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PubMed2003

The determination of immune reactive proteins in Cysticercus tenuicollis cyst fluids by SDS-PAGE and western blotting in sheep.

Cysticercus tenuicollis, the larva of Taenia hydatigena, is commonly seen in sheep and goats slaughtered in Turkey. In this study, the protein bands were revealed in C. tenuicollis cyst fluid antigen by using SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, and immune reactive bands were determined. Ten positive and 10 negative sera for C. tenuicollis from sheep and one non-infected sheep serum were tested in this experiment. According to the results, there was only one protein band determined to be immune reactive, which was 36 kDa.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

A case of subcutaneous cysticercosis (Cysticercus cellulosae cutis).

Cysticercosis is an infection resulting from the larval form of the pork tapeworm, and domestic infection is rare in Japan. We report a case of Cysticercus cellulosae cutis in a Japanese woman who was thought to be infected in an endemic area and offer a brief review of the literature.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Immunodiagnosis of tuberculous meningitis: detection of antibody reactivity to antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Cysticercus cellulosae in cerebrospinal fluid tuberculous meningitis patients by ELISA.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was standardized and evaluated for detection of antibody response in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Cysticercus cellulosae. Sonicated extracts of heat killed M. tuberculosis H37Rv and C. cellulosae were prepared and used in ELISA to detect respective antibody response in CSFs for a definitive diagnosis as to tuberculous meningitis (TBM)/neurocysticercosis (NCC). ELISA was performed in a total of 201 CSF samples, which include Group I: chronic infections of the central nervous system (CNS) with possible diagnosis of TBM, tuberculoma, or NCC (n = 70), and Group II: control group of patients with infectious neurological (n = 19), non-infectious neurological (n = 82), and non-infectious non-neurological conditions, i.e., spinal anaesthesia CSFs (n = 30). Specificity in this study was 99.9% and no true cross-reactivity between antimycobacterial antibodies and C. cellulosae antigens and vice-versa was observed. However, in 17.14% of CSFs (12/70), both antimycobacterial and anticysticercal antibodies were detected, 50% of these cases were diagnosed as TBM. But none of the proven NCC cases showed presence of antimycobacterial antibodies. Results of this study would indicate that it would be beneficial if both antibody and antigen responses are detected in CSFs to infectious aetiologies such as M. tuberculosis, C. cellulosae, and C. neoformans in order to enhance the diagnostic accuracy and proper management, as these diseases are highly endemic in underdeveloped and developing countries.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Assessment of antibody responses to antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Cysticercus cellulosae in cerebrospinal fluid of chronic meningitis patients for definitive diagnosis as TBM/NCC by passive hemagglutination and immunoblot assays.

Tanned sheep erythrocytes stabilized with pyruvic aldehyde and glutaraldehyde, called double-aldehyde-stabilized cells, were used to standardize passive hemagglutination assay (PHA) for detection of antibody responses to sonicate extract of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Cysticercus cellulosae soluble antigens. PHA was performed in the following groups of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples: group I - chronic infections of the central nervous system with the possible diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM), tuberculoma and neurocysticercosis (NCC) (n=88), and group II - controls which included (a) non-infectious non-neurological conditions (n=30), (b) infectious neurological conditions (n=21) and (c) non-infectious neurological conditions (n=133). PHA could detect anti-mycobacterial antibodies at the sensitivity level of 80.76% with a specificity of 92.4% and anti-cysticercal antibodies with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 92.94%. However, in 6.33% (i.e. 14/221) of group I and group II (c) CSFs both anti-mycobacterial and anti-cysticercal antibodies were detected. Immunoblot analysis of CSFs derived from TBM patients reacted predominantly to 120-kDa, 96-kDa, 65-kDa, 38-kDa, 26-kDa, 23-kDa, 19-kDa and 12-14-kDa and 4-6-kDa antigens of M. tuberculosis sonicate extract (MTSE), whilst CSFs of proven NCC reacted to >110-kDa, 96-kDa, 80-kDa, 66-68-kDa, 52-kDa and 26-28-kDa antigens of porcine whole cyst sonicate extract (PCSE). On immunoblot analysis, some of the CSFs of TBM patients were PHA positive for both MTSE and PCSE showed antibody reactivity to 70-kDa and 10-kDa antigens of C. cellulosae. Similarly CSF antibody of some Guillain Barre syndrome and myeloradiculopathy patients reacted with cysticercal antigens. But per se no cross-reactivity between MTSE and anti-cysticercal antibodies and vice-versa were observed. However, findings of this study should alert laboratory personnel especially in endemic areas to be extra careful in interpretation of antibody detection results.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Outcome of short-term antiepileptic treatment in patients with solitary cerebral cysticercus granuloma.

