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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Civil legal needs of individuals in drug treatment.

This report describes the findings of a pilot study that examined 17 domains of civil legal problems among individuals in drug treatment in one urban setting, the extent to which they seek help to resolve a potential legal problem, and their reasons for not seeking legal assistance. More than half the participants reported at least one legal problem related to health care and/or work, and nearly half reported legal problems related to their family, civil liberties, and/or neighborhood/community concerns. Less than one in five, however, sought legal assistance for problems in the five top-ranked domains, with the exception of family problems. The primary reasons for not seeking assistance were a lack of awareness that a problem was a legal issue and/or uncertainty about who could help. While preliminary in nature, the pilot study suggests that a significant proportion of treatment clients have civil legal problems and that treatment programs could help clients identify legal problems and resources for assistance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Pretrial publicity and civil cases: a two-way street?

Published pretrial publicity (PTP) research has been conducted almost exclusively with criminal cases and has focused on PTP that is detrimental to the defense. The current research examined the effects of PTP in a civil case to determine if PTP can have a biasing effect against either the defendant or the plaintiff in civil litigation. In Experiment 1, participants exposed to PTP biased against the defendant were more likely to reach a liable verdict than participants who read a control article or PTP biased against the plaintiff Experiment 2 demonstrated that a judicial admonition did not reduce the biasing effect of PTP about a civil defendant. However, participants given the admonition both before and after the trial evidence viewed the defendant as less culpable than participants given the admonition after the trial only or not at all. The implications for the legal system are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Urological injuries in the Civil War.

PURPOSE: This study compiles all cases of urological injuries reported in the Civil War (1861 to 1865). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using original sources largely assembled in army surgeon reports urological injuries documented and treated during the Civil War were recorded as to frequency, type, site and outcome. RESULTS: A total of 1,497 cases of injury involving the genitourinary organs were documented, representing 0.61% of all battle wounds, 22% of gunshot wounds of the abdomen and pelvis, and 47% of wounds restricted to the pelvis. Of these men 342 died (22% of all urological injuries and 37% of fatal pelvic wounds). Half of the kidney, bladder and prostate injuries were fatal, whereas men with injuries of the urethra, testes and penis generally recovered. Urethral wounds were often complicated by traumatic fistula and stricture. CONCLUSIONS: Wounds involving genitourinary organs and their consequences had a significant impact during the Civil War. As the war progressed, despite the limited means at their disposal surgeons learned how to better treat devastating urological injuries, resulting in improved survival and fewer severe complications.

American Civil War↗
PubMed2004

The politics of engagement between Islam and the secular state: ambivalences of 'civil society'.

The paper reveals contemporary transformations of the interaction between Islam and secular states from opposition to engagement. In-depth ethnographic evidence challenges the predominant juxtaposition of Islam against the secular state. Following micro-sites of interaction between the Gülen movement and the state from Turkey to Kazakhstan, my fieldwork revealed a continuum of engagements between them. The paper analyses the engagements ranging from contestation and negotiation to co-operation. The case illustrates the extent to which scholarly interest in opposition and clash has left a wide-ranging variety of state-Islam interaction understudied with regard to civil society. It also reveals the conditions under which effective Islamic horizontal organizations have provided the platforms of vertical engagements with the secular states. The major argument of the paper is that both civil and uncivil outcomes in the Muslim world are primarily shaped by the nature of state-Islam interaction. The evidence suggests that the key to understanding the relationship between Islam and civil society is the state.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed1979

The effects of location, experiences with the civil disturbances and religion on death anxiety and manifest anxiety in a sample of Northern Ireland university students.

A total of 315 Northern Ireland university students were compared to 302 Republic of Ireland university students in terms of death anxiety, manifest anxiety, and perception of dangerousness of aspects of their environment and attitudes toward the civil disturbances in Northern Ireland. Also using these variables in the Northern Ireland sample, Protestants were compared to Catholics, those having had experiences with the disturbances were compared to those not having had such experiences, and those living in nominally dangerous areas of Belfast were compared to those living in nominally safer areas of Belfast. Students living in Northern Ireland had higher death anxiety and stronger fears than students living in the Republic. Those having had experiences with the civil violence had higher manifest anxiety and stronger fears than those not having has such experiences. Persons living in safe environments thought the disturbances to be more serious than those living in more dangerous environments, a result which is discussed in terms of the media and cognitive dissonance. Finally, an argument is made that the influence of religious denomination is an overemphasized variable in the understanding of the civil disturbances.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The relationship of assumption and knowledge of the homosexual orientation to the abridgment of civil liberties.

