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PubMed1993

Enteric coccidia (Apicomplexa) in the small intestine of the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina).

Sporulated oocysts (mean dimensions = 13.0 x 10.8 microns) and sporocysts (11.3 x 5.5 microns) of a coccidian resembling Frenkelia sp. or Sarcocystis sp. were present in the lamina propria of the small intestine of a naturally-infected northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) collected near Medford, Oregon (USA). Dimensions of these oocytes and sporocysts appear to be considerably smaller than those from other sarcocystid species with avian definitive hosts. Additionally, numerous developmental stages and unsporulated oocysts (mean dimensions 22.8 x 17.8 microns) of a possible species of Isospora also were observed in the intestinal epithelium. This constitutes the first report of enteric coccidia from spotted owls. Neither parasite appeared to cause the death of the bird.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Current views on the life cycle of cyst-forming Coccidia (Eucoccidia, Sporozoa, Apicomplexa)].

The life cycles of cyst-forming coccidia of the genera Sarcocystis and Toxoplasma have been first analysed in terms of generally recognized biological phenomena, such as proliferation, differentiation, dedifferentiation, programmed cell death. The differences, existing between the respective obligatory heteroxenous (Sarcocystis) and facultatively heteroxenous (Toxoplasma) life cycles, have been found to involve the obvious differences in the degree of a zoite's differentiation, occurring in the course of asexual development in the intermediate host. In Sarcocystis spp., the degree of differentiation in merozoites, throughout their development, is much higher than in those of T. gondii. This level of merozoite differentiation in Sarcocystis is thought to determine the irreversible, one-directional way of both pre-cystic and cystic development of the pathogen, starting from the sporozoite stage and terminating in gamont formation within the tissue cyst. Unlike, in T. gondii, the level of merozoite differentiation is not so strong as in Sarcocystis spp., which may account for the reversible merozoite development in the former, which is clearly demonstrated by a ready conversion of pre-cystic tachyzoites into cystic bradyzoites, and the other way round. In the course of endogenous development, the pathogens adversely affect their environment (the infected cells and tissues), which, in its turn, may exert its influence on the particular parasites. Thus, both the parasite and the host represent a unique feed-bach regulatory system.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Occurrence and species of Coccidia in the district of Velikot'rnovski].

The study of a total of 1444 fecal samples from calves aged 20 to 90 days and 8 cadavers of coccidiosis-affected calves on 50 dairy farms on the territory of the district revealed coccidiosis on 46 of the farms (92 per cent) and stationary coccidiosis on 13 of them (26 per cent). The percentage of the animals involved on the farms where the disease was stationary was from 50 to 80, and on individual farms it reached up to 100. The parasite burden with the calves showing the acute form of coccidiosis accounted for 20,000 to 32,000 oocysts; calves showing chronical course had 5,000 to 15,000, and the clinically normal calves in the stationary foci had up to 1,000 oocysts per gram of fecal mass. Eight species of coccidia, unknown so far to this country, are described: E. elipsoidalis, E. cilindrika, E. alabamensis, E. auburnensis, E. canadensis, E. Wyomingensis, E. subspherika, and Isospora. The localization of most of these species was determined.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Experimental reproduction of necrotic enteritis in the chicken. 1. Mono- and polyinfections with Clostridium perfringens and coccidia with reference to cage managemen].

Experimental mono-infection and poly-infection, using vegetative germs of a CL. perfringens Type A strain 1663 and its toxin as well as E. acervulina, necatrix or mitis oocysts, were applied to 100 SPF chicken aged seven days. While clostridial or coccidial mono-infection did not cause any loss and only unspecific pathologic-anatomic changes, polyinfection was accompanied by diarrhoea and slower weight increase, with 55.4 per cent of the chicken having been lost three to nine days from the outbreak of the infection. The pathologic-anatomic findings recorded from the chicken with poly-infections included haemorrhagic, ulcerative, and necrotic intestinal inflammations, primarily in the small intestin. The results of these experimental infections indicated a possible correlation between CL. perfringens and coccidia in the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Coccidia (Apicomplexa) from heteromyid rodents in the southwestern United States, Baja California, and northern Mexico with three new species from Chaetodipus hispidus.

