopped, were completely free of thrombi.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