OBJECTIVES: The duration of antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy in cases of solitary cerebral cysticercus granuloma (SCCG) presents a major dilemma and the efficacy of short-term (6 months) vs long-term (2 years) AED therapy has been studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective randomized study of short-term vs long-term AED treatment with SCCG has been undertaken. A total of 206 subjects with new onset seizures with SCCG were randomized into two groups: group A (98 patients) were treated for 6 months and group B (108 patients) were treated for 2 years with AED therapy. The patients were evaluated periodically during and at least 18 months after the tapering of drugs. RESULTS: Partial seizures with or without secondary generalization has been found to be the commonest manifestation occurring in 80.6% of patients with SCCG. In group A 66.3% and in group B 57.4% patients showed complete resolution of computerized tomographic lesion and rest had punctated residual calcification. Statistically, no significant difference in the recurrence of seizures was found in two groups with disappearance of lesion but the difference between calcified residua and complete resolution subset was significant. In patients having residual calcification, 42.2% in group A and 21.7% in group B had recurrence of seizures and the difference was statistically significant (Z = 1.97, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed that SCCG with epilepsy is a benign self-limiting disease. A longer duration of therapy is not warranted in patients having total resolution of lesion. Calcified lesion was found to be the most common cause of recurrence of seizures. Higher recurrence rate was observed in short-term therapy in patients having calcified lesions and may require long-term AED treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Biochemical characterization of annexin B1 from Cysticercus cellulosae.

Annexin B1 from Cysticercus cellulosae has recently been identified using immunological screening in an attempt to find novel antigens for vaccine development against cysticercosis. The protein possesses anticoagulant activity and carries significant therapeutic potential due to its thrombus-targeting and thrombolytic properties. We investigated the biochemical properties of annexin B1 using liposome and heparin Sepharose copelleting assays, as well as CD spectroscopy. The calcium-dependent binding to acidic phospholipid membranes is reminiscent of other mammalian annexins with a clear preference for high phosphatidylserine content. A unique property of annexin B1 is its ability to bind to liposomes with high phosphatidylserine content in the absence of calcium, which might be due to the presence of several basic residues on the convex protein surface that harbours the membrane-binding loops. Annexin B1 demonstrates lectin properties and binds to heparin Sepharose in a cooperative, calcium-dependent manner. Although this binding is reversible to a large extent, a small fraction of the protein remains bound to the glycosaminoglycan even in the presence of high concentrations of EDTA. Analogous to annexin A5, we propose a model of heparin wrapped around the protein thereby engaging in calcium-dependent and calcium-independent interactions. Although the calcium-independent heparin-binding sites identified in annexin A5 are not conserved, we hypothesize three possible sites in annexin B1. Results from CD spectroscopy and thermal denaturation indicate that, in solution, the protein binds calcium with a low affinity that leads to a slight increase in folding stability.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Cysticercosis immunodiagnosis using 18- and 14-kilodalton proteins from Taenia crassiceps cysticercus antigens obtained by immunoaffinity chromatography.

Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against Taenia crassiceps and Taenia solium cysticerci were produced and showed cross-reactivity with a 14-kDa protein from T. solium and with 18- and 14-kDa proteins from T. crassiceps. These MAbs and antibodies from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as well as serum samples from patients with neurocysticercosis (NC) reacted with 18- and 14-kDa T. crassiceps proteins purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using a Sepharose column coupled with MAbs (anti-excretory/secretory or anti-vesicular fluid antigens). Immunoaffinity-purified 18- and 14-kDa proteins were used in the design of a diagnostic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies in 23 CSF and 20 serum samples from patients with NC, showing 100% sensitivity. The test specificity was determined using 42 noninflammatory CSF samples and 70 inflammatory CSF samples from patients with other neurological disorders (OND), showing 100% and 99.1% (confidence interval, 97.3% to 100%) specificity, respectively. A false-positive CSF sample result in the OND group was from a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient with meningoencephalitis. By using serum samples from 194 healthy individuals, the specificity was 100%. Analysis of an additional 16 serum samples from individuals with other parasitic diseases (13 with intestinal parasitosis and 3 with schistosomiasis) showed negative results. Three (10%) serum samples from patients with hydatidosis were positive in our ELISA and in ELISA with T. solium cysticerci antigens. Two of them were also positive by immunoblotting. The use of 18- and 14-kDa T. crassiceps immunoaffinity-purified proteins for detection of anti-cysticercus antibodies in CSF and/or serum samples using an ELISA system showed a good performance and high specificity for serum samples, dispensing with the use of confirmatory tests, such as immunoblotting, for checking specificity.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Electron microscopic observations of intravitreal Cysticercus cellulosae (Taenia solium).