Fecal samples from 223 heteromyid rodents of 4 genera and 13 species were collected from California, New Mexico, and Texas and from Baja California Norte and Sonora, Mexico. Of these, 84 (38%) were infected with coccidian oocysts; 72 of 84 (86%) infected animals had only 1 species of coccidian. Eleven species of coccidia were identified including 1 cyclosporan and 10 eimerians; the cyclosporan and 2 of the eimerians are described as new species. Sporulated oocysts of Cyclospora angimurinensis n. sp. were subspheroidal, 21.9 x 19.3 (19-24 x 16-22) microns, with sporocysts lemon-shaped, 11.9 x 9.5 (9-15 x 8-11) microns; it was found in 1 of 20 (4%) Chaetodipus hispidus. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria chaetodipi n. sp. were subspheroidal, 16.7 x 14.6 (13-19.5 x 12-17) microns, with sporocysts ovoidal, 8.7 x 6.6 (7.5-10.5 x 5-7.5) microns; it was found in 3 of 20 (15%) C. hispidus. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria hispidensis n. sp. were subspheroidal, 20.5 x 17.4 (17-23 x 14-21) microns, with sporocysts lemon-shaped, 9.3 x 7.2 (7.5-10.5 x 5-9) microns; it was found in 4 of 20 (20%) C. hispidus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Response of 21 Canadian field isolates of chicken coccidia to commercial anticoccidial drugs.

Coccidia were isolated from 30 broiler farms in major poultry-producing provinces of Canada; 21 mixed-species isolates were tested for sensitivity to anticoccidial drugs. Eimeria acervulina was identified in 20 samples, E. maxima in 15, and E. tenella in 10 of the mixed-species isolates. On the basis of weight gain after infection, 3 isolates were judged sensitive to amprolium, 5 to monensin, 9 to salinomycin, 14 to lasalocid, 19 to halofuginone, and 20 to nicarbazin. Similar trends in sensitivity/tolerance were identified from the percent reduction of intestinal lesion scores of medicated birds compared with scores of unmedicated, infected controls. These results were consistent with the previous pattern of use of anticoccidial drugs in commercial poultry in Canada.

Amprolium↗
PubMed1986

[The incidence of coccidia of the genus Cryptosporidium (Cryptosporidiidae) in diarrheal diseases in calves].

In the period from March 1983 to June 1984, the occurrence of Cryptosporidium sp. coccidia in smears of gut contents and samples of excrements stained after Heine (1982) was investigated in calves at the age of 30 days, coming from 16 farms of central Bohemia. The oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. were diagnosed in 68 calves (occurrence extensity 37.15%) out of the 183 dissected calves with the indication of digestion disorders and in 177 samples of excrements (extensity 33.71%) out of the 525 samples examined. The maximum occurrence of cryptosporidia was recorded in ten- and fourteen-day-old calves (13.9-11.3%); the first findings were reported on the third day of the age of the calves. The intensity of infections induced by cryptosporidia, evaluated as medium-strong, was reported in 33.82% of the dissected calves, in 50% of the samples of excrements of the rearing halls of large cow-houses, and in 36.52% of the samples from large calf-houses. The largest findings of cryptosporidia were associated with the diagnosis of acute catarrhal enteritis (12.02%), catarrhal haemorrhagic enteritis or catarrhal haemorrhagic ileitis (5.46%); however, they were also found when the finding in the digestive tract was negative. Simultaneous bacteriological finding of Escherichia coli and Cryptosporidium sp. occurred at acute catarrhal enteritis (19.12%) and catarrhal haemorrhagic enteritis (11.47%); a simultaneous finding of Salmonella sp. was reported in calves suffering from acute catarrhal enteritis (3.27%). In the calves the occurrence of cryptosporidia was not accompanied by parallel bacteriological findings (4.37%).

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Coccidia of wombats: correction of host-parasite relationships. Eimeria wombati (Gilruth and Bull, 1912) Comb. Nov. and Eimeria ursini Supperer, 1957 from the hairy-nosed wombat and Eimeria arundeli sp. n. from the common wombat.