This article is concerned with the relationship of assumption or knowledge of departure from the heterosexual orientation to the abridgment of civil liberties. The methodology for obtaining data on sexual orientation is described. The definitions for assumption and knowledge of sexual orientation is described. The definitions for assumption and knowledge of sexual orientation are provided. The results indicated that: (a) the most frequently violated civil liberties were equality and procedural due process; (b) there was more assumption than knowledge of sexual orientation; (c) patterns of violations of civil liberties were similar whether sexual orientation was known or assumed; and (d) there was much more use of avoidance than any other mode of resolution, both when the sexual orientation was known and when it was assumed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

"The Civil Rights Movement of the 1990s?": The anti-abortion movement and the struggle for racial justice.

In 1964, Claude and Jeanne Nolen, who were white, joined an interracial NAACP team intent on desegregating local restaurants in Austin, Texas as a test of the recently passed Civil Rights ACt. Twenty-five years later, the Nolens pleaded "no contest" in a courtroom for their continued social activism. This time the issue was not racial segregation, but rather criminal trespassing for blockading abortion clinics with Operation Rescue. The Nolens served prison sentences for direct action protests that they believe stemmed from the same commitment to Christianity and social justice as the civil rights movements. Despite its relationship to political and cultural conservatism, the anti-abortion movement since Roe v. Wade (1973) was also a product of the progressive social movements of the turbulent sixties. Utilizing oral history interviews and organizational literature, the article explores the historical context of the anti-abortion movement, specifically how the lengthy struggle for racial justice shaped the rhetoric, tactics, and ideology of the anti-abortion activists. Even after political conservatives dominated the movement in the 1980s, the successes and failures of the sixties provided a cultural lens through which grassroots anti-abortion activists forged what was arguably the largest movement of civil disobedience in American history.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1987

The impact of civil disturbances on the migration of physicians: the case of Lebanon.

During the 1970s, the migratory flow of physicians was an issue of major concern to the world medical community. Numerous publications have focused on the issue of the foreign medical graduates in the United States the impact of the "brain drain" on developing countries, and the various related issues of licensure, quality of medical care, "reverse" foreign aid, and ways and means to stem the tide of migration. Of the numerous studies on this subject, however, few have focused on the impact of civil disturbances and political instability on the decision of physicians to emigrate, even though this type of migration has been known to occur during or subsequent to political crises. Examples include the large-scale emigration of Hungarian, Cuban, and Czechoslovakian physicians to the United States in the late 1950s and 1960s. Mejia refers to this type of migration and characterizes it as "... likely to be sudden, to reach a high peak within a short period of time and to decline almost as rapidly...." This description fits closely the definition of a "point epidemic"--a condition wherein the political events that led to the outflow of these physicians constituted a one-time event, limited in time and duration. Lebanon presents a different picture: ever-raging civil disturbances have plagued that country continuously for the past 11 years. The epidemiologic analogy is more akin to an "endemic" situation, with point exacerbations and remissions between ferocious fighting and relative peace leading to situations of acute, subacute, and chronic civil instability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Civil Disorders↗
PubMed1999

[Viruses and civilization].

A few million years ago, when primates moved from the east African forest to the savannah, they were already infected with endogenous viruses and occultly transmitted them to the prime Homo species. However it was much later with the building of the first large cities in Mesopotamia that interhuman viral transmission began in earnest. Spreading was further enhanced with the organization of the Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and Arab empires around the Mediterranean. Discovery of the New World in 1492 led to an unprecedented clash of civilizations and the destruction of pre-Columbian Indian civilizations. It also led to a rapid spread of viruses across the Atlantic Ocean with the emergence of yellow fever and appearance of smallpox and measles throughout the world. However the greatest opportunities for worldwide viral development have been created by our present, modern civilization. This fact is illustrated by epidemic outbreaks of human immunodeficiency virus, Venezuela hemorrhagic fever, Rift valley fever virus, and monkey pox virus. Close analysis underscores the major role of human intervention in producing these events.