Cysticercus cellulosae, the larval stage of Taenia solium, was studied by light and electron microscopy after its removal from the vitreous. The ultrastructure of the larva is highly organized and displays a superficial tegument and deeper parenchyma. The tegument contains a microvillous surface overlying a syncytial cytoplasm. A deeper muscular layer overlies the parenchyma, within which are highly specialized structures important in water balance, flame cells, and acid-neutralizing calcareous corpuscles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Fibrosarcomas in two rats arising from hepatic cysts of Cysticercus fasciolaris.

Two of five male Sprague-Dawley rats with hepatic tapeworm cysts developed large multinodular fibrosarcomas. Fibrosarcomas envelope tapeworm cysts, invaded the serosa of multiple organs, and extended through the diaphragm into the pleural cavity. Light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy supported the diagnosis of fibrosarcoma. The parasites were identified as Cysticercus fasciolaris, the larval stage of Taenia taeniaeformis. The development of sarcomas in rats induced by Taenia sp. is thought to be attributable to the chronic inflammatory reaction of the capsule. There are parallels between these and other tumors occurring in mice and cats with suggested chronic inflammatory etiologies.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Albendazole therapy for persistent, solitary cysticercus granulomas in patients with seizures.

We treated 11 patients with a persistent (> 3 months), solitary small cysticercus granuloma and seizures with albendazole in a daily dose of 15 mg/kg body weight for 14 days. At repeat CT examinations performed at intervals of 2.5 to 6 weeks after initiation of therapy, the lesions had resolved in two patients and become significantly smaller (less than 50% of their pretreatment size) in two. Albendazole therapy in responders hastened the resolution of the lesions and confirmed the diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Detection by the immunoenzymatic test ELISA of IgM anti-Cysticercus cellulosae antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid in neurocysticercosis].

IgM antibodies against Cysticercus cellulosae in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was demonstrated by ELISA immunoenzymatic assay in neurocysticercosis. CSF samples of 41 patients were analyzed for this purpose. Diagnosis was neurocysticercosis in 26 and neurosyphilis in 5; abnormalities were not registered in the other 10 cases. Neurosyphilis samples and no-abnormalities samples were considered as control groups. ELISA IgM assay for cysticercosis was negative in all CSF samples of control groups and it was positive in 12 of the 26 CSF samples of the neurocysticercosis group (46.2%). Titers ranged from 4 till 32. Positive results were no more obtained after previous treatment of CSF samples by 2-mercaptoethanol. ELISA IgM and IgG titers were compared. IgM titers wee higher than IgG titers in two cases. Results obtained were compared to those found through complement fixation, immunofluorescence and hemagglutination tests for the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis.

Central Nervous System Diseases↗
PubMed2002

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of IgG, IgM, IgE and IgA against Cysticercus cellulosae in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurocysticercosis.

The objective of this study was to analyze different immunoglobulins classes (IgG, IgM, IgE and IgA) against Cysticercus cellulosae in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), through enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), correlating them to clinical and tomographic profiles in patients with neurocysticercosis (NCC). Eighty-five specimens of CSF were obtained from 43 cases with NCC (26 with the active form and 17 with the inactive form) and from 42 patients with other neurological diseases. The inactive form of NCC presented a profile in CSF similar to the group without NCC. The active form of NCC presented elevation of specific immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgE, and IgA) in decreasing order, with the highest values being detected among the cases with intraventricular cysts, or with inflammation signs in CSF or in those with multiple clinical manifestations. The highest sensitivity and specificity were obtained with ELISA-IgG (88.5% and 93.2%, respectively). This study confirmed the importance of ELISA in the immunologic diagnosis of NCC.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Frequency of anti-Cysticercus cellulosae antibodies in individuals from five counties in the Northern region of Brazil].

An epidemiological and serological study was carried out on a sample of 2,180 individuals, in five counties in the north of Paraná State-Brazil, using the indirect immunofluorescence test to detect anti-Cysticercus cellulosae antibodies. These individuals, 69 (3.2%) showed significant titers of antibodies. No single significant difference between the proportion of reactivity in Sarandi (6.6%) and in Marialva (4.7%) was observed (Z = 1,319, P = 0.0936), but it was significantly higher than that observed in Mandaguaçu, Paiçandu and Maringá (P < 0.01). Of these individuals, 47.9% were within 21-49 years old and 79.4% were of female sex. "Headache" (70.6%), "faintness" (57.4%), and "convulsions" (7.4%) were among the most frequent by reported, moreover, cases of Taenia infections (22.1%) and the custom of eating uncooked beef (41.2%) or pork (27.9%) and meat containing cysticerci (25.0%) were also related.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

DOT-ELISA for detection of anti-Cysticercus cellulosae antibodies in human cerebrospinal fluid using a new solid-phase (resin-treated polyester fabrics). Preliminary report.

A dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DOT-ELISA) was developed to detect specific antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for human neurocysticercosis immunodiagnosis, with Cysticercus cellulosae antigen dotted on a new solid-phase. This was represented by sheets of a synthetic polyester fabric impregnated with a polymerized resin (N-methylol-acrylamide). A very stable preparation was thus obtained, the antigen being covalently bound by cross-linking with free N-methylol groups on the resin. Since robust, no special care was necessary for handling the solid-phase. The test could be performed at room-temperature. From 30 CSF samples assayed, 14 were positive, from a group of 15 cases of neurocysticercosis, with titers from 1 to 128; 15 other samples, from normals or other neurological diseases, were all negative. Test characteristics seem to indicate it as adequate for epidemiological surveys. A more detailed study on sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility and the use in serum samples is being conducted.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effect of Cysticercus cellulosae fractions on the respiratory burst of pig neutrophils.

Neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages are cells that interact with invading parasites and naive hosts have been shown to have anti-parasitic activity. The initial reaction of these leukocytes is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to play in parasite expulsion. The present work was carried out to study the effect of total extract, scolex and membrane fractions from Cysticercus cellulosae on respiratory burst by pig neutrophils. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production by neutrophils incubated with metacestode fractions from C. cellulosae showed an increase of: 190% (total extract), 120% (scolex) and 44% (membrane). High antioxidant catalatic activity (33%, 28%, 28% by total extract, scolex and membrane, respectively) was observed in neutrophils incubated with metacestode fractions, which could be an attempt at self-protection. Scolex and membrane fractions increased the phagocytic capacity of neutrophils (44% and 28%, respectively). On the other hand, total cysticerci did not alter the phagocytosis, possibly due to modifications in membrane function, caused by high ROS production from neutrophils in the presence of total cysticerci. Total fraction from C. cellulosae is toxic for neutrophils as shown by the decrease in phagocytic capacity, probably caused by high levels of ROS formation. The difference in toxicity of total extract, scolex and membrane fractions on neutrophils can be explained by the presence of an antigenic effect of the vesicular fluid in the total extract of C. cellulosae.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Frequency of patients with anti-Cysticercus cellulosae blood antibodies in 5 municipalities of the state of Sao Paulo].

Considering the important health public problem that human cysticercosis represents, the frequency of anti-Cysticercus cellulosae antibodies was studied in 1,264 serum samples, 1,064 being from the general population individuals (821 adults and 243 children) living in five municipalities of São Paulo State, Brazil; and 200 from patients admitted to the Psychiatric Hospital Bezerra de Menezes (Presidente Prudente). Discs of synthetic fabric-resin with the valently bound were employed for ELISA tests. Among the sera from adults, nineteen (2.30%) were reactive 2 (0.82%) among the children sera. Ten (5.00%) among the psychiatric patients sera presented reactivity. This was significantly higher than that observed for the adults of the general population group (p less than 0.05).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Effect of flubendazole on Cysticercus cellulosae in pigs.

The effect of flubendazole on Cysticercus cellulosae was tested in 15 pigs. In doses o 8.3 mg/kg body weight or more daily for 10 days the drug was lethal to the cysticerci, causing both macroscopic and microscopic morphological alterations. An in vitro test showed 0% viability of cysticerci in most of the treated pigs, whereas in 90-100% of 11 control pigs they were viable.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Detection of Cysticercus cellulosae antigens in cerebrospinal fluid by dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA) and standard ELISA.

The dot enzyme-linked immunoassay and standard enzyme-linked immunoassay were used to detect Cysticercus cellulosae antigens in cerebrospinal fluid of patients suffering with neurocysticercosis. Using the dot enzyme-linked immunoassay, 10 of 17 patients (59%) were positive at a reciprocal titer of 128 (range 128-1,024). In the standard assay, 13 of 17 (77%) were positive (range 128-512). Specificity was 100% in both assays using 48 cerebrospinal fluids from patients with various central nervous system infections. The quantification of antigens in cerebrospinal fluid using standard assay and photometric readings showed a range of 17 to 138 ng/ml. The results indicate that both assays are sensitive, specific, and economical for the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis.

Adult↗