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96 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

[Epilepsy and Canon Law].

The Canon Law (Codex Iuris Canonici), promulgated in 1917, was a classification of laws and jurisprudence which ruled the early Church, governed the ecclesiastical condition of Roman Church until its reorganisation in 1983. It forbade to be ordained or to exercise orders already received to "those who are or were epileptics either not quite in their right mind or possessed by the Evil One". All the context and in particular the paragraph which treated of bodily lacks, indicated that between these three conditions, there was juxtaposition and no confusion. The texts specified the foundations of these dispositions, not in a malefic view of epilepsy inherited from Morbus Sacer of Antiquity, but in decency and on account of risk incured by Eucharist in case of fit. Some derogations could attenuate the severity of these dispositions--as jurisprudence had taken progresses of Epileptology and therapeutics into consideration. In the new Code of Canon Law (1983) physical disabilities were removed from the text and also possessed evil and epilepsy, the only impediment being "insanity or other psychic defect" appreciation of which is done by experts. Concerning poorly controlled epilepsies, we believe that experts will be allowed to express their opinion and a new jurisprudence will make up for the silence of the law.

Catholicism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of the Volhard and potentiometric methods for the determination of chloride in meat products: collaborative study.

A collaborative study of the determination of chloride in meat products was conducted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to compare the ISO 1841 method (Volhard titration) with the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Committee method (potentiometric titration). Five canned luncheon meat products containing 0.25-2.0% sodium chloride at 4 different spiking levels were analyzed by 11 laboratories. The data were analyzed by ISO statistics (ISO 5725) and by AOAC statistics (Youden-Steiner), the major differences being in the rejection of outliers and in the statement of precision parameters. Good agreement was found between the mean chloride contents of the products as determined by both methods and with the added amounts, although statistically significantly higher sodium chloride recoveries were obtained with the potentiometric method. The within-laboratory variability (repeatability) is greater for the Volhard method, especially for chloride levels below 1.0%. Therefore it is proposed to set the lowest level of determination for the Volhard method at about 1.0% sodium chloride. The among-laboratories variability (reproducibility) of the potentiometric method was comparable with the results from the collaborative studies for chloride in cheese, giving acceptable values for relative standard deviations of 1.5-3.0% for meat products with 0.3-2.0% added sodium chloride. It is recommended that further work be conducted to reduce or eliminate the systematic error present with the potentiometric method as applied to meat and meat products.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Colorimetric and spectrophotometric determination of total and non-phenolic alkaloids in ipeca and its formulations.

A simple method, requiring no chromatographic separation, is presented for the determination of the total and non-phenolic alkaloids in ipeca and its preparations. The complex formed between the alkaloid and methyl orange at pH 5.0 is extracted with chloroform and treated with 0.1N NaOH. The liberated dye, determined at 460 nm, is a measure of the total alkaloids. The chloroform phase remaining is treated with 0.1N H2SO4, and the acid extract is measured at 283 nm for the non-phenolic alkaloids, calculated as emetine. The proposed method was successfully applied to samples of ipeca powder, ipeca tincture, and 3 British Pharmaceutical Codex mixtures containing ipeca tincture, namely, ipecacuanha mixture, pediatric; ipecacuanha and ammonia mixture, pediatric; and belladonna and ipecacuanha mixture, pediatric. The proposed method compares favorably with the Egyptian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, and USP methods and has a relative standard deviation of 1.54%. The present procedure is less time-consuming and requires about 45 and 90 min for the assay of ipeca tincture and powder, respectively. Only a small sample (0.2 mL tincture of 1.0 g powder) is required.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1984

Sodium in nutrition policy.

Salt once was a scarce commodity and for some governments salt tax was an important income. The Na content of a diet without any processed foods or added salt would be approximately 400-500 mg. Food industry contributes substantial amounts of salt. A nutrition policy on Na should include regulation of the Na content in infant formulas and a decreased Na intake to reduce the risk of hypertension and possibly also gastric cancer. Iodized salt is an important source of iodine in many countries. Recommendations regarding Na intake have been given in some recommended dietary intakes and in several dietary guidelines. During the last years a few Western countries have published action programmes regarding Na and hypertension. Very few countries have standards regulating the salt content of certain products but in case any claims are made related to the Na content, this usually has to be declared. Special dietary foods with low Na content and salt substitutes are available in many countries. Standards for such products have been published by the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[The influence of so-called "diet" fats high in polyene acids on blood constituents, serum cholesterol and organ systems].

The Effect of Various Alimentary Fats, Especially "Diet" Fats With High Proportions of Polyene Acids on the Blood Count, Cholesterol Levels and Organ Systems: This paper describes our observations on the possible toxicity of highly unsaturated fatty acids on the cell systems of the red blood, the liver and kidney. At the same time the necessity of maintaining a normal level of cholesterol in the blood and a stable pool of saturated fatty acids in the serum is pointed out with reference to our own investigations. By means of a reference record histogram, the lower critical point of cholesterol level is verified. A correlation between the low cholesterol level, relatively low hemoglobin values and low erythrocyte count is substantiated., By means of a nutritional physiology study in patients with defined anemias and cholesterol deficit, an attempt was made to establish a causal connection between low cholesterol and anemia. Further, it could be shown that highly unsaturated fatty acids (polyene acids) of the C189:2 cis ("curved fats") type such as occur in diet margarines, thistle oil and other vegetable oils in high concentrations, can cause damage to cell membranes and the cell systems of the red blood, the liver and kidney by excessive ingestion in the food. Biochemical work on the present knowledge of the formation of lipofuscin (the "age pigment") by polymerization products from unsaturated fatty acids is referred to. In a controlled nutritional physiology trial in pigs the facts observed in human medicine were confirmed. So it is postulated that the curative pronouncements claimed by the bottlers of thistle oil and the manufactures of diet margarines are not valid. Taking the Codex Alimentarius of the FAO/WHO, which gives the acceptable daily dosage in mg/kg body weight as a guide, according to the present state of toxicological information, a maximum of 10 g unsaturated fatty acids of the C18:2 cis type can be consumed for a lifetime without suffering noticeable harm. This corresponds to a highly unsaturated fatty acids proportion of less than 8% in the daily diet.

Anemia↗
PubMed1976

Antibody response to and immunity induced by Corynebacterium pyogenes vaccine.

A procedure is described for producing a high quality C. pyogenes vaccine. A satisfactory antibody response was obtained by administering 3 subcutaneous injections of vaccine at 10-day intervals, using doses of 2,0 ml for rabbits, 5,0 ml for sheep and 10,0 ml for cattle. The titres resulting from this procedure compared favourably with those obtained from following the more intensive schedule and higher doses of vaccine recommended by the British Veterinary Codex. The antibody response was at its best 1-2 months after immunization but dropped to a plateau 6 months after immunization. Mice were also successfully immunized against challenge with 1,5x108 organisms by the application of 3 doses of vaccine administered at 10-day intervals.

Agglutinins↗