Coccidial oocysts morphologically consistent with Eimeria ursini Supperer 1957, and E. tasmaniae Supperer 1957 were recovered from the feces of wild and captive hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons) in Australia. Eimeria arundeli so. n. was recovered from the feces of wild and captive common wombats (Vombatus ursinus). Eimeria arundeli oocysts are ellipsoidal to slightly ovoid 60.2--67.2 (63.7) X 40.6--47.6 (43.4); micropyle 3 in diameter usually visible; with oocyst wall granular, dark brown and occasionally opaque, 4--7 thick; inner oocyst wall clear, about 1.5 thick; small oocyst residuum present, four sporocysts ovoid 22.4--29.4 (25.8) X 12.6--15.4 (14.1) with protuberant Stieda body; opposite end of sporocyst also often slighly pointed; large granular sporocyst residuum obscuring sporozoites. Gametocytes of E. arundeli sp. n. and of an organism which is consistent with E. tasmaniae, are described developing in the lamina propria of villi in the small intestine. The stages in the hairy-nosed wombat are those described as Ileocystis wombati Gilruth and Bull 1912. It is suggested that the identification of the host of Supperer's E. ursini and E. tasmaniae as V. ursinus was in error and that the allopatric L. latifrons is the natural host. Eimeria tasmaniae Supperer 1957 is suppressed and E. wombati (Gilruth and Bull, 1912) comb. nov. is proposed and redescribed. No schizonts were identified among the endogenous stages, consistent with observations in the literature on other coccidia with similar gametocyte and oocyst structure.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The action of polyether ionophorous antibiotics (monensin, salinomycin, lasalocid) on developmental stages of Eimeria tenella (Coccidia, Sporozoa) in vivo and in vitro: study by light and electron microscopy.

The effect of three polyether antibiotics (monensin, salinomycin, lasalocid) on developmental stages of Eimeria tenella (Coccidia, Sporozoa) was studied in vivo and in vitro by means of light and electron microscopy. It was found that these three drugs act against free merozoites, which are destroyed by bursting of the cell border (i.e. pellicle), endoplasmic reticulum and internal organelles even after very short exposure times (20 min) in media containing 1 ppm, 10 ppm or 100 ppm of these drugs. Sporozoites, however, survived these drug concentrations during an exposure time of 30 min (this would be sufficient to penetrate host cells and start development). Intracellular stages, which were situated in a parasitophorous vacuole within an intact host cell, were not attacked, apparently because these drugs are almost incapable of penetrating host cells. On the other hand, parasites (such as differentiated schizonts, gamonts) located within degenerating host cells showed slight disintegration, which did not necessarily led to their death. From these results it becomes clear why these polyether antibiotics have to be fed daily. Doses of 70 ppm salinomycin, 125 ppm monensin and 125 ppm lasalocid were found to bring about an equivalent protective effect against an infection with 40,000 Eimeria tenella oocysts.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The effect of dietary betaine on intestinal and plasma levels of betaine in uninfected and coccidia-infected broiler chicks.

Chicks fed betaine supplemented diets and infected with Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima had markedly higher levels of betaine in the duodenum and mid-gut than unsupplemented, infected chicks. Uninfected chicks fed betaine exhibited almost twice the levels of betaine in the gut as infected chicks. Plasma betaine levels were lower in E. maxima-infected chicks than in E. acervulina-or Eimeria tenella-infected chicks. Betaine supplementation reversed the decrease in weight gain in E. maxima- infected chicks but had no effect on the decrease in weight gains in E acervulina- and E. tenella-infected chicks. Coccidia-infected birds on normal diets regularly exhibit increases in plasma NO(2)(+)NO(3). This increase was abolished in E.tenella-infected birds on betaine supplement. Betaine feeding did not alter this effect in E. acervulina- and E. maxima-infected birds. Results indicate that betaine supplementation has a positive effect on gut betaine levels in birds infected with E. acervulina and E. maxima. In all treatment groups, infection lowered the levels of betaine.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Dietary supplementation with Echinacea and development of immunity to challenge infection with coccidia.

An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of dietary supplementation with 0.1% and 0.5% ground root preparations of Echinacea purpurea (EP; common name: purple cone flower) on the development of immunity following live vaccination and subsequent challenge with multiple coccidia species in an experimental model using a commercial live vaccine preparation. Effects of immunization and EP supplementation on weight gains before challenge, and weight gains, lesion scores and plasma levels of carotenoids and NO2-+NO3- following challenge were determined. In this experiment, combined live vaccination and feed supplementation with 0.1% or 0.5% EP during the first 2 weeks of life provided significant weight gain advantage compared to live vaccination alone. This advantage persisted through 2 weeks of EP withdrawal and subsequent challenge infection. EP supplementation also significantly lowered total lesion scores but did not significantly modify the effects of vaccination and challenge on plasma carotenoids or NO2-+NO3-.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Electron microscopic study on sporocysts and sporozoites of parental strains and precocious lines of rabbit coccidia Eimeria intestinalis, E. media and E. magna.

