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Comparative immunology of algal biliproteins.

The three spectroscopically distinct classes of phycobiliproteins characteristic of the Cyanophyta and Rhodophyta-phycocyanins, allophycocyanins, and phycoerythrins-share no common antigenic determinants detectable by the Ouchterlony double diffusion technique. Each class of phycobiliprotein, from both Cyanophyta and Rhodophyta, possesses a strong determinant common to all members of that class. With respect to an antiserum directed against a specific cyanophytan biliprotein, all heterologous biliproteins of the same class are immunologically identical, as shown by the fact that absorption with a given heterologous antigen simultaneously eliminates crossreactions with other heterologous antigens. A cryptophytan phycoerythrin was found to be immunologically unrelated to any of the cyanophytan or rhodophytan biliproteins examined.

Cross Reactions↗

Comparative immunology of human and animal models of hookworm infection.

Hookworm infection is a major cause of disease burden for animals and humans. Over the past years, the use of animal models in hookworm infections has been driven by the search of new anthelminthic therapies and, especially, vaccine development. These studies also contributed to the advance of knowledge on immunity to hookworms, offering new insights to understand the nature of this parasitic infection. In this article, we will summarize the essential features of the immune response in the two major animal models of hookworm infections (dog and hamster) and then consider its implication for the human immune response.

Ancylostoma↗

Comparative immunological studies of two Pseudomonas enzymes.

Crystalline preparations of muconate lactonizing enzyme and muconolactone isomerase, two inducible enzymes that catalyze successive steps in the catechol branch of the beta-ketoadipate pathway, were used to prepare antisera. Both enzymes were isolated from a strain of Pseudomonas putida biotype A. The antisera did not cross-react with enzymes of the same bacterial strain that catalyze the chemically analogous steps in the protocatechuate branch of the beta-ketoadipate pathway, carboxymuconate lactonizing enzyme and carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase. The antisera gave heterologous cross-reactions of varying intensities with the muconate lactonizing enzymes and muconolactone isomerases of P. putida biotype B, P. aeruginosa, P. stutzeri, and all biotypes of P. fluorescens, but did not cross-react with the isofunctional enzymes of P. acidovorans, of P. multivorans, and of two bacterial species that belong to other genera. The evolutionary and taxonomic implications of the findings are discussed.

Animals↗

Comparative immunological studies in liver diseases.

By fractionation of human liver tissue, nuclear, mitochondrial, and connective tissue antigens were prepared. According to the results of serological tests, in conditions associated with substantial damage to the hepatic parenchyma, antibodies reacting with the nuclear and mitochondrial antigens are produced that show practically no reaction with the connective tissue antigen. It is advisable to use fractionated, connective tissue-free antigens for the demonstration of antibodies formed against liver tissue. The use of antigens containing connective tissue may lead to non-specific reactions.

Antibody Formation↗

Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny: comparative immunology in Germany.

The innate immune system is in the spot light of modern immunology. Whenever protists, invertebrates and vertebrates are threatened by pathogens, they rapidly activate highly effective antimicrobial defense reactions. Because this young field develops very dynamically, it is important to ask what we really know about the mechanisms governing the innate immune defense system. This was the topic of a recent meeting entitled 'The Evolution of the Immune System', held at the Friedrich Schiller University in Jena, Germany. Leading scientists in the field of innate immunity presented their latest data in a historical and friendly setting.

Allergy and Immunology↗