Civilization↗
PubMed1999

Behavioral health issue brief: outpatient civil commitment.

Civil commitment is a term associated with involuntary treatment of individuals with mental illness. It can be an inpatient admission for treatment in a hospital or other health facility or it can be outpatient treatment that is court ordered. Either way the treatment is considered to be mandated or involuntary. But if a person, who suffers from mental illness, is not able to make appropriate decisions about his or her care and treatment, who will? How can society be assured that person takes the medication a physician says is needed to treat their illness? Opponents of civil commitment argue that it is a violation of a person's civil rights to order treatment. They fear that relaxing commitment standards may, again, lead to institutionalization of our mentally ill. Proponents contend that by not following recommended treatment plans these people can become a danger to themselves or others. Therefore, someone must take responsibility for them, otherwise they may violate the rights of, or fall victim to, others and are likely become incarcerated within the criminal justice system.

Civil Rights↗
PubMed2003

[Diseases of civilization and a nosological principle of medicine in terms of general pathology].

The last 100-150 years are marked by the spread of so-called "diseases of civilization" (primarily psychosomatic and mental diseases) which earlier have been encountered rarely. These diseases present quite novel pathogenic factors, adaptation to which in the course of evolution is lacking. Development of civilization constantly stimulates the emergence of numerous qualitatively new pathogenic factors, on the one hand, and changes the conditions for impact of conventional factors, on the other hand. This process is becoming more and more intensive and makes the sequence "cause-specific pathogenesis-clinical symptoms-nosological unity-relevant etiotropic and pathogenetic treatment" less obvious. From this follow difficulties in application of routine methods of diagnosis, etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy based on the nosological principle as well as interest to methods of "alternative' (complementary) medicine which are nonspecific and, therefore, in some cases effective against some "diseases of civilization".

Civilization↗
PubMed2005

Health care and civil rights: an introduction.

This article offers a brief history of healthcare civil rights, describes a range of healthcare issues that have a civil rights component, and discusses the need for an expanded civil rights framework to guide the provision of health care. Unequal health care based on race and ethnicity has received renewed attention over the past several years, but healthcare discrimination based on socioeconomic status, disability, age, and gender also deserve careful attention.

Civil Rights↗
PubMed1975

Psychiatric screening of civil service candidates with particular reference to police applicants.

This prelimary report has reviewed the activities of a Medical Review Board for a Civil Service Commission. The responsibility of the Board is to review conflicting data in cases where the hiring authority has attempted to exclude a candidate, particularly a police candidate, on the grounds that the applicant is mentally unfit to perform the duties of the position. This rule has been applied primarily to police applicants, secondarily to fireman applicants, and rarely to other. Psychiatrists who participate must be aware of the underlying conflicts within civil service systems, the possibility of manipulation, and the rigidity of the system which is designed to protect the greatest number. Civil service systems have limited discretion on personnel policies. Therefore, psychiatrists must be careful not to act as arbiters for social institutions without a sound and meticulous basis for their participation. For those psychiatrists who participate in the process, the urgent need to do so in accord with professional standards is stressed, recognizing that standards change and that the nature of participation will be scrutinized by many in society outside the profession.

Civil Rights↗
PubMed1998

[Interactions between criminal justice and other areas of law from the viewpoint of the civil rights judge].

More than in the past, patients are consulting lawyers to check medical treatment for malpractice. One of 10,000 city-inhabitants institutes proceedings for compensations. In the past, a charge was brought at the same time to achieve examination of patients records and to obtain an expert opinion at government expenses. Due to recent jurisdiction, the patient got the right to examine treatment records without the necessity to specify his reasons. Settlement institutions of the society of physicians of Germany facilitate an examination of a treatment procedure for mistakes without costs. Therefore, there is no more incentive for a charge to achieve compensations. The continuation of civil proceedings may not depend on the result of the investigation proceedings due to the different kind of evidence. The special duties of civil courts working with medical liability and expert opinions seem to show that civil proceedings are suited the best to clarify a dispute between physicians and patients. This also avoids to pillories the physician.