The fine structure of sporocysts and sporozoites of parent strains and precocious lines of rabbit coccidia Eimeria intestinalis, E. magna and E. media was studied. The parent strains and precocious lines differ only in the shape and size of refractile bodies (RB). In the sporocysts of precocious lines of E. magna and E. media, one extremely large RB was seen, either inside one of the sporozoites, or free in the sporocyst. In the oocysts of the precocious strain of E. intestinalis, two sporocysts resembled those of the precocious lines of E. magna and E. media, whereas the other two sporocysts did not harbour any RB. Sporozoites of all the precocious lines contained no, or very small, RB after in vitro excystation.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of the effect of peptidyl membrane-interactive molecules on avian coccidia.

This study examined the lytic effect of seven different synthetic peptidyl membrane-interactive molecules (Peptidyl-MIMs) on sporozoites of five different species of Eimeria infecting chickens and merozoites of two different species that infect chickens. All Peptidyl-MIMs (pMIMs) demonstrated antiparasitic effects at concentrations of 1-50 microM during incubation periods varying from 1 to 20 min. In addition, electron microscopy showed that ultrastructural degeneration of the pellicle of sporozoite stages of the parasites occurred within 5-10 min of exposure to 5-microM concentrations of three different pMIMs. Pore-like openings were seen in the pellicle of the sporozoites at the ultrastructural level, which indicated that the pMIMs had the same mechanism of action on the parasites as that reported from studies done on bacteria. A reduction in lesion scores was seen in chickens treated orally with 10-, 50-, or 75-microM concentrations of two different proteolytic stabilized (methylated) pMIMs after challenge with three different species of avian coccidia in battery-cage trials. Collectively these data indicate that pMIMs may be useful in the control of coccidiosis in poultry.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Prevalence of coccidia parasites (Protozoa) in red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris): effects of host phenotype and environmental factors.

We investigated the relative importance of environmental factors versus host phenotype in determining parasite prevalence in Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris). One hundred and forty-three fecal samples of 116 different squirrels collected in 2000 and 2001 from five study areas in the Italian Alps, were examined for intestinal protozoans. Two species of Eimeria were present with a medium to high prevalence in both years and in all areas, while two other species were rare, occurring only in some areas and not in all years. Cryptosporidium parvum had a high prevalence in the two study areas of the Western Alps, while in the three areas of the Central Alps it was recorded only once. The prevalence of Eimeria sciurorum and C. parvum fluctuated in parallel with squirrel density, suggesting a possible correlation between the presence of these protozoans and host density. A gender effect on E. sciurorum prevalence at low density could be explained by different space use patterns and social organization of males and females. C. parvum occurred more frequently in young squirrels, suggesting an acquired immunity in adults, but age-related susceptibility was not found for eimerian species. The coccidian community was more similar within than between regions, and study area and year were key parameters in predicting coccidia infection. There was no evidence of competition between coccidian species, but one positive interaction between E. sciurorum and E. andrewsi was observed. Our results suggest that the effects of geographic region, area features, and year effects probably related to fluctuations in host population density, were more important than individual phenotypic host characteristics in structuring the coccidian assemblage and determining levels of parasite prevalence in red squirrel populations.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Seven new species of Eimeria Schneider, 1875 (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from colubrid snakes of Guatemala and a discussion of what to call ellipsoid tetrasporocystic, dizoic coccidia of reptiles.