Civil Rights↗
PubMed1999

Foreign elites from the Oxus civilization? A craniometric study of anomalous burials from Bronze Age Tepe Hissar.

Discovery of a small number of individuals in the Period III necropolis at the large northern Iranian Bronze Age site of Tepe Hissar directly associated with a complex of imported artifacts raises the question of whether these individuals represent elites who had access to these exotic commodities, or an imposed foreign elite that may have brought these unusual artifacts from their homelands. The source of the atypical objects is believed to be the Oxus civilization of central Asia. This study investigates the identity of these individuals by employing canonical discriminant function analysis of 20 craniometric variables among 174 adult males from Tepe Hissar Period III and Oxus civilization males from Sapalli tepe and Djarkutan. Dicriminant function analysis provides a strong separation between Tepe Hissar Period III males and Oxus civilization males and a high level of correct assignation by sample (95.8%). Imposition of the five males associated with imported central Asian artifacts from the Period III necropolis indicates that the majority (4/5) are phenetically indistinguishable from other Period III Tepe Hissar males. The results indicate that these individuals most likely represent local elite inhabitants of Tepe Hissar, rather than the presence of an imposed foreign elite. However, given the scarcity of crucial specimens, especially females, and comparative skeletal series, this conclusion must remain tentative.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The future of involuntary civil commitment in the U.S.A. after Kansas v. Hendricks.

This article examines new sexual predator commitment laws enacted recently in the United States to civilly commit dangerous sex offenders after they have served their prison sentences. It then examines Kansas v. Hendricks, a Supreme Court case that upheld these laws as constitutionally permitted. The article next describes the broad parameters that demarcate the government's civil commitment authority identified by the Supreme Court in that case. The author concludes that Hendricks establishes that the state has expansive civil commitment power much greater than our previous understanding. The government may use civil commitment solely to protect the public from dangerous individuals without proving a medically recognized mental disorder, recent evidence of dangerousness, or a treatment purpose or possibility. Moreover, this quarantine system may be justified by proving the same unlawful behavior for which the individual has already been criminally punished.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Evolution of disability in late 19th century America: Civil War pensions for Union Army veterans with musculoskeletal conditions.

This article examines the evolution of musculoskeletal (MSK) disability and its impact on mortality and work patterns in the late 19th century in America, in the context of the Civil War disability policy scheme. The study was conducted on 17,702 Union Army (UA) Civil War veterans. Of these, 10,789 were examined and diagnosed with major MSK conditions, rheumatism, sciatica, and spinal curvature, between 1862 and 1907. Analyses examine MSK (i) prevalence rates by birth cohort and age group; (ii) fatality rates as compared with other disabilities; (iii) risk rates by occupation type; and (iv) lifespan for MSK patients. MSK conditions are commonly claimed disabilities within the Civil War data set, with prevalence rates increasing with age. Regression studies show that working in clerical and professional (relative to manual labor) occupations decreases the likelihood of being examined for and diagnosed with MSK conditions. MSK patients examined at older ages tended to have longer lifespan than those examined at younger ages. The findings suggest that changes in age, environmental, and occupational conditions during the late 19th century affected MSK condition prevalence and the average lifespan of MSK patients. Implications for contemporary disability policy are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The application of civil commitment law and practices to a case of delusional disorder: a cross-national comparison of legal approaches in the United States and the United Kingdom.

Legal approaches to civil commitment in the United States and the United Kingdom are compared. A concise overview of the historical evolution of civil commitment in both countries precedes a discussion of the present scheme of commitment standards in each system. These current standards in U.S. and U.K. jurisdictions are then applied to a hypothetical case of delusional disorder. A discussion of the constructive use of civil commitment in patients with delusional disorder who may be dangerous focuses on its value as a preventive measure against potential harm to self or others, as well as the pros and cons of coercive assessment and treatment. Despite the many differences in approach to commitment, the authors concur that in both countries the patient with delusional disorder was committable before the commission of a serious criminal offense.

Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders↗