During a survey of Guatemalan herpetofauna in the summers of 1998-2000, 29 presumed new species of Eimeria Schneider, 1875 were found, seven of which have a distinct elongate-ellipsoidal shape (L/W ratio >or= 1.7) and are described herein. Six of the seven new species are similar in oöcyst length, width and L/W ratio and sporocyst length, width and L/W ratio, lack a micropyle, oöcyst residuum, Stieda body, sub-- and parastieda bodies, have a polar granule and sporocyst residuum, and their sporocysts appear to have dehiscence sutures. The seventh is slightly smaller and has sporocysts with a Stieda body. The new species are: E. coniophanes n. sp - whose sporulated oöcysts from Coniophanes fissidens are 29.2x14.9 (27-31x13-16) microm, with sporocysts 10.0 x 7.8 microm; E. coniophis n. sp. -from Conophis lineatus are 32.0x16.5 (30-34x14-18) microm, with sporocysts 10.2 x 8.9microm; E. dryomarchoni n. sp. - from Drymarchon corais are 32.2x17.7 (31-34x17-19) microm, with sporocysts 10.7 x 8.6 microm; E. leptophis n. sp. - from Leptophis mexicanus are 29.5x17.0 (28-31x16-18) microm, with sporocysts 10.0 x 9.1 microm; E. oxybelis n. sp. - from Oxybelis aeneus are 31.8x16.5 (29-33x15-18) microm, with sporocysts 10.3 x 8.8 microm; and E. scaphiodontophis n. sp. - from Scaphiodontophis annulatus are 30.0x15.3 (28-33x14-16) microm, with sporocysts 9.9 x 7.9 microm. Sporulated oöcysts of E. siboni n. sp. from Sibon nebulata are 24.3x14.2 (21-27x13-16) microm, with sporocysts 10.0 x 7.1 microm and with a Stieda body. We conclude that until all aspects of each life-cycle are known, it is prudent at this time to name all tetrasporocystic dizoic coccidia from snakes as members of Eimeria rather than place some of them in Choleoeimeria Paperna & Landsberg, 1989.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Coccidia of the domestic goat (Capra hircus) in Saudi Arabia.

Faeces of 228 domestic goats (Capra hircus) from the central region of Saudi Arabia were examined for the presence of coccidian oocysts. Ten species of coccidia were identified and described. A total of 90.3% of the specimens were positive, most of them contained 100-1000 oocysts per g of faecal sample. Kids less than 1 year old had higher oocyst counts than goatlings or adult goats. Mixed infections with three to five species were found in 69.7% of the specimens and six to eight species were found in 10.1%. Eimeria arloingi and E. hirci were most prevalent. E. alijevi, E. ninakohlyakimovae, E. caprina, E. christenseni and E. apsheronica were less common. E. jolchijevi, E. caprovina and E. punctata were relatively rare.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The coccidia of sheep and goats in Senegal.

A survey of the coccidia in domestic sheep and goats was undertaken to ascertain the type of Eimeria species and the number of different coccidial species in individual faecal samples. Simultaneously the prevalence and the oocyst output was investigated in 2234 sheep and 577 goats during a 12-month period. Eight Eimeria species were encountered in sheep: E. ahsata, E. crandallis, E. faurei, E. intricata, E. ovina, E. ovinoidalis, E. pallidas and E. parva. In goats the following species were found: E. ahsata, E. arloingi, E. christenseni, E. crandallis, E. faurei, E. intricata, E. ninakohlyakimovae and E. parva. The prevalence in sheep ws 94% and in goats 85%, multiple parasitism was the rule. No seasonal fluctuation was observed in the prevalence or oocyst output. The sheep and goats' oocyst output was moderate, the mean for both being in the range of 1000-5000 oocysts/g of faeces.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Large-scale management systems and parasite populations: coccidia in rabbits.

Broiler rabbit production has become an important branch of animal protein and fur production, not only in the traditionally rabbit breeding and consuming countries, but recently in many other countries of the world. The profitability of the rabbit industry is dependent primarily on the good feed conversion. Aspects of this include factors such as morbidity and mortality of infections, adequate knowledge and fulfilment of both accommodation and nutritional requirements, appropriate breeding systems, etc. There is much controversy about the role of coccidia in the losses of intensified rabbit breeding enterprises. There is no doubt about the significance of Eimeria stiedai which may cause condemnation of large amounts of liver as a result of infection in rabbit colonies of small holders. However, this parasite is rare in large scale rabbit farms. In the latter, intestinal coccidiosis is most frequently--although not invariably--incriminated either as a primary or more often as a predisposing factor of intestinal enteropathies causing severe mortality, mainly in the early post-weaning period. The ability to isolate and maintain species of Eimeria in specific pathogen-free (SPF) rabbits has made it possible to characterize them, such as the most pathogenic E. intestinalis and E. flavescens: the pathogenic E. magna, E. irresidua and E. piriformis; and the least pathogenic E. perforans, E. neoleporis (syn. of E. coecicola) and E. media species. Prophylactic measures are dealt with briefly, and laboratory and field trials with the currently most promising rabbit anti-coccidial drugs (Lerbek, robenidine and salinomycin) are dealt with in more detail.

Animals↗